brain and memory-1 - traumatic brain injury & neurological
TRANSCRIPT
Microsoft PowerPoint - Brain and
Memory-1NeurocognitiveNeurocognitive NetworksNetworks
Recent advances in basic and cognitive Recent advances in basic and cognitive neurosciences now allow a more detailed neurosciences now allow a more detailed analysis of networksanalysis of networks
Memory and Learning can be dissociated into Memory and Learning can be dissociated into several behavioral components: registration several behavioral components: registration storage (encoding), retention and retrieval storage (encoding), retention and retrieval
Memory can also be classified according to Memory can also be classified according to modality (visual and auditory) or material modality (visual and auditory) or material (verbal and nonverbal) that is being (verbal and nonverbal) that is being processed. processed.
MesulamMesulam M.D.,MM.D.,M--MarselMarsel, (1990), , (1990), ““Large Scale Large Scale NeurocognitiveNeurocognitive Networks and Distributed Networks and Distributed Processing for Attention, Language, and MemoryProcessing for Attention, Language, and Memory””, Annual Neurology, 28, 597, Annual Neurology, 28, 597--613.613.
Cognitive NeuroscienceCognitive Neuroscience……..
……of memory is based on observations of brain of memory is based on observations of brain damaged patients with various kinds of memory loss, damaged patients with various kinds of memory loss, experiments with healthy volunteers, studies using experiments with healthy volunteers, studies using brain imaging techniquesbrain imaging techniques
The fractionation of memory into component The fractionation of memory into component systems and subsystems has been a major theme in systems and subsystems has been a major theme in the cognitive neuroscience of memory for the past the cognitive neuroscience of memory for the past 1010--15 years15 years
Brain imaging techniques are now providing new Brain imaging techniques are now providing new perspectives on various forms of memoryperspectives on various forms of memory
Schater,PH.D.,DanielSchater,PH.D.,Daniel (2002), (2002), ““The Cognitive Neuroscience of MemoryThe Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory”” Harvard University Conference, Harvard University Conference, Neurology of Behavior.Neurology of Behavior.
Seven Sins of MemorySeven Sins of Memory……..
Transience: forgetting information over timeTransience: forgetting information over time AbsentAbsent--mindedness: lapses in attention that produce mindedness: lapses in attention that produce
forgettingforgetting Blocking: temporary inability to retrieve informationBlocking: temporary inability to retrieve information Misattribution: confusing the source of a memoryMisattribution: confusing the source of a memory Suggestibility: incorporating misleading information into Suggestibility: incorporating misleading information into
memorymemory Bias: influence of present knowledge and beliefs on Bias: influence of present knowledge and beliefs on
recollections of the pastrecollections of the past PersistancePersistance: unwanted memories: unwanted memories
Schater,PH.D.,DanielSchater,PH.D.,Daniel (2002), (2002), ““The Cognitive Neuroscience of MemoryThe Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory”” Harvard University Conference, Neurology of Behavior.Harvard University Conference, Neurology of Behavior.
Memory TypesMemory Types……..
Retrieval Retrieval –– can be declarativecan be declarative-- the the verbal report of conscious memoriesverbal report of conscious memories
Procedural Procedural –– the learning of a motor the learning of a motor skillskill
Autonomic Autonomic –– the visceral response the visceral response associated with the experienceassociated with the experience
Memory SystemsMemory Systems……....
Defined as: specific neural networks Defined as: specific neural networks that support specific mnemonic that support specific mnemonic processesprocesses
Which brain regions mediate specific Which brain regions mediate specific kinds of memory functions?kinds of memory functions?
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology, 49,87--115.115.
EvidenceEvidence……..
MedialMedial--temporal activations are temporal activations are observed during intentional memory observed during intentional memory retrieval and is noted to activate retrieval and is noted to activate during encoding of memoriesduring encoding of memories
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology, 49,87--115.115.
RegionsRegions……..
MedialMedial--temporal or temporal or diencephalicdiencephalic lesions spare lesions spare remote memories this has encouraged the view that remote memories this has encouraged the view that the the neocortexneocortex is the ultimate repository of is the ultimate repository of consolidated longconsolidated long--term memoryterm memory
NeocortexNeocortex contributes to the encoding, storage and contributes to the encoding, storage and retrieval of declarative memoriesretrieval of declarative memories
DeclaritiveDeclaritive MemoryMemory……
Seems to dependent on the integrity of parts of the Seems to dependent on the integrity of parts of the limbic network and their interconnectivitieslimbic network and their interconnectivities
Noted by patients with the amnesic state can Noted by patients with the amnesic state can acquire new motor skills although they may have no acquire new motor skills although they may have no conscious knowledge of having learned the skillsconscious knowledge of having learned the skills
Of all the stages of declarative memory, Of all the stages of declarative memory, registration (shortregistration (short--term or immediate memory) is term or immediate memory) is the least dependent on the limbic system and most the least dependent on the limbic system and most closely associated with vigilance and concentration closely associated with vigilance and concentration *amnesic patients can have a normal concentration *amnesic patients can have a normal concentration spanspan
MesulamMesulam M.D.,MM.D.,M--MarselMarsel, (1990), , (1990), ““Large Scale Large Scale NeurocognitiveNeurocognitive Networks and Distributed Processing for Networks and Distributed Processing for Attention, Language, and MemoryAttention, Language, and Memory””, Annual Neurology, 28, 597, Annual Neurology, 28, 597--613.613.
Declarative MemoryDeclarative Memory……..
Encompasses the acquisition, retention, Encompasses the acquisition, retention, and and retreivalretreival of knowledge that can be of knowledge that can be consciously and intentionally consciously and intentionally recollectedrecollected
This includes memory for events This includes memory for events (episodic memory) or facts (semantic (episodic memory) or facts (semantic memory)memory)
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology, 49,87--115.115.
Episodic memoryEpisodic memory……..
Measured by direct or explicit test of Measured by direct or explicit test of memory, such as free recall, cued memory, such as free recall, cued recall, or recognition, that refer to a recall, or recognition, that refer to a prior episodeprior episode
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology, 49,87--115.115.
Intentional retrievalIntentional retrieval……
A consistent by poorly understood activation occurs A consistent by poorly understood activation occurs in right frontal cortex during intentional declarative in right frontal cortex during intentional declarative or episodic retrieval of memory for wordsor episodic retrieval of memory for words
This activation are unexpected because they apply This activation are unexpected because they apply to verbal and nonverbal memories and because right to verbal and nonverbal memories and because right frontal lesions have modest effect on declarative frontal lesions have modest effect on declarative memory.memory.
One speculative interpretation is rightOne speculative interpretation is right--frontal frontal retrieval activations reflect working memory retrieval activations reflect working memory processes that guide or evaluate the products of processes that guide or evaluate the products of episodic retrievalepisodic retrieval
NondeclarativeNondeclarative or proceduralor procedural memorymemory……..
Encompass the acquisition, retention, and retrieval Encompass the acquisition, retention, and retrieval of knowledge expressed through experience induced of knowledge expressed through experience induced changes in performance. changes in performance.
Measured by indirect or implicit tests where no Measured by indirect or implicit tests where no reference is made to that experiencereference is made to that experience
Skill learning, repetition priming, and conditioning Skill learning, repetition priming, and conditioning are classes of implicit tests that often reveal are classes of implicit tests that often reveal procedural memory processes dissociable from procedural memory processes dissociable from declarative memorydeclarative memory
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology, 49,87--115.115.
Memory systemsMemory systems……..
Nyberg and Nyberg and TulvingTulving discuss memory discuss memory systems as 4 major human memory systems as 4 major human memory systemssystems
Episodic, semantic, perceptual Episodic, semantic, perceptual representation (PRS), and proceduralrepresentation (PRS), and procedural
Nyberg and Nyberg and TulvingTulving, (1996), , (1996), ““Classifying Human LongClassifying Human Long--Term Memory: Evidence from Converging Term Memory: Evidence from Converging DissociationsDissociations””, European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 8(2), 163, European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 8(2), 163--183.183.
Dissociations Dissociations ……....
Nyberg & Nyberg & TulvingTulving hypothesize hypothesize dissociations yielded by task dissociations yielded by task comparisons as partial evidence for comparisons as partial evidence for multiple memory systemsmultiple memory systems
Memory processes differ with respect Memory processes differ with respect to rules of operation and component to rules of operation and component processesprocesses
4 kinds of dissociations4 kinds of dissociations……..
1. Functional dissociations: different 1. Functional dissociations: different values of independent variablesvalues of independent variables
2. Developmental dissociations: 2. Developmental dissociations: stages of ontological developmentstages of ontological development
3. Pharmacological dissociations: 3. Pharmacological dissociations: drugdrug--induced brain statesinduced brain states
4. Brain4. Brain--damage dissociations: the damage dissociations: the presence or absence of brain damagepresence or absence of brain damage
Studies Studies …………
Many studies were reviewed and it was Many studies were reviewed and it was found to demonstrate existence of found to demonstrate existence of dissociations as well as contributing to dissociations as well as contributing to the the neuroanatomicalneuroanatomical localization of localization of memory functionsmemory functions
LocalizationsLocalizations……..
Nyberg & Nyberg & TulvingTulving review suggest the two declarative systems review suggest the two declarative systems (episodic and semantic) seem to depend on integrity of medial (episodic and semantic) seem to depend on integrity of medial temporal lobe structurestemporal lobe structures
Frontal lobe structures have been found to be critical for Frontal lobe structures have been found to be critical for both episodic and semantic memory, but different frontal both episodic and semantic memory, but different frontal regions seem to be important for the 2 systemsregions seem to be important for the 2 systems
Frontal regions in the left hemisphere are more involved in Frontal regions in the left hemisphere are more involved in semantic and right hemisphere for episodicsemantic and right hemisphere for episodic
PET studies suggest cerebellum plays an important role in PET studies suggest cerebellum plays an important role in these 2 systemsthese 2 systems
Occipital brain structures are critical for visual subsystem of Occipital brain structures are critical for visual subsystem of perceptual representation perceptual representation
Midbrain structures in procedural memory has been confirmed Midbrain structures in procedural memory has been confirmed by several PET studiesby several PET studies
FindingsFindings……..
Nyberg & Nyberg & TulvingTulving concluded that the concluded that the survey of survey of exisitingexisiting dissociations can be dissociations can be encouragingencouraging
And these studies can play an And these studies can play an important role in shaping our ideas important role in shaping our ideas about classifying memoriesabout classifying memories
More researchMore research……
There is a lot of evidence to support There is a lot of evidence to support memory localization and systems which leads memory localization and systems which leads the way to studying recovery and plasticity the way to studying recovery and plasticity of the brainof the brain
If memory systems are in fact located in If memory systems are in fact located in more than one place in the brain and is more more than one place in the brain and is more of a network, why canof a network, why can’’t the brain plasticity t the brain plasticity aid in recovery of functions?aid in recovery of functions?
Recent advances in basic and cognitive Recent advances in basic and cognitive neurosciences now allow a more detailed neurosciences now allow a more detailed analysis of networksanalysis of networks
Memory and Learning can be dissociated into Memory and Learning can be dissociated into several behavioral components: registration several behavioral components: registration storage (encoding), retention and retrieval storage (encoding), retention and retrieval
Memory can also be classified according to Memory can also be classified according to modality (visual and auditory) or material modality (visual and auditory) or material (verbal and nonverbal) that is being (verbal and nonverbal) that is being processed. processed.
MesulamMesulam M.D.,MM.D.,M--MarselMarsel, (1990), , (1990), ““Large Scale Large Scale NeurocognitiveNeurocognitive Networks and Distributed Networks and Distributed Processing for Attention, Language, and MemoryProcessing for Attention, Language, and Memory””, Annual Neurology, 28, 597, Annual Neurology, 28, 597--613.613.
Cognitive NeuroscienceCognitive Neuroscience……..
……of memory is based on observations of brain of memory is based on observations of brain damaged patients with various kinds of memory loss, damaged patients with various kinds of memory loss, experiments with healthy volunteers, studies using experiments with healthy volunteers, studies using brain imaging techniquesbrain imaging techniques
The fractionation of memory into component The fractionation of memory into component systems and subsystems has been a major theme in systems and subsystems has been a major theme in the cognitive neuroscience of memory for the past the cognitive neuroscience of memory for the past 1010--15 years15 years
Brain imaging techniques are now providing new Brain imaging techniques are now providing new perspectives on various forms of memoryperspectives on various forms of memory
Schater,PH.D.,DanielSchater,PH.D.,Daniel (2002), (2002), ““The Cognitive Neuroscience of MemoryThe Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory”” Harvard University Conference, Harvard University Conference, Neurology of Behavior.Neurology of Behavior.
Seven Sins of MemorySeven Sins of Memory……..
Transience: forgetting information over timeTransience: forgetting information over time AbsentAbsent--mindedness: lapses in attention that produce mindedness: lapses in attention that produce
forgettingforgetting Blocking: temporary inability to retrieve informationBlocking: temporary inability to retrieve information Misattribution: confusing the source of a memoryMisattribution: confusing the source of a memory Suggestibility: incorporating misleading information into Suggestibility: incorporating misleading information into
memorymemory Bias: influence of present knowledge and beliefs on Bias: influence of present knowledge and beliefs on
recollections of the pastrecollections of the past PersistancePersistance: unwanted memories: unwanted memories
Schater,PH.D.,DanielSchater,PH.D.,Daniel (2002), (2002), ““The Cognitive Neuroscience of MemoryThe Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory”” Harvard University Conference, Neurology of Behavior.Harvard University Conference, Neurology of Behavior.
Memory TypesMemory Types……..
Retrieval Retrieval –– can be declarativecan be declarative-- the the verbal report of conscious memoriesverbal report of conscious memories
Procedural Procedural –– the learning of a motor the learning of a motor skillskill
Autonomic Autonomic –– the visceral response the visceral response associated with the experienceassociated with the experience
Memory SystemsMemory Systems……....
Defined as: specific neural networks Defined as: specific neural networks that support specific mnemonic that support specific mnemonic processesprocesses
Which brain regions mediate specific Which brain regions mediate specific kinds of memory functions?kinds of memory functions?
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology, 49,87--115.115.
EvidenceEvidence……..
MedialMedial--temporal activations are temporal activations are observed during intentional memory observed during intentional memory retrieval and is noted to activate retrieval and is noted to activate during encoding of memoriesduring encoding of memories
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology, 49,87--115.115.
RegionsRegions……..
MedialMedial--temporal or temporal or diencephalicdiencephalic lesions spare lesions spare remote memories this has encouraged the view that remote memories this has encouraged the view that the the neocortexneocortex is the ultimate repository of is the ultimate repository of consolidated longconsolidated long--term memoryterm memory
NeocortexNeocortex contributes to the encoding, storage and contributes to the encoding, storage and retrieval of declarative memoriesretrieval of declarative memories
DeclaritiveDeclaritive MemoryMemory……
Seems to dependent on the integrity of parts of the Seems to dependent on the integrity of parts of the limbic network and their interconnectivitieslimbic network and their interconnectivities
Noted by patients with the amnesic state can Noted by patients with the amnesic state can acquire new motor skills although they may have no acquire new motor skills although they may have no conscious knowledge of having learned the skillsconscious knowledge of having learned the skills
Of all the stages of declarative memory, Of all the stages of declarative memory, registration (shortregistration (short--term or immediate memory) is term or immediate memory) is the least dependent on the limbic system and most the least dependent on the limbic system and most closely associated with vigilance and concentration closely associated with vigilance and concentration *amnesic patients can have a normal concentration *amnesic patients can have a normal concentration spanspan
MesulamMesulam M.D.,MM.D.,M--MarselMarsel, (1990), , (1990), ““Large Scale Large Scale NeurocognitiveNeurocognitive Networks and Distributed Processing for Networks and Distributed Processing for Attention, Language, and MemoryAttention, Language, and Memory””, Annual Neurology, 28, 597, Annual Neurology, 28, 597--613.613.
Declarative MemoryDeclarative Memory……..
Encompasses the acquisition, retention, Encompasses the acquisition, retention, and and retreivalretreival of knowledge that can be of knowledge that can be consciously and intentionally consciously and intentionally recollectedrecollected
This includes memory for events This includes memory for events (episodic memory) or facts (semantic (episodic memory) or facts (semantic memory)memory)
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology, 49,87--115.115.
Episodic memoryEpisodic memory……..
Measured by direct or explicit test of Measured by direct or explicit test of memory, such as free recall, cued memory, such as free recall, cued recall, or recognition, that refer to a recall, or recognition, that refer to a prior episodeprior episode
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology, 49,87--115.115.
Intentional retrievalIntentional retrieval……
A consistent by poorly understood activation occurs A consistent by poorly understood activation occurs in right frontal cortex during intentional declarative in right frontal cortex during intentional declarative or episodic retrieval of memory for wordsor episodic retrieval of memory for words
This activation are unexpected because they apply This activation are unexpected because they apply to verbal and nonverbal memories and because right to verbal and nonverbal memories and because right frontal lesions have modest effect on declarative frontal lesions have modest effect on declarative memory.memory.
One speculative interpretation is rightOne speculative interpretation is right--frontal frontal retrieval activations reflect working memory retrieval activations reflect working memory processes that guide or evaluate the products of processes that guide or evaluate the products of episodic retrievalepisodic retrieval
NondeclarativeNondeclarative or proceduralor procedural memorymemory……..
Encompass the acquisition, retention, and retrieval Encompass the acquisition, retention, and retrieval of knowledge expressed through experience induced of knowledge expressed through experience induced changes in performance. changes in performance.
Measured by indirect or implicit tests where no Measured by indirect or implicit tests where no reference is made to that experiencereference is made to that experience
Skill learning, repetition priming, and conditioning Skill learning, repetition priming, and conditioning are classes of implicit tests that often reveal are classes of implicit tests that often reveal procedural memory processes dissociable from procedural memory processes dissociable from declarative memorydeclarative memory
GavrielliGavrielli, J.D.E. (1998), , J.D.E. (1998), ““Cognitive Neuroscience of Human MemoryCognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory””, , AnnuAnnu. Rev. Psychology, 49,87. Rev. Psychology, 49,87--115.115.
Memory systemsMemory systems……..
Nyberg and Nyberg and TulvingTulving discuss memory discuss memory systems as 4 major human memory systems as 4 major human memory systemssystems
Episodic, semantic, perceptual Episodic, semantic, perceptual representation (PRS), and proceduralrepresentation (PRS), and procedural
Nyberg and Nyberg and TulvingTulving, (1996), , (1996), ““Classifying Human LongClassifying Human Long--Term Memory: Evidence from Converging Term Memory: Evidence from Converging DissociationsDissociations””, European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 8(2), 163, European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 8(2), 163--183.183.
Dissociations Dissociations ……....
Nyberg & Nyberg & TulvingTulving hypothesize hypothesize dissociations yielded by task dissociations yielded by task comparisons as partial evidence for comparisons as partial evidence for multiple memory systemsmultiple memory systems
Memory processes differ with respect Memory processes differ with respect to rules of operation and component to rules of operation and component processesprocesses
4 kinds of dissociations4 kinds of dissociations……..
1. Functional dissociations: different 1. Functional dissociations: different values of independent variablesvalues of independent variables
2. Developmental dissociations: 2. Developmental dissociations: stages of ontological developmentstages of ontological development
3. Pharmacological dissociations: 3. Pharmacological dissociations: drugdrug--induced brain statesinduced brain states
4. Brain4. Brain--damage dissociations: the damage dissociations: the presence or absence of brain damagepresence or absence of brain damage
Studies Studies …………
Many studies were reviewed and it was Many studies were reviewed and it was found to demonstrate existence of found to demonstrate existence of dissociations as well as contributing to dissociations as well as contributing to the the neuroanatomicalneuroanatomical localization of localization of memory functionsmemory functions
LocalizationsLocalizations……..
Nyberg & Nyberg & TulvingTulving review suggest the two declarative systems review suggest the two declarative systems (episodic and semantic) seem to depend on integrity of medial (episodic and semantic) seem to depend on integrity of medial temporal lobe structurestemporal lobe structures
Frontal lobe structures have been found to be critical for Frontal lobe structures have been found to be critical for both episodic and semantic memory, but different frontal both episodic and semantic memory, but different frontal regions seem to be important for the 2 systemsregions seem to be important for the 2 systems
Frontal regions in the left hemisphere are more involved in Frontal regions in the left hemisphere are more involved in semantic and right hemisphere for episodicsemantic and right hemisphere for episodic
PET studies suggest cerebellum plays an important role in PET studies suggest cerebellum plays an important role in these 2 systemsthese 2 systems
Occipital brain structures are critical for visual subsystem of Occipital brain structures are critical for visual subsystem of perceptual representation perceptual representation
Midbrain structures in procedural memory has been confirmed Midbrain structures in procedural memory has been confirmed by several PET studiesby several PET studies
FindingsFindings……..
Nyberg & Nyberg & TulvingTulving concluded that the concluded that the survey of survey of exisitingexisiting dissociations can be dissociations can be encouragingencouraging
And these studies can play an And these studies can play an important role in shaping our ideas important role in shaping our ideas about classifying memoriesabout classifying memories
More researchMore research……
There is a lot of evidence to support There is a lot of evidence to support memory localization and systems which leads memory localization and systems which leads the way to studying recovery and plasticity the way to studying recovery and plasticity of the brainof the brain
If memory systems are in fact located in If memory systems are in fact located in more than one place in the brain and is more more than one place in the brain and is more of a network, why canof a network, why can’’t the brain plasticity t the brain plasticity aid in recovery of functions?aid in recovery of functions?