FOOD & AGRICULTURE

ORGANIZATION OF THE

UNITED NATIONS

Soil Mapping and Advisory Services

Botswana

BOTSWANA SOIL DATABASE

GUIDELINES FOR SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTION

GABORONE, 1988

UNITED NATIONS

DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMME

AG BOT/85/011

FIELD DOCUMENT 9

REPUBLIC OF

BOTSWANA

NaL i)evelopìut co

tna

Soil Mapping and Advisory Services

Botswana

BOTSWANA SOIL DATABASE

GUIDELINES FOR SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Arie Remmelzwaal

Erik Van Waveren

Gaborone, 1988

A3: A'T_J 3.5/011Field Document 9

Contents

INTRODUCTION

NOTES ON THE USE OF THE DESORIP': ' ORM a 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 O. .2

Tree spec.l_es

Shrub spe(2)22L4tassitorhs spParent matecia1:unic

Geolog1t242 unit

Trainag:Moistpt,2,

Saxtace scoo2:4

Rock oul_crou,,

Ercsi,onide.poit,t(

Hpman

1.HDR,T2C, C22k-iFTI')NicsDent21

Co'

!401.1-AC

Te_xt,2F.StilictroCoat,istcn2Cutaus 44a O (tee@

Cementa_

eO 040 ot

o o0o

404400411.44.0OoOMeeMee.o.

0 Wee 0 floeOee

toe@@ 000.00

0001t toe4 4444404 O@YO

O 44 O 41 11

le '0 O 10 910O 0 0 0 0 O

e01,

.00 ot to a

00S

BOO.*MO0000008*

*PO

V*011

0004 0%@0*000611.110.0-00*0000000000.****

to .0.000 e 0 0 0 0 0 e

e4OO

0000***

O*4

000

. .3

17

.20

GENE\ UuRMÀLCN ON THE SOIL Ki,ID SITE DESCRIPTIONuumhe.- ....... 11.0 et MO MOM. .0.

Agro .:71JmAtLc zone

Shce rtbo.... a O OM.. ...OM*Grid relelenceMapping unit ......,.. nee @ Pt e

Status ........ aem emOeee .M.8000000LocaLl,n Me 0008.o.aeom omeee OOOCoordinates.......... .00.0009.000 ROOPO.4e

:nor ......... 40eClassification ...... e4,.OaElevation ...... 00600aoLandform o WO

Land element ....... O SOOO.

Position of siteTopography ....... 000Micro-topography ...........Slopegradient ...................................Slopeform ......... 0444 .404.000o...aSealing ......... eeOe .00OOM MO

Cracks Me@ 4 4 e al4440004 40..0.91. 440Salt .........Bleached sandLand useCrops .10

Vegetatiou structure OkeO OOm eOOOO a ea e MOOM

Pores

Rockfragments ..................................................30Minecal nodulesCarbonatesBiologiyal featuresRootsBoundaryFieLd ph

Sampl.........................................................34

REFEE.

Summary of codes (Field Reference Card)Soil profile description formPrinted soil profile descriptions

B: 1. Location codes2. Map

C: Author codesD: FAO classification

1974 soil unit codes1988 soil unit codes1988 lower level codes

E: Soil Taxonomy classification (1987)Great group codesSubgroup codesFamily level codes

F: Vegetation speciesTree-and shrub codesGrass codesForb codes

G: Geological unitsH: Key to the Soil Legend of Botswana (1:250.000 map sheets)

LIST OF MAPS: 1. Agro Climatic Zones of Botswana2. Location codes

1:47.).MUCT I ON

These t nt t xh,1 ,

o oh-r-'t c, t. it; 7h,o ,

L I LI j f i tTh,ihootiao thlhoh »oLmiho'hrt .1,;

htd. hhe 'We; 'L'he hio oh, t, k'kk;T,^ ¿

tho hhh t.oh,1 cot',1,ht h'ho hhh'ooi t r I n,t-thh th0,10.

'Oil I tr

:1Ce ,Av f rLeld (p,

t i ',111 Ct-CO fiy r- t t, ,

t [on 4, r 1" ,`4 Opt r,11,t 'I r,to the Lo,t-t hooks, h Lt FAO 6ndolLnr,., foiOescri.p,,,on 5"A0, 1,'477, the 5o.17 (°oi1 Sntey St ''5L,L.eviser: *SY., cnap'.et, Ci.:',81), Soil Tax.o.notry :Seil :urvevSoil Taxo-Jom (Soil Srvoy Staft, 19J7', tho .Jf tne SoilWorld (FAO/UNECO, 1974) and tho Reyit,ed Loq(.!nd of tho Soti Map oL the Wotio(198Ffl,

A number of changes as compared to FAO Guid L. nd SSM is introduced. Someof these changes relate to Botswana conditions, but others al': of a moregeneral nature and are recommended for application revised guidelincs.

The site description has been further standarized, in partlot. the meof description of the geomorphology, vegetation and land use. r moditinos introduced are:

Letter suffixes in horizon desig tion: The detintt.ions of rho revised SSM1981) us followed, except for

Texture: The subdivlsic,n of sands was -hauge(i.Topouaphy. ''Flat and almo:it Hat.' ,1.411ivted into iloio t;ernritito classos.Surface stones - size 14raval' intaotlucod.Salts: Redefined.Cì.ItanL uantity, thicknessg The defittlticns woco i therCementationt 'Pat:-!y ot,mel.tcd' intvildt,rod,

Pores, Roots and :ihw,oluoMlneral Nodules - Bize, tOedoEtaed, 7t11to desc.-:tb Lbe ot

Pans and Texture '-°2mx: No ]onger

Tnst...uoLiolis on th,, use ot: te l'..otweaJ. )1.. well t'3the Fo3t.Twiwa Thro-oo,

1988).

NE TEE OSL OF THE DESCRIPTION FORM

flfollikition is recort a E soil profi tic (seetrywnix

Information should ejVv:h ;);) val

1_,Xed In tbo d!,!undau:v (1Gau:ir\' tr/oot::,, no !-3artaL:e 4ton,-)Lv ont î 0,7it ho

avF311aWe, ot that 10' wek

The profic desL_Lipen iiijwc two entries per item. The first entry is alwaysentered oP the uppet

izons can be tully entered or one oes(Lipriou ton , )L' 7 second fours should be Note that Lite computPr c,dQept.b rtt MOSE

..,rizons per protila.

Comments should be as brief as possible since space under remarks is limitedto 256 characters.

2

PROFILE NUMBER

o a tuThJu

=1=J=, ..k== '==== :14414.! 5 4: 14' 44,44;4 fl'4,4' I '4' ' 44

AGRO CLIMATIC ZONE

Climati in which the site is located (

.3H3ET NUMBER

The number of the applicable topographic :;heet at 150.000. If notavailable the auT,her of the 1:100.000 jr 1:150.000 sheet 12; given.

GRID REFERENCE

Instrcrions to determine the grid reference are given on most 1:! 0

topographic sheets. If no grid is given on the sheet, it canwith the aid of adjacent maps and the grid marks normally preengins of the map.

MAPP I NG UNIT

Refereil in .:::ide to the General Soil Let at.. of tswan, the standard lovnaof the 1250.000 soil map series (Remmelzw ). to rhe Legend isgiven in Appendix H.

72NY7',.;

Tne status of the soil profile description is determined on the bcisis of thequalitv or the soil description and analytical data. The status is atlocateoby tho iioli correlator after the completion of all analys

Reference pit-No ;-oievan elements or details are missing F:com t.:!e deYoription,

01 Analy-i3Ls, Tie lobct-iption and number (4,' is3 snition;o inarAct all sub-Uorizotis to a 'ertb t t m-per

c_1.aFsificat.iou. ''he sn1 dcpth J;k pi %s or, - down a ii--,ment.r'd or horiniJ.Jvoi

zzhalwe)

21'40 , t .3 3 ;:`c»

uuktalhoi" 1?,,P);

k. 4 t 1 p : 4.2

L L ii ThC 1'1.1)

C (IL

'ontl,!'.:). wit' ional augering and samp.i.g iftL e L" J C t

ttc'Cl"))1,10tt t L;Ntioli III 1: (Té iTtt Sahli 1

II 3110z, re 1,ttyh 1,011,2 Ct t

YYdtyyi e t ")Iethe. ,Y: they 'hytelhe ant: .it Jtitrt eye ,

Iìd:1 1.r! C,',1 1Th C.t tC C. 1)1 otehl ,Yotti 0Y,hoti eve

4 - AtTerLog:dolinition rho 3e_3..:riptiou from an aucrintI nf,ow.plere, btln:

f',1Ltory thtotmatton oo soli -11ar1ttilstics Jhd t ii tttti, ta 1 6eol)tained ln 5:)N0 C.OS sampies ,ro takL?tt from ,,Joe.e:tiA4s,

5 - OtheESSE7i, Aen,, are missing from the it or augering description,and no satisfa,.7.ory soil characterization and classification can no ob-tained.

Noto z Descriptions of augerings or other observations made for routine checksare normally not included in the database, but available on ordinary soilprofile description sheets.

LOCATION

The loc7ti the- pit should be given in km from points recognizable in thefield an cc the map. Distances along roads or traverses relate to a markedstarting Fo nt (0.0km).

COORDINATES

(iTdinates are determined from the appropriate topographic sheet.

te of profile description.

7TTIOR

Irtirials oi the authors should be entered. The first author should be the of-ticel: doing the actual profile description.A valid list of initials is given in appendix C.

CLAS F 7.: CAT I ON

Tenrhtivu (TassificatLon3 -ordi,iT7, to both FAO (1974 and 1988) and Soil

Taxonomy 1975; 1987 nt't tirout leve.1, should be made in the field.

4

FAO

(

C.71t.tyey pha8 CL t o 17.L o,;.,, 11 1 I (,(1.

1,ty!!! f.A!!!!!--,.13tfl HLt(J !-!!! !!-! so 3.t.1 ;'-:* Lv--Sttakly phs 3e ,Ail,) !!!.1:1,J. -- 41, t( (('

C ti 'L (2^,(4111 L ;-w, t /

t)..1» contact between 50p1-c3

ST Soil Taxonomy,iopendix F,

z7;!-Ij In Botswana the fol.r0 yc0010))-7.ed

AAU Ak t a 't

¡JA Cy!! t ,; t L

U LII,UQ "37.; I

QU t 't t ttIon;

:(L

!

ti !OF, )

5

'

o,q!!!,,-, pik!!!!!!!..) H-!! c!!!!!c! !¡A

01; t.,," Rto (1' F,11,1) t

L !!A)

Definitions of the are given in FA,/, '1974) and FAO (1988).

ST DU "C-,,11. ,-;,,,L)

LI t

Joil moisture

PE l'or;-ic SA 3

SP .5!)Ji.lo\, pe(:Ic SO

PC tLL('(( SS ,,;."SC Stu toca 1 L GI r*6;PG Pe'togy-c)si, IN Inox,H.cSG YEPF Pcr:otr.[ic CL :c?

SF zft,.?..!..13v 1,etroCetr'c ARPH TA '" A ;

LANDFORM

landform ,,,italJ7,o,3 the geneis 1.aa,_P'

LAP Al \

LPSPPE Pi2,1i.met

6

geomorphology of the area : ich the

PT 7.1teal,

ES E;;earfime-.1

HI HL11

VA vallyAF Alluvial taLX Orhet f.ce

form a !,ot

d o s1J1,..1 r a L i , t la ir, 9, ill 1 a L` a t L 1t4,..`

Tho X avuikied d, a

LAND ELEMENT

Th lqv element describes the geomorphology of the immediate surroundings ofth

'OW d n :li ïi. a-fuarl"Lt1111. I tih dia1011.;on on

olars, 1-ho 2-,A1)11n2 unit otten ifLudua roof- i-hau onu lal"iu a p:apping ,f .t tlhA-

at. 1.11 '.."1-?1;,

.

NA

a

Not appli?able

generail., tilo 'ii-'o.

BD Peacn-dre -,11plex

IF Intorfluv,:2 FP FlPoOOoinDU Dune TE T.L.rthcLTD TLansv,,c,3c dune RA l',,wkwami:;LD DTPD '.'alaholic Oua,e CH

RD 1.)::chAtt Iinc LE Levc.eID 1-71' tr.:1W1,t1 VA v za 1.1`.!y

PA VF Vn LleV

DE AF 1 1 uyl.,-3

RI IS LaJant

BE n, , X Other, see remar

DIAGNOSTIC HORIZONS

Write in full the 'Yc. horizons

ELEVAT I 0-"

I ,k " ' , 'S "'ta L

T

ILl

Tc7 ee"

l";"1"'jt nr1),- rne:-Tr.A.T Li.Tn1."!..,°"" 1,7! t ILL"' II', .-';4"/ ;.,1"( "+ ;

"COS r';c, L' de".nc" ;." el '."6"..

positions (IF'

- V

I

7

, the

ve :oil

H,:[.k

,," ; "e" ,",

1,1\"°- ti; 'L''' t' L "..":""nr+, I L,It°;"."Cs'

0.,","'"1" :;"1+1+"." t.?`t

TOP OGRAP

LtY

; ¿'\t' 'L' I;" L ';";

F

AG L. 'VC, LI

et;

R , t,r r

"l"t `k

S Steeply disF,-- T`..

" tl[ t

1)" Hrle c;)""..; ' "

N

0.7 - 1.5%

-ns is more than 10m low gilga

8

CRAC]

ealing

,

h Ht-

V

, - is indicated The width of holes

3f

o

D USE

0

10

337 7304'

1 1

GC

GU 1`,°J,s,) - -

scale

t: L,1> " )1"i i10I it1,1 ,11i O,J OY i.fl \CUfl

it.o° °L t\1!,7 1.y e ,

r'(; 70 7 V, 33.o 'x k33 .1

73$7M0. Ht »i \,,3;7, ,qP hl '3;.9

1 1 y , allow ao 1 3 f3 1041 01: , ;Is

CROPS

P' , 00 . 0

SO

MA ti

WEI labial)

,

DV °,°

°°7+, , ' '

SS 51-icSSD

savamw,,SSO 3pen .4).17ua

savanna

11

ProdomlnantTh? 'cnd ,I;od,:rately

Sbrub', 'iryro-e.mataiw t wriILalDaheiwi apaci

A few isolated shrubs

SL TW 1.-'t,Ioolin,3nCy low shru.

SLD De;Ise lww - Loa sh,,Wbs annrwwtimaroty a w aWeL,:dit-un savanna apath.

SLO Open 1010' - A f.ewutlu te ow shrubsshtill' savanna

MosLly si.A01.1e iLemmod ,;pctrriCnz; Wilh t heg,17.t. moi, 351.nralti ::;temwd spec i uS.r w-wth a hiwr,nr bo,woun

shrubs: ',.nrc.1,6 Lower hhan im,

C.J..k ASS COVER

The following classes are distinguished in estimatint, u cover:

O Bare, gra:: o,rJer :ban W,1,;!

1 novot between L(:at.tnn,6r2 liat,woaoY5w:wt (Lw3 ;

VEC

w _ wollowin4,

[ I" [ ,[nr t [ ``, [

SS i nn 5. ,Ln

Su L, nn no. rC i Jat. "1, -' t a',"t(1,

Savanna: Discontinuous layer of trees

SA Savanna Scattel".. :ees and ,31,../.uO:4, Ilik[Aettt.01,[CCSAD Dense savanna - S'recles aprro-Ki.maLe ;ow orown OiW355etwr

SAO Open savanna - A Cow iwwqared trees and shrubs.

ST Tree savanna Pcodominantly c scattored moderately der'STD Dease Lree rre,.s4pproltimately a Eew cLown diameter,: apaw._

savannaSTO )per. t.t.ee - A few isolated trees

savanna

TREES

, at mc r

he ,:

SHRUBS

r dominant shrub rost t' eeenw, '

L ir r't,:tst broi Riven dpthhnol.,

GRASSES/FORBS

Enter thi inant graseiterh ,.oee:oi: and at, most flve other come)) sperars,Tr ao dominant gtassiforh run he drstingclshed, the fir,t, entry shoole, heopen A list of species ir- given tn Appendix F.2,

PAR

soi has formed in weatherrne, material. of the urvierir,ing mr L t is,fescribeo ae in si tu weathered parent mntecial (WE). WE 'tlay no be inthe case of eolluviared unmixeU mAtefrals,

In the case or one parent matt.-)rlo ovatlytnp, a second different ern'', rl lat-or is Indicated in ths s9crnd 1r the second materi,,,1

weathered patent material, WE entered in 7.1?? second section an'iinlihatsd in th followitn7 ene,

Aeol' '7eworked (AL I 17f? f:A

klt,adivgadl. Lreot,trIne vtind aq dunes dl'r etherfeatufes,

Lacustrine reworked aocifan (LA.1 :-'1 the mligins of ciei-lons lizke.-

t onn'i Iii luttric e0 or f,wo 1; e. acust Uine envit, htivertarchtmatt,nga, (Jkavahgo:', Thesc ill Ahow h origrnal aeo..jan motpl,out oavo uneergone aitoiatLen JU the surface ipversv ct-t, as ,..'Jny

Fluvial reworker. ustrine (FL) refers t ent materials of lacustrine

12

Indleate the parent material in which theforme in two layers of d:Eferent origin,parent materials should ne ,entered,

soil has formed. If the soil. hase,g: aeolian over larnstrine, beth

AS ,ian sand AVAR Aeolian red sand DE DelfzicAP Aeolian pale sInd LI LittoralAL AeoH.an rewoikea lacnetrtne CO Ge',1uv,imLA Laelottrine reworlo,,a aeoar. CA ColcretLC leacnstrine '7:,41cietse

FL Fluvial reworked 1a,htstripe WE In situ weathered

ROCK TYPE

The following rocktypes are distinguished:

Acid igneous and metamorphic rocks:GR GranitoIG Intermediate graniteGN GneissGG Granite-gneissQ7 Quartzite

SchistFelsite

FV Felsic volcanicsAC Unspecified, or other acid igneous and metamorphic rocks

Basic igneoun end met. orphic rocks:BT Sasal:

DO U0,,atteDI Dici..:te

UB OttLaafi(BA OnspeHAtea o' orher )asic igneous and metamc

Sedimentary rocksCO Con:O.omcrat,,

SA bandstoneQ$ qadrzzitAc. sancktoneFS Feldspdti,: cihhtistone

SI SilfstonSI! ShateMA HadLI LimestoneDM UotomiteSE Unspenitled, or other sedimentary. rocks

Actudl information oerl»-e(', ftcm geogic3 be Lhechod _a :bk.!

fielo t possile, since the Li.tholof-ky dt die k-,1e iO.l uotgeological. map unit,

L L n L /

n NL

LcIn r

,

;JC:: Lt '.' . ,, c ' ' 01( °

- I:. pCk "'',.`t In , ,

13

I

",s

GEOLOGICAL UNIT

' 0

DRAINAC

",

14

Ve y drained - Water is removed from the soil - ow4y :°t»the water table remains at or on Olethe greater part of the time.

Poorly drained - Water is removed so slowly that the t;oilremains wet for a large part of the time, Thewater table is commonly at ar near the sqrlaceduring a considerable pare of the year,

Imperfectly drained - Water is removed from the soil slowly enough tokeep it wet for significant periods but uot allof the time.

M Moderately well - Water is removed from the soil somewhat slowly,drained so that the profile is wet for a smallu.

significant period of the time,Well drained - Water is removed from the soil readlly 1iit 1.C.1"

tadly. Well drained sois cJ,mmonly letainoptimum amounts of moisture for p1"7,nth glowth

er rains or additions of irriga,tion i e.,

S Somewhat excessively- Ilatoi, is removed Prom the so.:1 capiAliy

dtaineJExcessively drained - Water is removed from the soil very rap.

Transitional classes are indicated by a combination of the codes bothclasses, e.g. poorly to imperfectly drained is entered as PI.

Interp- tation ami examples:

Vety pootiy drained (V): only applicable in areas with standing water(ponding) during the greater part of the yeat, as in the Okavango. .

Ponrly drained (1)) ponding occuls, Lei_ sow or periods

lectdnw, to complete lodecon :,"oreilLions (avic moisture regim),vAamOotn Vprtkeis in-n1 ri.ovsols in relat.ively low poi .t.Leus,

fe, y 6./ ,rlirice (1) ° r4,:lciirt?.,, with cn Let, e / eLitk_ t conn °, E 2,,,1

LInteqn,nfl) nn ,,ttmeed,Idbe "IwILI;u1

E,E"t L. t".11Ciq"'""; le.E+tt "'017,C.I.,AYou; "(Jk"1",

tv jnw

1 r o

, o ,;Pp o'l h

E .

. " arikklook pPkIP

,k\f"arotk ' PI. 7_, k "loPpoPp, P P-%," I- OPP ',.;Co PPPoP k P ko k.

MOISTURE CONDITIONS

e moisture conditions prAval:lag lo Ow Ju.! timeEnter -2m) at whivh the chan, of coll,diHouscc

:11i0tly moistMot,;t

Wo

SLMTACE STONES

Both the abundance and the average size of the surface stones al.

ABUNDANCE

Nil - No 3urface stones oUservekiV:?CY few - :,0SG than 2; of the !parta. e over:ell

Few - 2 to 107 of the surf:Ace coveted3 ommon - 12, to 50Z ot the surface oove rod4 Many - 50 to 90Z of the surAnce covered5 AIPaidanr - over 902 et the surfaee covered

SIZE

15

?.rri(

Fine vc.vol - AvoragL oLaeter Lo th;la

C7,raol kyork?,e. li ne e r botou ;,1(rs 7.5cmSioqof Avecage dilmet,'1* 7 ;-) ,Inct 25cmBould - MN-"7:ag0 diame),?2

in

C

II I

!o

INTENSITY0 Nil

, SlightModerateStrong

rENCE

Human influence tofere, ito evl&mce of liomaii 3CLIV1L',' which is likely to haveat,.cted Lhe physical or efieiLical :haracteristics or the ptofile

foliowing at.tivities are ivsed te indicate the Liman influence oo the

prorile:

0 Nil

P PloughingI irrigationC ClearingB Borrow pit (digging)S Surface compaction

If neces, , addi' information should be given under remarks.

E OF PROCESSS Sheet erosionR Rill eiosinn

Gully erosionWind erosiOnidep sitionWind erosionWind depoRition

A A,:.'umulation (deposition) by water

16

Roc- OUTCROPS

loi 1977):

d

d

ekv kdP,i ,

EROSION/DEPOSITION

dilitc!ITSTHTT 47:dj ty1,0 f". . depc - r.,t_ the site

¡old 'T3 ill lt1 icoidlii At tw yr c(;t'Lcd I j,Alcidí yo t proce,;- at tt-,e sit,' is rol zlo+1

uo;A, tmark shoutl madi

O ho._

;NAT1

1

nuoare , 1-lookro,LeHt

Cha t tC V L f ,)robetc,-, t(c14

di,tur

wirr 3 spadeand smal.t,

17

t.lay, .ifC4-1. aluminum, or ,lome combtn:ir' 0"o,r,,uvenrual-lou of sapd andrant, mineralci,

bertzon,3' Ct aLmS th.3t ace l'ormeo,i,,coirtl.cee by ahI i ter,it

/rrocrula 3'1.10, by:oonoenrrdtoon ot

satbonates. gypsum, OV Filica. aloneev'Ldeace or remoral of .1,41:13'

concenrrar,lot of set',riniose3nujolr_ r-nat itovr,c

r in valu, higher ln t,n1O(.1- ; oeoi .1J and et Ir tag hiur i z ons Ut bout L, phaL IL , o or tt ont,51 alrtutnion th,Lo room, Libet, o,both ruin til?.r, 01

.ourootof '

1

C hot. ayeu:4. z oN.oLtntiyr.L,aftected by ao»

A. E, or 3 nov ZORS. Mo.3t 6re mi.neral LI7e1 1)10-

whethot or )uolsorl iC tehot:zons may he liko o- ouli,ho fftlt tior/171-:,,tnuinit formed. C ho:

oo ov)L1Lnice

or below an

R layers: Hard bedrock, v.,;hi(lL ,-oheL'oot to glalLo

infillod

The ioolv owo,t,,1f ;-°

A 11H,o, are f,,

bor.oit ja wh ich tht?1-11,; IL t r; o 1E hoc

'

I si 41 1101 )*, 14,"a '

,'L"'2.1t31`

1!),(2, .111,01, ,

, 1,1., ,

SUBORDINATE DISTINCTIONS (letter suffixes

) _ C

y) k.011C0ï1.013c,17 nodulest ot ii t»cted ;))), H,) , 2

Les))). o): gic.,»tibtue et) and wan; 2Y, motieJ od tn,cia

.ITbe aIi Wt'ti5.an_ummlation ct carbonates):emenration ol induration. NO LvsLriC:60 Lo cemeuf)ne.

Th( ihnizon is for more than 90 '4, cemented, though j_fractured and hwring some foots in ctacks.iecumulation of sodium. The acc:umu'iatlon ot ,odium );hou)':

expressed by visthle solJ profile cnal,ntevt-0)1es,residua: accumulAtion nt sesquioxidesploughing or othei disturbances

q ao(iumulation by silicaweathered or soft bedrock, Used with C horizon. Can be dug withspade.ac.cumutation of silicate clays. Either forme in the horizon ormoved into by illuviation, in the torro ot ,:natings, lameilie orbridges.plinthite

x tragipany :iceumulation of gypsumz accumulation of salt8 more soluble than gypsum

Remarks

Letter suffixes are applied dur ng the field ocsct iptiorr and are basedon tiold observable soil proiile iharacteristles,

The p(operties should occur in appreciable quantities ordegree of development_

Suffix c also applies to hard calcareous nodules.

The nic of k is not recommtended for minor %e»umulRtions, de)oiti)H-o as

Rotiv (to moderJf2iy) e.a1c5reods or very few few) neJulos,

fe)nmpended uso of Gm ;icon cemented) is n;o co)e)eq.:et ir 1,no mse

ol 1 e-mufe,1 res_Ldir-cl s'esc:itioxide» and thouefore mo (and ),ort.ond_inguse,

w for i'olour and structure development is not ion»I

1,t)tlì sun,),tfiuous, being a).most.always Hppii()nhio it ni 01/e `AT CAL

18

SSM versus FiV1

),

.

a rs :

,Tp,i t ,:c trt J! it :10 "al Crrl ';,1o, n C": 4

Lt0 tr.;,..i i`,3, tO ìc,, y tu ruii h Oc! :"Clkl o .`

sttoar, C,a-ing , wiaD or Ni_thOtil su:ust in ti 'urcaacaof uu aquic moisture regime, inducat,:d by (yle suffix (SSPP isptefered above the. u.iu Ot g and r ofElo)

h The use of h also for A horizons 1,y FAO seems superf1uon5 as thedefinition alredy upplirs to almost all A horizons, following thcmaster horizon '...oncept,

FAO strong reduction r L. part of SSM strong gleying g.suffix r should he available ti' another subordLna(weathered ro».;),

FAO Oeftnition ot s combines SSM o and s, respectively residualand accumulation of sesquioxides.

u FAO only, meaning unsecified. The use as to avoid :on'Zusiou withtoimer nofizon not3don is noc oonsidered i:elvani, Flt,fx (loosnor gave any lnform7ulon.

DEPTii

Avor-uc doprh ot kippe and lowel i)onrdacies of the ncril!.oh is -,)Ven (11, A,-curate E:guro .itto given when boundaries ire Thrupt o( clear. F\'oundet: ot:figurs te the nearest .) stu ontred wh9n the Hound:Au-le,: n-oor dif;a.-;-, u -)rdor to tic, suggestion ot a ',eve; et piecis, ,e wna:l)not 1-1(2(e,

Most hori2.oas 0 ruot ha ve. au() tl(e c r L it ut r s iunio,Mo0et-t-:Liption, 1)y Ltlo t,o0ogi,!pov of une hon.)(1--try (smootn_ wa\y, ar(ir,u1--cc,

brokei, Ranust 'A't depth sl ould c,Lqon,depth

Extremes or special cas d under rem

19

COLOUR

' 1975:,

AH t SSS SW5t 0",

The wot,uo, 14,ior n 147ig is indicated by a , *he

MD

Remarks

Tt )ppoat 7P 1'1.2? 7 o':01-0.1.Pg ny 6 Aterenz aval.ofy et cesuit's. z.inco coLL)Liu 'day an impoll-.ant aroutiiio of L t'pr ,.durabLu olPioivatioDs shoui he dovelupoO,

,,:omparA.son wtb the ij on the )0 tour card sbouid (hQ'

lookior, un,Ised with one eyo tu the boundary of chip alfti pjece ,o"J.141q,CO this boundary fades and the chip and soil colout mergo, the cloibest.

Recording of inLermediate colours is encourage. espciallv to ifzlenso tor tb,:? distinction of the soil horizons ,ind the ,:lassitioation 1,-

terpretation of the-soil profile.

intermediate hues (imporLant for Chromic, Rhodic, colour B, etc) used are:6YR, 6YR, u.5YR, 8.5YR and 9YR,

If values and chromas are near diagnostic values, rounded off fLnres uld

never be used, but precise recordings should be made by using intermeat.,values, or hy adding a + end - .

Some t diagnostic values are:

Value 4 and 5: Albic horizons and hydromorphic properties3.5 and 5.5: Mollie Horizons

Chroma It and 2: Hydromorphic properties2: Chernozems

1.5: Vertisols3.5: Mollie and Umbric horizons4: Chromic

20

MOTTLES

L. ) stn- D,LL

o 444 44.4.nmo - 1J

O J ' ' r 4L4 u ,

ä h

nnt, rc, on.- L I I ni f`ct

ccc f 7 : ,

MOTTLES SIZE

rI7 L-4 1. Li7 ti 0 1 k L It, L: 4 I, LL;i a z. e rLo,t e .1 i :oak? ce s o

i 42,IL ttuI f.

t a s ,

::)mm s.

Medil r artse ,-',twen ri1c0.-tqDIn4

»

t in ' '4 o, 44, nn, L tO411, 11 ' unrni , r 0 Irn rr24 L'i,44"4,4411,1iln,r1I ;op ,iinr.l.tvn in

nu. i44,11,! no, 4-444:11S 1.»). L t

C1'.417

Distinct - s,t Litt '4,:o 4.4 'ult./

4412,4 t tut 10 tnut 4. 1 L.uit Iruuytt3 MU( ttts tt: an - 1 ',Vt.:a tt ttt t' t tttt

Ma d Ets

Prominent - 1 ttn d)uru, ,-' tI,t tu,"`not" attt

J. (la tt, ad "1,att I -o rar

SHARPNESS OF BOUNDARIES

C L it 4,4O,Oni in.41-L 10.'nI U 1tt

Di tends OIL :

21

TEXTURE

For d.stn, ;Linn, f ex-' of nnk.., t ti),`, 1 1) 1) 1 t) ),J q is Lost-ti .) Es N. +nnit , ";"h,? (..nne L he t ext.:4/ ei "19

S t Ite )tot u. 111\ doenstsi line is only used when transgradest t b)td , , snnelt 11t:tIPV ,

The 0'*il-)P.1, fieh, 'F) in the final n, not con-WOO t te anal

1;1 tITkin', ontitusat o) ti lt,stst.) w'fl ' Iotitonsi l) , 6' isL 4 t CO dos c ost-ted in i tit rf en at) L ''t' to

sso to, ). o it id 1 oti ds Limn t 3 1 211,?, 1 1

't ¡ti t, t t.1 'be f ract 't re.21111,1tw7( ro d -ki wijoi r ,:trotFirtsts.

TEXTURAL CLASSES

ti t tt .1=4 9J tzs 1nt -slid'', ',oboe 1sco. t:n4 t1), ), 1 t

P t 15kr it t :1 n,À 'Nr 01' dit Seds

t 11, t tins '.1.1 0(6ti

`) ttdtItJJVLodont)11,k :/ttV!.

CL loamSI tni I t 1,7M's tottien.. ) nedd ntht, LCS n ni,coarE

ItCoL, ,Its tt.1 )1

t n". S

L)Icj:t VS

SC), t1,- no, k ) )) ) to, s ,t)

Lctt n ¿,11

s.VC e ° I

FSIA

11SISST, ) -pis; ) ,1) Is ,

CSL Cio 1 et oo t L),

COLOITR OF MOTTLESt,'" t r.rA" ?Lit

, )o, ) ILS)),t, 1 i sot ) tt ,1)n. - c) t

22

t RY

Y

RS 11 GR 11)

YR ,

RB J1:is")) ).1 osnr, GS ttitYB Lion o) Pt onto)), B s) I is, 1tBR St t 'vs N

BS Y'

Subdivision of sand fraction

Sands anO oi rc subdivided ,:,1,:l

of ve(,, (:,edm, 1-Ln- ,ind v-Ly zine I-

The ploo7-'7.00 o tJ fr),71,toral 0 :no tr7tkLAI JS

Reading as a key, new de_

Very fine sand 50% or more very

Fine sand 50Z Or -3,ore ver' fno and fahe sand,and Loss than eoatse sand.

Fine-medium sand 5 7, or more veiy and Lino snd,,Inct ico.4s than l'jZ of coaselvary rvonrs

Coarse sand - :5Z or moLe vo7:y ooar:4e and ooncs.,e oar:,

and less than 50% medium sand.Sand - other

The subclasse are shown in ti.. ngular diagram 2.

Different J.sions rf onu lmv sands and sandy loams asand FAO (3 7' are not constdere0

The ne7! aitc oF 3an Oeen defined to separate fin.

windblown Va1.7h.lro sand other sandc,

Re #1.1 ks

-

23

Reason:: 3u0:1a,,-) 0.erioit:ion8 dro Lhe LoLlowin:(1.: The i,S11

coar-L-h: sno',)

The iLoe ht,1 fin.

,;ev,-rrls Lm-c,ort. nt soll

as avaLl,,.1, iotlhe:,oes ia7,a

The followin- show that the SSM definitions are not satisfactory,

(al)

fication of (82) a' t t t

` t 11!

, I ,

VSFSFMS

S

CS

,h

C/VC M F VF

55 5

30 40 3030 20 50

30 20 25 25

Very fine sandFine sand

Sandcoarse sand

24

1

ar conclusions can be reached, (b2) is finer than (b1) and (b4) is finer(b3).

agram 2. New sand subclasses Diagram 3. SSM/FAO sand subclasses

FS/CS fine or coarse sand depending onproportion fine and very fino sand.

FS/S fine sand or saftzl depending on puonol:tior,fine ad very fino sand

b) of sand .roble fine fraction:

C/VC M F SSM/FAO-----

30 10 60 fine sand30 10 30 30 coarse sand

G) 10 30 60 fine sand(b4) 10 30 40 20 sand

STRUCTUI

25

1,0

I 7,

,1 s'

STRUCTURE GRADE

Mowing classes are used to

SG Silw1c gLain Situclucelosi witit a loose oonsis,,,,y.WC Weakly cohorent 'truclur:eleas wirn a t,oft slij;ht.1

hard consisten:y,MC Moderately coherent - Massive with a'i-lard consisreacy,

including transitions to slightl,y andvery hard.

SC Strongly coherent - Massive with a very hard to extremelyhard consistency,

ons of the terms for grade of structure are according to SSM(19: FAO (1977):

Structureleasimasaive; That condition in which there is nc obsernl)le.igyr,cegatior3 oi no definite orderly arcangement of natura7. linesne

Weak; That degree of aggradation taraLturized tiy coorly formedpeds that are barely observahle in nlac-. Wnen Histuched,i.

mateti. that has this grade ivf structure break,t o mixture of fowentire pods, manv broken peds, and much unaggegited material.Moderate: That degree of structure r. llttacterized Iry whl-Cormodoed:, that are modetat,ely durable and evident bu t liot di3fiuct in undis-tufbed 3o11, So La :aaterial of this grade, wl!en dJsturbed, hreott dowp:cue 3 mitule of many disrin,t onrite neds, sme hrokn

unaggregated material.Strong: Th.,t gradc irenctuie charrt:Lerzcd hvquite e/ideur in unai3furhed soil, ou.e

l'LithU1;. rvith,;rJnO disi,ia,.egtenr and Heome separired \,./ntt tii! s

removed From th. profile, soiJ, mar,tat of thisrLut,iire vory irieiy ire hed

0,-1s ')u. no aggiegated material.

VW Very weak"1.4L WeakWM 4eak to moderateMO ModerateMS Mod. -hte to strongST

VS trong

SIZE OF STRUCTURE

I 0 4

VF,

019

'''OjítWMC Medi

Size classes

1»1ILIL

very fine <1 <

fine 1 - 2 10 - 20medium 2 - 5 20 - 50

coarse 5 -10 50 -100very coarse > 10 > 100

26

110,

LJorb----------< 5

5 - 1010 - 2020 - 50> 50

,

TYPE OF STRUCTURY

The follow 'ture types are distinguished:

GR SB 13,1!)viigu]atCR Crumb AS Angula; aid Pubaun:ta;-.

PR PrismaHe SA bniìtt i e r ou n 17,flcvCO r.olumnar PLAB Angoic. oekv RS Po .k

AW AnW.ar blooy,ircludjng wedge shaped

Definitions are according to SSM (1951) and FAO (1977):

Granular; Sph-'i o i rh cr polynedron, with the LtItC0 i ritci 'r i orc o he

same ordet of magnitude, having plane ,)t. eurved wIlLcn kave

"i ight oc no iceomoda'Aou te the t aces f surroilmling pd;, hel)t7'vevnon-porous peds.Crumb: a',1 granular, but with porous peds.Angular blocky: blocks of polyheJions, with Lhe Aroo dimensiolh, th

same ordet of maguitude, having p] arre (J1.- ,uirved thaL a, c.ttt

of the molds formed by tne faces of the vinfoonding peds, F3',C;,zflattened; most ,Jertices sharulv angulaiSubangular blocky: As anguLat blocky, but with wi'ked rounded and ! at-

tened faces with many roundej ver13cEs,Prisotic: Two hori:touLai dimensions limited ind consiJetahly teJt, than

thevortioal; attanged 310W Lt ettfta1 itue vef.r,lcai 1:'ooll47,tined; 'ce rt ieoe a migal e r W3thout toundel cap.,Golumnarl As prismat, but wit') roumlyd cap,,

Platy: l'erfleil OlmonE'don auci 1;: toav tiro etnoi two;

:n 'i around tiu 'Ierizont.a L jelaiiC; mire I:y lei M_M1

<1 <11 - 2 1 2

2 - 5 2 - 55 10

> 10

I t,

Ifis

,a let AND 2ne

LO

VF Vd!PiVpi y e friable

FR i;°z. di 0

FF ; h 1 p

27

FV !Po L -d.VM -EM Yo opp p !!.

e ad -, e.g.

) p

CONSISTENCE

;L s.,;' "

r:

rt.tIlk)

CONSISTF:NCE DRY

breaxing an air dry mass between thumb and forefin,p cdp7! daddl

LO 1..cicle HardSO I'd3 t d

SS !-)E' r ly hardt

HE 'l310 0 hard

doo!.t 7 1, t t

Sof wo 1: 1 Y0.;;;; (I A ; /

ir r:;iIrrr'.0.0(' r.ty opp,papi

ytan d ;,,w; 11, ;,7 t."1:; r ; pLz-- - o7;:,", ;.',; (-; co.), .

dard!' r

' .;A ,` 01," ,h7 ;;' r p(.;7. ; ;.; ; 1;. 1,1(,7,

1 ni t 7, f's

1.!!xtreale1ti hs .;;; i ;;,,v3; u H-q0 rJ0)6;,

CONSISTENCE MOIST

Loose: -

Very i r Le ' Po d, Cr but

attem cr

i hovFriable:

t5 11 ITttT112,- r 1,aJ , 0' '0 .

,tSt , t

Very iirm ;h1',1t ol

axtrome1y firm: m,rior,g

t z r4

CONSISTENCE WET - STICKINESS

iined when the soil is wet :e co siti,i,Lly capoc:t,.Stlkiness i5 the qualliy of adho:.,irn ot the :oiii mdtoL;11 1,0 ()tiler

je(t:;. Determined Uy noting ihe adberebee of coil maieridt whenpressed h thumb and finger.

NS Non sticky ST StickySlightly sticky SV Sticky to veiy sticky

, Slightly sticky to sticky VS Very sticky

Non sticky: After release of ptessuie, pracrcally 110 soil material ad-heces to thumb and finger',Slightly sticky: after pressure soil material adhs-iet to both thumb andtinger but comes off one or the other rathei cleanly. It is not aporeri-able stretched when the digits are separated.Sticky: After pressure soil material adheres tr, both ihuinb and fingorad tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart rather than oulling, iroeflout either digit.Very sticky: atter pressure, soil material adheres strongly to boththumb and finger 4nd is decidedly stretched when they are separated,

CONSISTENCE WET - PLASTICIT

Determined when the soil is wet (at ot slightly aliove tield oaparitv),Plasticity is the ability of soil material to chance shoe -iontintiouslyunder the influence of an appiied stress and to retain rhe impressedshape on removal ot. stress. Determined by lolling rhe aoIl between thumband forefinger.

Neu. plastic: No wire is formable.Slightly plastic: Wire formable but soil mass easily deformable,Plastic: Wire formable and moderate pr9ssute lequiied tot dcformivion ofthe soil masss.Very plastic: Wire formable and much pressure required t r deforms..

of the soil mass.

28

NP Non plastic PL PlaslinSP Slightly plastic PV Plastri to veiy plasticPP Slightly plastic to plastic VP Very nlastir

CUTAN'

Under iteM MMekeeelemm ettstes te met,. J Mmmis s se tMet J

temsteM, Smms OP ,10>0 r, retmssi, et - t L .-

QUANTITY OF CUTANS

Nc cutans oba=:veUL S S

a;;ps.'oximfoly

B Broken '..ufans ons

aupt PA 17

C Continuous - Catans oovc-rthan appnoximaLe):;

THICKNESS OF CUTANS

Thickness of pressure faces and slickensides

TU Thin Surfa,:e c) euLaile eeewm stelm

pecially irsmootnuns, witia Au, adja,'.entFìn nci gro in are t-adily ipparnt in tic urin

Lamellae lese Olar. 3mlaMO Moderately- Surface cut hiss emeesm,,,,Is that,

jacent: Lhiuk pFdiace.17 aro

'TI,eedin th(' colta'-c- and '11,2.1., oLtitteLamella hctwru aed -Tam

TK Thi - Surface of !,ArAHfine 54rm,

Lamellae ni:)te tool'

NATURE OF CUTANS

C ClayCS a,07 anu s,?squio:ddeF,

CH k;lay and humus ,.ro-,anH m,titetl

PF PteFsur.t: tace,3

S Alckensiries. non intersect:ue,SP 3lickeneteeS, partly inLers,:!(rn,,,SI SlicLeusldes, preAonant_t n ter

LOCATION OF CUTANS

Enet iof:a!oion Cutmlut or tle's stmemuisiLioe !Me 0,,szolro

Sri,A.J.-..keniee no locc,:in is ,.11.01.,rc.,,:1,,:icated pedfuee.

Eedca es LA nds )

PV VettiCa; pedraces POPH Horizontal pedEaceF RA Random

29

CEMENTAT I ON

PORES

Tho d'ri pt i u o pot(A sLnyIitied as coinpared to FAO (19,iorv.iontAbujty, orientation, iiLtri.bution and morphoIov

ho Joscribed ih the f ie and j'_1'7: 1:bereiorc bettor lefiouTtho routOno deq:oiiiptiori, Two aundaucei(izo coninnatiouF cail be enterd,

DArnTI" re[

Nit - No pores observedFew - 1 - 50 pores pe/ square decimeter

C Common - 50 - 200 pores per square decimeterM Many - More than 200 pores per square decimeter

The quanti figures should only be used as a guide. The relativeamounts vi the profile should be given rather than exact measure-ments.

OF PORI.Y.

W

nente(

ROCF, FRAGMENT

Abundance, grade of weathering and shape of large particiell 11.:,2n,m) are

described according to FAO (1977). The size classes used are more citailedthan those given in FAO (1977). The class limits correspond with those of thesize classes of surface stones.

ABUNDANCE fr ROCK FRAGMENT

None .g Frequent - 15-4N:

Very few - < 5% (by volume) VQ Very frequent - 40-30%Few 5-15% DO Domi , >80%

'

r*:'n Isr)Tri'

140

M,

e degree a on:

30

nit CE

VY .1-1e - < lmm M Medium - 2-5mmFF Fine and very fine MC Medium and coarseFFM

FineFine

- 1-2mmand medium

C Coarse - >5imn

SIZE OF ROCK FRAGMENTS

AD OF ROCK FRAGMENTS

7ibe shape ragme

RoundeuFint

AnguLlo:

. e.jEATHERING

Describe state weathering of the rock fragments:

F Fresh/slightly - Fragmenrs show little or no signs of

weathered weathering.W Weathered - Partial weatheriv 1indicated dto1.11-

ation anu luss of crystal form in the oiroiparts ot the fragments out rt-w cenet,remain relativery tresh and the flitemnc,have lost lit.tie of rhoir riivaJ tlettu,Co

Strongly - All but tbe most ieststant minurlsweathered strongly dit3roiouted ,,cad alterl?C!

tho trag-monts which tond Lo doOntosIateder only moderate pressure.

NATURE OF ROCK FRAGMENTS

hc nat of Lac tuck f::agmenLs is dr..scribed ocQuL,iiny trc3ee Rocktype. Tr( additiotl irtzci (2kert

dtstingeshedt

QU QuartzCH Cherr

3 tAL NODULES

The doscripti,-:r. oC the mineral hodnlus rol lows [Ate coorupt of TA0 kILO,Howuvi !tint o o Losses az.e totlelne to toatctn tric t io a,o;es illotr:e!

ABUNDANCE OF NODULES

Nhu FQ Fregoent. ]5-4(rVF Votr few - < 5Z (by volume) VQ t o o t t -

F t,t=v - 5-15Z DO PcimaL

31

C

VCEC c

RIND OF NODULES

!; t r I i:1;,rlr,1

LAM' y". ° ;t ,

511.)J, Pnt19e>1.",

Nodule; Di,,:c.,o;:e lio/v wvSflfi, 1",191;,

SIZE OF NODULES

F Fine - Largest diameter <M Medium - Lai-gest. diameter 5 15mm

C Coarse - Largest diameter > 15mm

SHAPE OF NODULES

S Spherical (ried)I IrregularA Angular

HARDNESS OF NODULES

HardS Soft

Both hard and soft

NATURE OF NODULES

Describe the composition of mineral nodules. Leave open if the composi-tion is unknown.

CarbonatesC Clay

Gypsum

COLOUR. OF NC:-

32

Q SilicaS Iron-manganeso (sesquioxides)7 IronM Manganese

The following colour names as deJ'. in Munsell Color Charts (1975) areused to describe the colour of th. -

White RY Reddisll yellow

Red Y YenowReddis.h GR (.4.reenish

Yellowish red G Gray

Reddish brown GS GrAyi6h

YB Yellowish brown B Bluish-blnekI. Brown N Black

BS Brownish

CARBONATES

o t(TniLi(iotl

ro rou'Llt(i- uuldLo u ti L tl, u( in rox.ru.,,uoU hunl:or

r.i

BIOLOGICAT, .FF,2". :TURES

Two types of biological ak_ vicy can be entered. In general this is suffici: -to desitibe the most important biological features, otherwise additionalformation can be recorded under remarks.

ABUNDANCE OF BIOLOGI FEA tES

Abundance of biological activity is record.' e follow.i

tive terms:

0 Nil C CommonF Few M Many

KIND ofr BIOLOGICA1 FEATURES

Barrow (unspecified) T Termite'ar activity (ch:::BO Oper bul:rowc: nocts)BI Infiiie hurLuS I Other insect activity

ROOTS

Two tnies or loot6 can be described. fn gon.ca!the tecording of botn choam c;',o abundame of the roots is Iluttltci,,nr to chara.:telize rho distliburionof coors in che protilc ',o(rmatior cii, t on:

tered tinder i.-markq.

ABUNDANCE

:al

uantity of roots is described in the followin

33

'erms:

0 No roots C C.ommen TootVF Very t'.ew M nany rootz,F Fet, A Abundant roots

SIZE OF ROOTS

TI of th

IvFF ttie

- diameon16-1.Ym,

diame't

MC let.1).ui.s,

- diameter 5mm

BOUNDARY

The bundaly with horizon bE Ls described according to SSM (1951)

WIDTH OF BOUNDARY

A Abrupt - Boundary < 2cm wide.C Clear - Boundary 2-5cm wide.

Gradual - Boundary 5-12cm wide.Diffuse - Boundary > 12cm wide.

TOi:OGRAPHY OF BOUNDAR'

S Smooth - Boundary is nearly a plane surface.La vy Pottots _ire wider than their depth

I Ttegur 1):'kets at:e deeper th thei width,B Broken - Horizon boundary is not continuous.

FIELD pH

Enter pTI me'l!,,,Ited in the field (if appropriate). The method used should be in-dicen undo: remarks.

et sample code and sample depth.

The number ,,iiven lo ine '4AMT,',10 in the profile number pltur an additiounj on7,1-tal lette; B, C, h etc) ter r.:Ich, of the samples taken from !op to Irolom.regardresrr tiro hw-izoo Irc? r:aken fr.7)m some. uot be -,ampled rib,1 f,:om

otheis more thln one narrp1 Tn taken). Samples ace nev,;2 t9Ler. acros,3boundr3r:;ez. l'he amount 0± material taken per ,3ample is 3 tr;.

There are two ways of taking samples:

(1) The first is to take the sample in equal proportions o!.7er j Uopth or 'eui.

f r cn h 'oui.kL, or h maxtmum eAbr:os6iob of th,.. netizYn, et molt,

th,th rue t,h111,1,' i n 1.1,'or fr,t _ho ,111Itt'hotiLon, At belarn::ed (11:anc,er,

34

(2) Th-0 ()á'' ".01i Cp,T,

Z032,"2 L("" r12,..t ,C2.1 s

iVAIO ht,

2.) 2,() 20 22 2, 't2 (2, )2

1

The titvcv,.,),»Aat3nt', ' L he xtx1:3 ni01 tI, rSdro.!oth CO/ a 6 a o MO,)". I'lLt.1,7 2F: thau

hu q61- 36,'m 710, : iok 1sa ck):' phot

Taxonomia, shixid be wne (tW ;f'ot.tr nCTa lnaicate the occurrenc of au arWiica quaritlfied cl ay increase over 30cm, tto- sampics It k tkkt i.<arl at30cm interva3 ,e.g, A 0-2.0c.m, B 30-50cm,Where e.g. ..iassific,dtion as Nitosol ts a possi,MilL,y. :OUISt ht LAKO

at u depth oU 340-160cm, tn dddition ti' one trom the rt (217 re 9 hoioowhere the clay .7ontent is estimated to be rho hiailest,

35

REFERENCES

, D, 1987; ?, , I in:I , ';-n); )1-) )s;) ;);.9 r of

t1); ).);;;;) 4- 4' V.: 4,44 4'4 .r49

977; 10+ I t i 44

r);, )..)1)))rtj,11

t .;Lat) ,;1 W:).13.1 )'...;;0:1(;',°, );1');1; ;;;,)). ;.-;o6

L'iI ' 3.4i 3 Lj'.7 d (.1I, ",tt I ( '

C14; ))),),)))! 9449,

FAO UNESCO/ISRIC, 1988; Rf10 I1,00nd tl))7) So;3 .;1)-q; .;;;; );;

Wv:ld ;Akilondod rolai f'od t)nd N;ui.colt

Orga 31 ihe Ux);_tco K3%);

MUNSELL 1975;

REMMELZWAAL, A, 1988;

RHEBERGEN, G.J., 1988;

Muns Color Charts, Baltimore.

Logond of notswam i.)"Af;'ONDPiGov.).,

oi Bot;-)wanzi PYolect TTTleSiOlD; Fieid Docal;:out

A system of 1.and evaluaron fi arable farmiog inBotswana. FAO/UNDPGovt. of Totswana Prop-.)ct

BOT/85/011, Field Documer0.,

SOIL SURVEY STAFF, 1951; Soil Survey Manual. United States Department ofAgricultuir, Washington,

SOIL SURVEY STAFF, 1975; Soil Thxonomv. A basi' yst.m uf il lassifttoufor making ond inter;treting sot] rurveys, ULitef:St.ate,_; DepArt.m.c. 4 avriuu3tAte. Washington.

L SURVEY STAFF, 1981; Soil Survey Manual. Revised chapter 4.

suiL SURVEY STAFF, 1987; gey!.7 ti Soil Taxonomy (tbild eriritint*SX'3$ 1 hnical

monugrapb no,6, I7hzica, New Toil,-

VAN WAVEREN, E.J., 1988; Botswana Soil Data.ba:so. Use', utalluaJ, FAOSUIcer'-vt,

of Botswana l'Loje()))) BOT/W):n1.;'_ Do)).;71T.

APPENDIX A: 1. Sommury of cou,.:.qs (Field Rferone CardSoit Profile )etwriptIon FormPxinted Soil Profile DescripLtons

rr3,4 ;111,

't6N"

I

I 1

SUR VEY OF BOTSWANA

th.:1

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PARENT MA1 tRIA

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fr

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RHA P!!,. 1,nco,, HPF a r 1 , i' o , ,,

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0 ,1:1 ,,,,,.nt"I v. , RHU ,c -i' It.voo .,llte-ta ,;, , L'3' , ,'' RHP Phot! ',!yzot6ot,HYD Bv'orr"olt,t ,11,,,,oh,.IMC :riporote ,, !Ittc!r Itonr,):<! ';:!tlelml,,1 o, o RH Rk,,s ,,!: ISB lzrbez,mum ,,r,,,,hylih,r,Alt izl,: t.,n,,y1 RHT Rhoz tal,tut-rvls MEA Megalopyo°,a t,chr, .1.1b,,,, ,n,t\li",I' t,"< "tit, RIR Diclnodeneren ^!uteleriir ODP 0,11s,H pou, fnerys\'o mr,rtottit, SCC Scierccarya cal-fro ORC Ovmpett.:m cctootsP

SAB Szotli hrach;Walo PAC Panncom co7oratumSEL St.rurldaca longi-peOlthct,',ata PAK Pan'com t,a1Joaron,SRV ïerorinega vir,)sa PAL Pan'z,,m lonldes' SL Sasamothamnus :ttqatdil PAM PantLum marinoisSO snlanum sp PAE Panl,:um otterlanun, Stotrostarhys ofricsna PAN Panicum nnot.mner,,eSteganotaenia araliat,d PAR Poni:um repens

Slrycnnos Cooculoides PA Panicum :,,p,strychnos Ilifrigens PEP Pennis,ttom purporoumSwartzia madagascorlansts PRP Derails paten!::y-zyguim quinerense var PHC Pnrdotntrt-,s z,!mmunkbarotsense POS Pogoozt^thrta sluatrocA

C Farchonanthes camphorat,!: RHR Rhynch,..lyTtum YepensTephrosle sertrea RHV Phyrohalytrum ville,Jr,Termlaalta oroniott',!s SCB Schmidit:t i.o.,tbualerminalla rannti SCK t7hmtem;a ;610,,orieniIc

TMS lermlnalla s,trtceo SCP scmtdild pappephurotdo,VAL ioegueria tnfriustA SEP setaril pol'16. fis,aVIZ Vttevt zevrerl SES Sctarla sonocelotdXAZ .untho,:et(t, .71,11,-.!esto,,, SEV 5etario ye,t ittj,,IXIA Xim.nla amertno SOV Sor,,dm ,i0,1 -t!HT ,1,,,,

!01.10ctsptmwm ,1,..,k43110 XIC Pmenia coin!) SPV Ypermlus f,stivusComblo7dm .11bopunto,,m ZIM 7iZIph MdL7ASP1f,) SPF ,,,;or!,tolv , fimoriotoEapc,,,,,, 111 i' SPI Srmtr!,o,z°, 10,:loor.,2ombretur 0L!erte,,,J,s FORDS SPP ',,poymbo',1', evr,mtoo't,COMorNr, ,er0-N1op¡-,-1,,, SPR ',7jr(to Hz, , 11,40 ,, not,' < t 0,17 ï,,-RIPI 1, ALL ti ce !iriucYlt, SPS ',per orc,lu ; ;,,dt,.:,,Crrribri.,L,Ir ;,,..':1",,c 1S, AL A!mt, s!,p STU SliD1r5,0sts unit,lt,,,.,,comt,t,,t,,m tADor!,c ASF As'c'ep'as FrOtlio4 qrp, ,-t ,pao,',, r , 1,,m1, 1 I Isrr..400(ek,.m YO". AM NnJrJO.,SN, SPr,:tt,,t1 n mnlsamhl, o ,? ,, AP ;!.sit.,Otl5 sPI,

.,,,, v,r , -,.,,ic ),, ,;'- t. 'om' Tnr.H.da r :,;11,11',1

ion, °I-. ze, ,-,, , AGM jo'',..rrione 7,t,.,, [c.:3, TSB Traqus ,,,,,,.:e on 1,', ,i1(111,1 Ip:1,11 0 0 I" ,,n1 BAE DouhInt,' r,sr.,1-,,t, TGR Travv,, J'a,eyst,,!,cmor:A,:t ange1,o,,! BO Boophrtnr spp TCM TrIrnele,,m6 moroutir,,OMTG,Sil',) ,dut;s BLG lilumeo gorlertno TNG Trtchennor!. orantIlm,.ommip.n!,!, mo'Ito CAI :Issea ltallro TPA rolr,lon ol,ys,-,loicu!,

Oommtrnv, , mo,sam,',In.,!, CIP *.,!slcla orlyr,,.phell IRA 7-IroWr ''1fr irC.onimipn.t 1 p1rar)n0.1,1P, CRS Cretnlarts scastt,l,t,, TRS Trirepois 51,11;e,r4et1s'ubt,,,.,, ql.indulJs., DPG flpeadt ,t'aoum URS Ureqtrwo SOL13110.ilm, orimlprml" ivra:-,,:,,), h,,,,, DTS Ootpra O'comort,,r UCO Crnchlue 64lbodrsst.',,J,. ,,razoittnot,'Io, DIE Ddlara terox UCR UtechloA, t1.tcav.,,4.2..,Amip1;1,a srhtwoo-' GE Zeitterla sp UCM Ulochlod mo!',InL,1::(!1..r..'oemmtphol: 4p, GNP Gnilla polvLephla UCT or,,chl,lo tr-rwpit'C'10141 1 IIHSS1'Tfrlfr i HAP Hirnaqophytum ,:toz'uo,b,n,Ltotr, Mo.IllehotYY! IN IndtnOte,rs spu:rnLo m,i'ie/rtn'T OTB OtmpILI,.! 5,.!rchelt17.rotun ',,,, PGE t)mrouloria extrnsa:l1AltoT, ?bgl,ranlim SA Ansevlerla spDlohrssfo,11}s 1,11/,,,,,r,: SRV Sae,ascemma vinlwoleDio;.1 vro:, 'veiaides SOI ,olaTtm tot!apumDi!.spoy, nespill,",),,tu,-, SOK Olany, kvittesr1,,rbv!0,:s conOviort-con SON inlanom ntv'ns, !1'.,ey,! ,c,1'.,00,1,,)-,, TAM -,1yotte: minutot-h!ett are:ra TBT trlohlus tatrct-

XAS 'tontrtom r,pinusnal

GRASSES

t044 AottrapogeoInE ouromn-ArA Anterrora aryent.,AID ¡Inceptor,' pubecco,ARu Art,-,Ltda nt'avv,ARC Arl,ttitio ctl),troARA AristiJo L1'ugel.,3ARM A"isr101 mer101orelHARN ArislidaPR .!o IstinòARS Arkt,;111

Arisriu,BTR Pothrio,:hlo.tBRO Drachtart,s uer'oxzBRM Bra,klartti (h,1r.nrInBDN PraLhtari,, nhjroptH!t,

Iler,chrus r,litartsrA10,-, voauo

'n'br

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A,cu, t,o!, !calos,FRO /st'eso,!,,tslo ob,vatoGAL Mr.,GDR .:;neJeeir.GDV Itarclorir, v.,11,-trts!tGRB ,,!oocrGRFGRV tHavot,son,GRM .nont!,».),GROGRR

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APPENDIX B. Location codes see Map

J`JrJ s,?

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T

Stoffels Pan

l'shAwvJW Jwaneng TS Tul! 371:4ck South

TC Tu15 cra1KN any orth TN TAli Nock NorthKS Kr,nyo ;Thu4-1.1 TO ':oreuc

Ln TA TsJY.1

KO 'Ookong TH

KU Etit,-Ukwi

Lobatseplie Werda

Map 2. Location codee

BO

TA

Ni) MB

T (

UK

TH

LI

TO

KA

KO

/-))1

.0 7

tt'

SA

N X

GVV

200

("'2.-SSITT

APPENDIX C. codes

G.t

1, 9

'I' 4,t ?.1

ts,

,

,,,

"

,

:)" 0i0A)

ft!J?k:)ma (MOA.3,"! 1, M.4omolwa (M0A)

TDM T,U. Maloko {MO.%)

AM A. Matkus (UVA)MOM M.D. May:-- {USDA)

BGM B.C. Moganane (MOA)FON F.O. Nachtergaele (FAO)MP M. Paul (FAO)ABP A.B. Price (USDA)

F. Pule (MOA), A. Rerrunelzwaal (FAO)

r),JR G.J. Rhebergen (FAO)GMS G.M. Segonetso (M0A)1./'" W. ;:idetius {FAO)CA S G.A. Sinnigo (UVA)GJS ,3..j..t5Ting (FAO;

ET Telekelo (MOA)JHV J.H, Venema (FAO)KV K. Verbeek (FAO)EVW E. Van Waveren (FAO)

PPW P. Pe Wit (FAO)

Abbreviations:

FAO Food and AgLiF:ultute Orgahlzatioic of the United Nations

LUA Ministr)2 ot AgrIct,lture BotF:wana

USDA UIU td te,te.,? ot Aglicutturc,

(11. Univerity o Botswana

UVA Unietsity of AmsterdamRUU Unversity of ilftecht

APPENDIX D.1 FAO Soil Unit codes (1974)

A AcriAo:F FE

Cambisols

'f1 tL

D-,g:rkc

C.alctc Cdmh1;o',BV Ctm°)Lsc:,BX

C ChernozemsCC Glostlic

CH CizerhozewCR Calcir.; Cheruozera

CL Luvic ChornozeraCLO Luvic Checnoz.em

Luviv Checnczera

PodzoluvisolsDD Dy-3tric Podzo1uvi301DE Eutric PodzoluvisolDG

etuLzIVA9

F FerralsolsFA Actic FerralsolFH HumicFO Orthiy Ferr:,lsolFP PlinthyL Cerra1301FR Rhodic Frrais(,1FX Kanthi. Forr1',o1

GleysolsC,3(,,ysoi

OKV Vettic CalicGO Dys:tric

c,T Eutri: GloysolVert:ic

F'u'(7,!;

c',KV Vett:

GP PlInthic (-;t:(1i

GX

hosol

FluvisolsIn,

'

M;v,zHlon'H :Ar7!

KastanozemsKHKKKL Luvic Kastanozera

LuvisolsLA A11,1,- Lu\--Lucli

LAA Aroui( AnIC LtIvioLLAR Luv;-1.LC ChLoralc, Luvio[LF FeLric Lcvls)'LLEA Arenic Fric Lt.v,o1

Gleyic Lv1J3c-,LLOA A:-enic C,10yic Luvao.;LGK Csluic (neyicLGV Vertic Gloyic buvisclLK Calulc Lurio]LKA Arenic CalcirLKC ChLomi:, Lv\IJolLO Orthic LuvisolLOA ArenicLP Piinchic LavisciLV VelTh

GreyzeTaCleylc ,,,rey'zera

Olthic

NitosolsND Dyni:

NDA07 PAIJAANEe,

NFR EutricNE

Histosol:;OD Dyql.y:oOE

OX

Podzols Y 1 v

! d o,1 ,

c

'

C

Arer

Regoevis41Ree'sL

Pys:1(:Eur-se Re4ewi

AEA Alen3c Rutrie ";;cosol:

RX Regosol

S SolonetzSG Gleic SolonetSM Mollir Solonet?.SO Orthie Solonetz

T AndosolsTH Humie Andoso]TM Mollic AndoselTO ()chile. Andosol

TV Vit.rjc Andosol

U Rankers

V VertisolsVC Chromic: Vertisol,

VP Pollic Vet:Isol

W Planosolsi)vstric

WE Eutri(_ rianoselHume Planosol

WMPianWSSolodlcPlanosWX6e1ie Planosoi

X XerosolsXH DapJic XerosolXR 21c Xerc'sco.

XE i UVI 'ri))!XLAr i cLuvic Xol'esel

ER Caleic YoseiY.LX \i a1 X.eros.2.1XY Gy ,Kerosol

ZT

SCI

APPENDIX D.2 FAC oil Ul

l'P

GL

,

1 1, 1,1 Ì1

,

RG KegosoisRGF Eutrtc R003:11RGC RegosoLRGY Gypsic RegoiolR$.3D Gystric RogosolEGG Umbric RegosolKjI C1JL Regosol

LP LeptosolsLPE Eutrio LeptoaolLPD Lystric leptosniLPK trut i L2ptosolLPM Mollic Leptosil.LPU Gmbr?c lentosoiJP(.: IL tilO:,optos.olLP1 eptosol

f2,11:atc. Loptosol

AR ArenosolsARM Haplic ArenosolARB Cambic ArenosolARL Luvic ArenosoiARO Ferralio ArenosolARA Albic ArenosolARK Calcic ArenosolARC (:aLcaric ArenosolAEG Gleyic Arenosol

AN AndosolsANH Haplic AndosolANM Mollir AndosolANU Umbric AndosolAN?. V.Ltri AndosoiANG C;leyic AndosnlANI Clic Andosol

VR VertisolsVRY Oypsin Vortisol

-

66" p @ 6 6 6 P6, p,

SN

I' ).-,.rP

SUN 02.-1 1 ic

SNY Gypsik SC.Lont-A-.7,

'NJStagnic Sotonot7;

SC SolonchakFSCH Haplio SolonchakSCM Hollic SolonchakSOK Cal 5 u Soloncha

SCY Gypaic SolnnchakSCN Sod_lc SoLonchakSCG GLeyic Solon,:hakSCI Soloninak

KS Kastanoze;AsYSH HaptiL KaJtanocomYSL Lovic KastanozomKSK 1)164L1110%6,M

KSY Lyp i Kat--tanozem

CH ChernozemsCHI! Haplic ChetnozemCHK Caloto ChernozemCHL Luvic ChernozemCHM Glossic ChernozemCHG Gleyic Chernozem

PH PhaeozemsFHG Gleyic Phea(,zem,PHH Haplic PhaeozemPHC Calcaric PhaeozemPHJ Stagnic PkaeozemPHL Luvio Phaeozem

GR GreyzemsGRH Haplio GroyemGRG Gevic OL---2y7.em

P >'

HP) '6.'6,1'.2.00.26,6t60',^6,

66.6.6'

,

))C,

PZ PoeczolsPodzoi

27B Camb1,- PoCol

PICci7F

Cabio Po,icoJ610/ic

LX 'arise'srAH

1.XF F«:_ioL6U6LiC-

'77.0 Cleil LY,i6106

AC AcrisolsACH

ACF Fetri Act-AJoiACU Hnmic AcrisoLACP PLinthioACG Gleyic Acrisol

AL AlisoisALH HapiLc AlisolALF Ferrjn AlisolALU liurnil AnsolALP FlinttliALJ StAulo

Gleyic AL1301

NT NitisolRNTTI Hdrií' N!..tHol

FP RhoOk.NTU 1icLu fl1ti,3o1

'L PI Ilk,' L

1, 11 10 1

1 1, 1,j1 1' Ì 1 11 . 11 1 1', 1

'1

Co,01

Ve.ticCM° Vert/din., 0419d,11,,,,

CMq GlaLc Cambisol.CMI Gelik CambisulCMj Snagn Gaxbisol

AT AnthrosoleARA Aric AnthrosolATC Cumulic AnthrosolATF Fimic Anthrosol

Urbic Anthrosoi

HS HistosolsHSL Folic HistosolHSS Terric HistosolHSF Fibric HistosolHST Thionic Histen)o.1

HSI Gelic Histosoi

des

20

t)il

Ly:.t

EP Epl

EU EuttiFE

FL FrrailHO

HO) Epi-HypoHY HyperHYI Epi-Hyper1!Y2 StagnI-Byper

CL GleyiGR GrumiGY CypsiHC HypercalciHC1 Epi-HypercalciHC? Sodi-HypercaLciKC CalciKCI Areni-CaleiKC2 Epi-CaliKC3 Grumi-CalaK04 Sodi-Ca3ciKC5 Sali-CalciKC6 Argi-CalciKC7 Hypo-CalciLA LamelliLI LithiLII Hypercalci-Stagnt

LithiLIT LuviLU1 Hypercalc1-LuviLUZ Hypetcalci-Stagni

LuviMA MasiMO Moll!NI NtiOR Onthi

;,s?

PA2 Chromi-Pale

UMVEVE). 6NIci.VerVEZ Potrocalei-'vort

',tot

y ,

AD1. Kan0;toiaqA0N Nattu.6ali

ADR KhoduddtfAGY Frag1ossudEr7fAQD DuraqualfAQF FragiaqualfAQG GlossaqualtAQK KandiaqualfAQL PlinthaquatfAQM UmbraqualfAQN NatraqualfAQ0 OchraqualfAQVi AlbaqualfAUA Ha7)1u.staLt

AUB Paleu:;tatAUD ParustalfAUH KanhaplustalfAUK Eandlut;talEAUL PlinewstalfAUN NatruitHLEAUN KhodustalfAKA HapioxeraifAXR PalexeralfAX0 DurixvraLEAXE FragixeralfAXL PlinthoxeralfAXN Natri.xeralfAXE Rhodoxeral

Artdisol8l'aJE'.orreht,t

1700 Duzor111:,1

fInG

PCJ', aicL5ry (r

UamhJ,t'ni.d

,JK A 2: 1

L

Ckl

L

Tcop,FlUV3,16C.W

FQWEK Arent

ESC CryopsammentESE' UdipsammentESP TorripsammentEST TropopsammentESU UstipsammentESX XeroosammeutFSZ QuartzipsammentEVC CryofluverltFVD UdtluventSVP TorrifluvutEVT TroporLuv-entEVU UstifluvoutEVX XefotUlv:,a'

HistosoisHAG Gryosaprt((AM MedisapcicHAR 2orosapl-23tHAT TroposapritHER Borohemi,3rREO CryollemtHET SuifinemitHEL LukihemistHEM MedihemisrREO Sulfohemi:,:tHET Tropohemist

Borolbi_HoHICFILL Luvifibt3dHLM

;-11

-t17 Tr(wtilqi

si

2..A.ct.1'l(L3o1

',}1(.

I nI sS I

"

;

1t,

'UF

Ust,w't

10Y 7y:3tiochtep':IPA HaplaTiopt'QC C.rTlqueptIQF FragiaqueptTQH HumaquoptIQL PlinthaquoptIqN AodaqueplLQP Placaquopt,lpS Sulfaqut'pr.lpT Trovaquepl1QX !laihqupt1,TE Eutrop(pt11:fl Ilwnic_ropepiITS SLY,Ar:t,:opTtITU u,:tropoptITY 17,y37-.J.,,pepr

HollisolsMBA Tiallic,horoL;MBB Pa1,twn,11MEC Crvohoroll.MBN CalclborollMRN NatLiboroliMPR ArgibotollMBV VormiboroliMDA Haptu(011MDB PlieuaollMOR ArgiudollMCAT ';urrilk2IdoilHQA Hap1,1,10.-1_1M9C,

Mpl:)

!TQl\,1

sir11,q

tT

kg:k

APPEND Taxonomy G

I

; 1 ,

s,

-1k1H _to 01 r,

) t

,

;.1tL.7

Oxioc.:»1

tJpìLz,:olQt hmdiJouJil

OPF l':oticdox Ur. b riuthaquuitODK Kandludox QQM Umbtaquult.

ODS Scmbriudox UQCs Ochraquult

OPA FJap1opro UQ AlbaquultOPC Acroperox HaplustultOPE Eutroperox ITA3 Paleustult

OPK Kandiperox UUH KandihaplustultOPS Sombriperox UUK Kandiutult0QA Haplaquox UUL PUnt.hHstultOQC Acraquox UUR RhcdtultOQE Eutraquox UXA HaploxerultOQL P1intaquox MCP PalexetultOTA Haplorol-roxOTC Acritorrox VertisolsOTE Eutrotorrnx VDL PelludertOUA Haplw-Itox VPf t tomudertOUC Acru:;tox VP Totlett

OUE Eutrutox VUb PellustertOUE Kandiusto VUR Cromu!,tezOUS Sombriustox VX1,

Cbrum:Ixel:el-t

SpodosolsSHA HaplohamodSHC CryohumodSHF FragihumodSHP PlacohumodSHT TropohumodSI FerrodSOA HaplorthodSOC CryotthodSOF FragiorthodSOP Plac:JrthodSOT TroporthodSQA HaplaquodSQC Cryandoij

SOP DuraquodSOF FraglaqunJSQP Ulacaquod

idealuoct1' ()d

APPENDIX E,2. Soil Taxonomy Sub Group code 1987)

AA

AB

2\1,

o ,

!1.1é.10 Thkr.C éiet !",é; ° f

AHU0

A} LO Aor&EL' NoriAS 1,11)aili-,ic2-11,02

ALO4AL08 LLi61.3,:3t'.::ALOY ik 1 Alf icAL.10ALL: ,Nific AtonicAL. \lTLc

Al f hicAN if LeANC',

ANO ' u"yst

ANOL-

i.AN20 AndrAN22 AudieAN,2t

Ct ;:`

AN:5 :Ci.ouirAN

ir

,

A(O0

A.Q0(

0 C., r j rAQi c con

AQ L Ar;LL),r Di,i.:'crt 7!)i. J iuAQ1S A.jic.!..'y t" 1

AQ2Ji

AQ26 x:

t42.c

td eLti

tds0,r 'yertjc r:)..!Ithao,uicAN0j

r,,L1 1 '

1/2e z I

AR LA') t.

Areni,Aronic

AR20 Acenic PetroferricRh.odic

AR21 ArenicAR2,1 Arejacl.uitARL Acc,LaquicARLC) Argi5ARil8 jì'C Lit!).!,'

AR3,i Arg 4 r VertAR 3.-r Jr u.;

AR CalcicA7U6 C,-.41cic

:042f),70.;11..?

1,11, I

73 CI C

h0;`',:t 1.)7'1.0

ol

500r: Glossic'L. :lie

1..:A

O':

Chi kr.,t-iirc

(St!0'.C:Ft Ciyic

P,a(

r

Dr,): t

D'ii

1'' ,r'r sr r r r 1,1,,11

111,11, 0'1

"

n r ' h r':EV', r. ''r I' 'f ,

t ' rr,

; .

11

E1. Api .1,1(IL

P'11) H1`01..,

Fu-t.sicEUO.: pi:UCriLEut ropopt

FE F or LcacJ:i

FI1-'IO2 ".2t,i, r

FLO?:

F0,30

f":', 02 1;1S

tHic

CL,J

cirrii;i1;01

GRO4

GRO5 )PE,"i rot ut

:10tirrf,21.t,C'C2,P.O. ,),; N

°,;rOtS .

r L)",

t Le,iUìt,r 10 Ir

r i': Ptiori

Trf; 11 I.,'

°

it,

LT(P,.1

Lill

L:18LI201,1221124MO

NA06OC

LLF

LEP:0

L'K

PKI0

PLPL54FLOE)

PSPS02PSOESU6PS08

1)39(-S16

RT.i]

RH

RITO

RUO9

F,U1.5

RU17[131.9

SAG

SAO4

SISO

SFSPO2SPnSU

vh,q

' 111,,

i 4V Hi_w;,000

IFU Elakc.zeptihuoCH

jC6ultd,c X1nHdLHY 9vdriItY02 hyd!:tc LithicIN IncepticKA Kan,U.c1TA02 Kardi'adalAicKAU+ Ki.indLustK71 Kanhp,p1icLE

nicL102LICO LiLl1104 Littlic Mont,

LithicLI06LIO, lithiC101ptic-A't):L

Rupt icEiir.Lirh UJIXfithicx.rort1.-,enticLiLhicLitirLithic Ruutic-UicicLichic UmbticLittiìc Ruptic-Xerchrepti,

LitliLc Ilsto13Lithtc Vortic

NoricLhic Xerollic

N.9tricCichyoptnrthidi

Uti

USOY

USO4 11;--Lit

US08 T2:=0JJicUS12 UstoxicVE VermicVE02 VcrtiXA Xanlh_cXV, XOL3!1 irXEO: Vertic

Xorecti('XL1J4 ir

"oz.k)-1A:11.

RhodicPetr

FlaggoptiPlaggicPIinthaquLcflinthicF1inthudic,'sammacluentic

PsammenticPsammentic KsndicPsammtntic Phodi

Rhodic

1)si7a1

):61cdt.

Rupti(-LitnicRuptic-Lithic

LIL

:,ercchropti,,Fatptic-U1t1(Ruptic-\Lorti,SH;otthidi(Pan: ;cSapric

S3mbrihumicuhagnic

Ppharrii: Te ric

2

2830 iltat,323435 L rt

013

-

,

' OktV

0).

_ne

r 1- -I_ on

7e y

» N)v:

11H

1

var.r,

n

11

1

11

,

1 LI

h ):

3' 03t.33P 31st3t1,, ' ,i, '3 !!, 117 2:I

7'77 77, tti I

');3' , ;; t

':KL 37i,3

P, 33, 3 L.77777,-!,;7 17;71.J (-,roS F.3. Forbs77."r It i AL Ai,

1 t'E.t.n).1,1;k3;;;'i 31 3 ;!Ilpi!13',!'...1 t r I3 .3

ezi:31)V ca s AS. 1. o 4: t

i'ir10,eLliut.11 fif,.1 e'L.111j AM 4,ract Q1.1.

1..lei-Etrupogo-o et 1 u AP tpiuz, e,)1!I VI,' 11 v r rheni a t ti pQ]ot,', .31 ( .'(,:;!`! Argt:3t1Y1.te. IN' 3: It ;au

1.31 7 in rpBa ,tttcti11'71) the ila -i1/4)1 it 154, Boophorte 8p,.

Intfiei ta c ,ltsrt BI.G lopnf 1 OMO-In. Litt`1331311. C ,3 t a] 2.

AEA Vier,ttt pi Ot, i !Jt?J3 331 iu r ii t u pc e 1'4

03;1, -`,1.,1-,1

OP.%t cp un cdp I. L3lt Cr)!, a '33)1 po. ,t3 31,

h%1 l'att -1.10t , ,31,!, pead to,2

i cut,. t'..,011/4z1t titi PI t L tIPI,L uu.;1,k1TA',A.7 Ç[1 flaLt'i f 7 '7

GE ,

l'Ar1 PrIP, e tuti..n,tY,

It'.3.1:1,1332it, try.- ver lototA s,

F,V:tt rrt .17' 1\ ' s s tur,

t put. glt 1

!. TOt Lti pa tt co1-,7,tti; 13, z pro

1'00 -thr 3331,13-ll 13333-3,,,! ,31 or,

i't k I tHtiI At,' ro ,)I, L

Y t 7.!3,3113 !3' L i3!' 'OHrh! Mt

C.13. Id calah t

';.'l "pi ,o01,A,3

1,11

sto.;;--;; Joy ,

;' H i'oott 3t 3'0 ,3

,t1 !.!,r 03 QT. 't 4, 1H 13', , 13 3

CI t33 312'

,)13 !,;:`,"1 (31.301 lt`t t 33.it.3piii rono L1.1,3; v; P;;; ,;31

DIV I ! d4

s' 4

,

NDIX G. Geological unit codes

K.S .11._itt c.

KL L-Pnt, 4r!-one)

re 11)e'

E ttOtt <apc1.1 .1-t ' OCT

D DamiDO (17. a VI rDS 2,1 ,,o4p

OG O,1.4,.'7 42:e_ ,y,ip

ON

ONK

reo ; : U p t", t 4p

P4e.1;,..:).;"

:1:74 t.-t`IS" t',+11::,k(..) 011

'1 e4 o-a 7,0 q 'r WI 7WO:4 r2).7.

C;-44-2. l'err4141.

1N9; 41-4',:et

4'k;,,ete,41o4pV :OU 47.pc.,:group

4 4, oult,le1,-.BM rem:

t e r T-

bK\' Kapye v,41ir ìrtt,

INT rusiv

.roo

APPENDIX e General Soil Legend of Botswana

A

ArPr,ir Dystric

011 .

r"llt

80LOW:DAP,5tRt,rtn

CONOSOLS

ANOSOLS

110WF7a11141,, '

Lt -a, a' I,

HP.

lava, , akaaLt Ltaa

RFSOSOLS

t't s I petric

6iy sodi

'-1

t.r

CL

L-CC

overl

F-A AlA2

> 150 P-I> 150 P-I

f

F-.

>100 P-I

P-I166 P-I

P-I

> 100 P-1

4/240oN 4/1 F

'0 -10YR 4/2/t.t

-2.5Y 4.-: F Aey

-',6\1 ) '; F ,a21,1 often ovea-V.'. R 6/3 -,' 6Vii ,,,4

, R 8/1 - ;Yf: 4 F 4a4a in channels',,1S ' '2 F

, S ..'n 00 -1014 ',... F

FS-L 10YR 5/2 - 6/2 F-A A29

L-SICL 2.5Y 5y F-A A28

L-C 10i° 2/0 , ' 5Y aaaal

L-C :ON; 2/0L-CL-C

lo ,P 2/0 -..61,111 2/0 .'," '1'1

41',,'

SC-C 10YR 3/1 -2.5Y 'I F A30

`,A-f 1011, 2/0 ,2,o1.,t4 1C Y7 3/1 til ,1;

10Yr=, 3/1 -? Si' F t .,VI

2.5Y 4, F A41 massivelOVR 4,L 12/11 F-U An181,11:' 4/2 -10) -U ,'21

10,(1 5/2 '10\F i -U

10YR 5:a '/8 F-G

101R 3, Ra,a a-G A22a10YR 3s A22b

IC 4 a/a -7 Si's 58 aaa :.tvees7 6Y, )/1 '4111-7 6/1 t,1 ,11/

7 V)4:

41'04 .144054 11,4 t

11 5.( 110 al' 1-11 Alattoo),),,

aaa ; '0)1( 8,1 1 " Pasa

-1L)1/,' A35A34

10YR 4: 6 F-A A6

A5Alti

CL-C A48

SC 10,; 4,1-,' :t tt, A A43

' HpC uni- Lp-h 46664t '

PHEAOZEMS

A 4

4f

A, A

uAYR A.CA 444? r

LIYP. "

4-7

,% A44 3:u 45%

AIOSOLSivic r' 4 - A36

(> Luvic

.A 1cfl4 tO,

j

> 100 I-M

L1-4C,

SOL-C

5 % A54 5'

i 4 luru

10YR 3/3 - -G A38

100-150 I-W SOL-SC 10YR 5 F-U A39

01F0S(er -,i,- r))..,?,--,, > 150 W ,:-..,,, 2..5,,, 4/5,;,5'IR , ,':' A q A:Lut,'.- > 150 W SI -S1,1 2,5fP ,/o-'.7,', -,3Aren latr:.: > 150 W S SI' 2.5)J

Calcic Eutric > 150 I-M SCL-SC 7,5YR 4/2-2,5YR 3/6 F-A Al6a

ACRISOLSVerr, 50-150 M-W SL-SCL 7.5YR 4/6-2.5YR 5/8 U Al8

LUVISOLSGley,,, partl,., 1 > 100 P-I SOL-C 10YR 4/1 -2.5Y 5/2 F A7

Gic,,ylc., partl,, sr > 100 P-I SL 10YR 4/1 -2.5Y 5/2 F A7a

Calcic Gley1c, , )dic > 100 P-I SL-SC 10YR 4/1 -2.58 5/2 F A7b

Albic >100 I-M LS-SL 10YR 4/2 -10YR 6/3 F-G A44 massive

Vert4c > 100 I-M SCL-C 10YR 4/2 -5YR 5/4 F-G A8

> 100 I-M SCL-C 2.5Y 4/2 -10YR 5/8 F-G A9, ietrocalcic 50-100 I-M SCL-C 2.5Y 4/2 -10YR 5/8 F-G A9b

Ca: ., sodic/saline > 100 I SCL-C 10YR 4/2 -2.5Y 4/2 F i,, partly strong y

,odicArenic Calcic 50-150 I-M SL-SCL 10YR 3/2 -2.58 3/2 F-G vr

Chromic Calci,...,Da,T. o -

c

> 50 M SL-SCL 7,5YR 4/6-5/YR 5/8 F-U

Chromic 50-150 M-W SL-SCL 2,5YR -7 SIR 5/8 8-11

Chromic 50-150 M SCL-SC 2.5'. 7.511 5/8 IssiveChromic, petric 50-150 W SL-SCL 75m -2.5YR 5/8 F-0

> 50 M-W SL-SO 7.512 1/6-2.5YR 5/2 All

Ferri:, petric/petroferric ',0-lOu M SL-SCL lOYIN 5/3 -? bYR ',:8 AllaFerric , 50 W 1.S-S1 lOR 5/3 -5R 58 A-o Al2

OrthIc > 50 M-W SL-SC 10YR 3/2 -1010 5/8 F-UOrthic > 50 I-M SL-SC 2.5Y 3/1 -10YR 5/2 F-U All..

Arenic OrthicArenic Orthic

> 50

> 50

W

I-M

LS-SCL

LS-SCL

10YR 6/3 -10YR 5/8 F-U

2.58 3/1 - F-U

,

h

CAMBISILSGieyic >150 I SL-SC 10YR 3/2 - 2.5Y 3/2 F A32 Incl. ';[1., ,ton

overl n)1r)r5Vertic > 100 U SOL-C 10YR 4/2 -2.5YR 4/2 F-G A3

Calcaric >50 I-M SL-SC 2.5Y 4/2 -7.5YR 5/4 F-G A4Calcic >100 I c:C! -C 10YR 6/1 -2.5YR 5/2 F-A Al:, massi

calca>50 I-M '...s 4P,' ,' ,',1; 5. 1

petrocalcic>50 M

E-M

,".,51 /.! -',:Y,Z 5'; r ,

"SY1( a:, ,' SON S'a ' U

Eutric 4 SL 7.5Y8 3/2- 10YR 5/4 F-G on natural leveesEutric, partly sodic CL 10YR 4/2 - 2.5Y 4/2 F

B Soils on Basic Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

VIR11501

RFE04SULi

,41

h ;

1,1L k_oetTlc/partly llthic

NITOSOLS

LUY1Y0:,',

cc ,itric/partly lithic.2 2alcic,partly petric

Ferric

Chromic

Chromic

Chromic,petric/partly lithicChromic,petric/partly lithic

Orthic,petric/partly lithic

CAMBISOLS

Calcic, petric/partly 1,1thicChromic, petric/partly lithic

C (or LC) Soils on Highly Calcareous Materials

DEPTH DRAIN TEXT COLOUR TOPO UNIT REMARKS

;._ITPOSOL 0- 10 M-W LS-CL 2.55 4/2 -7.5YR 5/4 F-U Cl

AREMOSOLS

Fetrocalcic, shallow petro-

calcic

10-50 I-M S-LS 2.55 3/2- 7.5YR 5/6 F-U C3

Cc:IC.1C 50-100 M-W S-LS 2.55 6/2 - 10YR 3/6 F-U C3b

RE6OSOLSpetrocalcic 10-50 I-W SL-CL 2.55 3/2 -7.5YR 5/4 F-U C2

RENOZINA shallow petrocalcic 10 I-W SL-CL 2.55 3/2 -7.5YR 5/4 F-U Cla

petrocalcic LS-SCL 2,55 3/2 -7,5YR 5/4 F C10

CHER/OD/EMS

Cali' tuvic,partly petro-calcic

25-100 I SC- C 2.55 3/1 - 10YR 5/2 F Cl

Gleyic Luvic,partly petro-calcic

25-100 P CS- C 2.55 3/0 - 10YR 5/1 F C8

Calcic, partly petrocalcic 25-100 I SCL-C 2.55 3/1 -7.5YR 5/4 F C9

XEROS013

Ca', l i,v L va tly petro- 25-100 M-W SL-CL 10YR 3/4 - 5YR 5/8 F-U C5a

Cu''' tu,1(,p0,11 ,cru. 25-100 1 SL SC 2.55 3/1 -7.5YR 5/4 F C5c

01r I,'

Calcic,partly 25-100 I-W SL-CL 2,55 3/1 -2.550 5/4 F-U C4a

LUVISOLS[') ut M W ut' ' F-U C5

: F C5b

,tr p C6

I

CAMB)50t.:,it 25-100 I-W SL-CL 2.55 3/1 -2.550 5/4 F-U C4

;IN TEX1

SC-C

TOPO

A

,, A

IT REM;

L U-H

a U-H'LLH", A

00 2.5Y0 4,2.,.5YF U-R

00 W L 7.5Y0 U-R

25-100 7.5YR 3/2-2.5YP U-R

25-100 W SCL-SC 2.5YR 4/3-7.5YR 50; U-R

> 150 M-W SCL 5YR 4/6 -2.5YR 5/8 F-U 87

100-150 M-W SCL-C 7.5YR 3/2-2.5YR 5/4 U-R 86 on basalt

25-100 W CL-C 7.5YR 312-2.5YR 5/4 U-R 86a on basalt

50-150 M-D SCL 5YR 4/3 -2.5YR 5/8 A-U 84 on dolerite/diabase

>150 W SCL-SC 7.5YR 3/2- 7.YR 5/8 A-U 811 on gabbro mainly

100-150 M-W SL-CL 2.5YR 4/6-7.5YR 5/8 A-U 83 on dolerite/diabase

100-150 W SCL-C 2.5YR 4/3-7.5YR 5/8 U-R 85 on basalt

25-100 W SL-CL 2.5YR 4/6-7.5YR 5/8 A-R 52 on dolei iteldiabase

25-100 W SCL-SC 2.5YR 4/3-7.5YR 5/8 U-R 853 on basalt

25-100 M-W SC-C 10YR 3/2 -10YR 4/3 A BIO

25-100 W CL-C 7.5YR 3/2-2.5YR 5/4 U-R 86b

25-100 W SCL-SC 2.5YR 4/3-7.5YR 5/8 U-R 558

D Soils on Fine Grained Sedimentary Rocks

NITOSOLS

ACRISOLSFerric 10'Ferric, partly 10-1;0Ferric, partl ferric

LuVfSOLS

Orthic,partly petric 100-150

G Soils on Acid Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

-G, 10-100U' ( ,(

)1!' 10-1C

,Jr1 !y 10-1C.

massive

DEPTH DRAIN TEXT TOPO UNIT

100 150

100-125

REMARKS

kot,ir'uotrot,,rri,

yrith,n

petric

ur.

on pediments mainly

DRAIN TEXT COLOUR TOPO UNIT

W-S S-LS 10YR 5/2-7.5YR 4/4 Gle

I-M S-LS -10YR 6/3 F-G G3

W-S S-ES 7/55YR 5/8 A-G G4

M-W S-LS 10YR 4/2 -2.5YR 4/4 A-R Gld

M-S S-SL 10YR 5/2 -SER 5/8 U-H GI

M-W LS 10YR 4/2 -2. SER 5/4 A-U 12

M-W S-ES 10YR 4/2 -2.YR 4/4 A-R Glb

M-S S-SL /0fR 5/2 -, YR 5/8 U-H GlaM-W LS 10YR 4/2 -!...51 ;/1 A-U G2aI-M SL 10YR 7.1 -iGYR 8/1 F-G 13a

M-W S-LS 1 10YR 4/2 -2.5YR 4/4 A-R Glc

P-1 SC-C 7.5YR 4/6-10YR 5/8 F-G GIS

P-I SCL-SC 2.5E 4/0 -10YR 5/2 F-A G16

M-W 5YR 4/6 - 2.5YR 5/8M 5YR 4/6 -2.5YR 5/8 A-U

M-W SL L 10YR 5/2 -2.5YR 4/8 U

I-W SL-SC 10YR 4/1 -2.5YR 3/4 F-U G135

M-W SCL-SC 2,5YR 3/6-5YR 5/8 A-G 014

M-W SL-SCL

M-W

Oti 4

M SCL-SCM

M-W

SCL-SE

SL-SCL t,fR X!,.>

W SL 10YR 5r; - 5YR 5/8 F-U 02 PPtriLipk . I'wl,s!in /5,-m

M-W SL-SCL 2. R 5/8 U-H 06

M-W SL-SCL 2 k. i/ F-G 05 petlic >75c,r1 deep

M SCL-SC F-G 07 Tdssive

M-W SL-SCL 5% 4c - O.8 7/8 F-G 05aM CL-SC 5YR 4/6 - 2,5YR 5/8 F-G D7b massiveM SCL-SC 5YR 4/6 - 2.5YR 5/8 F-U 08

I-M CL-SC 7.5YR 3/2-10YR 5/8 F-A Ola massive

;Esro,s10-100 w SL-CL 4/4-10Y" Dlb

Ferric > 100

Ferric,petr1c/petroferric 50-100

F,rric,petric 50-100Ferric partly petric 50-150Ferrlc,partly petric/petro- 50-150

ferricChromic > 100

Chromic 100-150Chromic 100-150

ARENOSOLSAlbic,partly petroferric 50-150Ferralic,partly petroferric >50

DEPTH

LITHOSOLS

REGOSOLS

Calcaric,shallow petric

Dystric,lithicDystric,petric

petroferric0y5-' ,shallow petric

,lithic

,petric

Eut.',. partly petr.

Eutric,shallow

PLANOSOLSSolodic

SULONETZ

XEROSOLS

Luyir pa!flv pot,icLLVIC pirr t.).)

Ir t' I ,1Luyic, sha I low pstr I

petrotcrrCa lc ic Lude

NITOSOLS

Eutric

0-10

50-100

10-50

50-150

50-100

50-100

>100

>100

> 50

50-150

50-100

50-150

> 150

10 50

100-150

50-150

LUVISOLS

Eutric

100-150 I-M

50 P-I SL,

I-W SL-SC

00 1-W SL-SC

VERTISOLS

wtt

50-150 M-W LS-S1 5YR 4/6 A-U 06

y sodic

FLUVISOLSdalLariAllneC.alca,ic,p;,c.fiy saline/sodic

SOU/MAASMey14.

:',1,,,,Ic du,,,¡/,

Takyric

OrthicAren ir orthic

F-G Gil

012

3/4 F-U

U

REMARKS

CLEYSOLS

EU6t sodlc

Verilk

Calcic,partly sodicCalcic,partly sodic

Calcic,partly sodic

Vertic Calcic,part1yfet./ of:air if

Mollic

Mollic

Calc:

Vert'

Vert:

ARM/50LSAlbi,

Luvic

high salinitystratif led sands,

silts, 1 irs

strii ¡I ',0

OV ,°/in, *71 I I

firic 7,wis

o4er1v,no dialJm

B.S. '-50",

B.S. sof- in some

part of .uhsoii

DEPTH DRAIN TEXT COLOUR TOPO UNIT

> 100 1 C 2.5Y 2/0-10YR 4/1.5 F L25

, 100 P-I C 2,5Y 2/0 I0YR 4/1.5 F L25a

, !CO P C c.5Y ?/0-10YR 4,1, F L25b

, 130 P-I C 2,5' 7/0 10YR 4'1 , F L25c

> 150 V-P CS-C 5Y 4/2 /4 F 18a

> 150 V-P CS-C 5Y 4/2 F L8

> 150 V-P CS-C 5Y 2/0 -2.5'' f/4 F 19

> 150 V-P Stk.,-5 LL ',1., 4'( "-0 5,,, F LI

150 V-P sir ' 7.50Y !-,¡, i:Il- F L2

> 150 V-P -,11_,. IOR 100 501 F L2a

> 150 P L-C 10YR 3/2-5Y 6/2 F L3

> 100 P 'C 1,yr. 6/4 A L4

> 100 P-M 5/6 F-G L5

111 3/1 F L38

2.5Y on 1OkT 6/1 F L7

P-I L. 2.5Y i/O'Idi'k 4/1 F L27

> 150 P-I SC-C ;,5',' 10 10'11- t,/, F LO

> 100 P-I L-C '.1.1)? 3,o 1050 6.,1 F 16a

> 100 P-I L-C 2.5Y 3/0-10YR 6/1 F L6b

50-150 P-I C 2.5Y 3/0-10YR 4/1 F L26

> 150 P-I L-C 2.5Y 210-11YR 3/1 F L37

> 150 P-I L-C 2.5Y 2/0-10YR 3/1 F L37a

> 150 P-I L-C 2.'f*,' 2/0-10Yk 1/1' F L37b

> 150 V-I C 2.5Y ,1:-10YK 3/1 F L37c

> 150 V-I C 2.5Y 2:C lOYH 01. F L370

> 150 W-S S-LS 10YR 7/I-10YR 6/3 G L39

> 150 M-W FS-LFS 10YR 3/2-10YR 5/3 F-G L40

F-

U

4/8 U

1

DoLVV SC. 1 rI 5/2

hvik,,t'

ACRISOLSr3ri oet,

dat$i,ro,r1c50-150 M-W SL-SC 10YR 3/4-5YR 5/8 A-U G5

A-U 09

A 010

A-U

';11-

4,0 LOLL5,aGiR

Chromic M-W

,101M-W

petric/petric ,00 M-W

deep* Scm

ICI it. with 5 c,

>100 1 SOL-C 7,5YR 3/2-7.5YR 4/4 A tOa

50-150 I-M SL-SCL 10YR 4.2 -7.5YR 5/4 F-G 07 massive

CAMB1SOLS50-150 M-W SL 10YR 4/3-5YR 5/8 A-U G2b petric within 75cm

(and AL) Soils on Lacustrine Deposits

petric

Pef---alcic

:lc

Pe .alcic

;fl.,t '0(J1Cc

Calcaric

FerrallcFerraiic,petr !shallow

petrf:ricEutrlc

Eu7,':

REGOWlS

alca Ouripan

Eutric

Eutric,shallow petric/petroferrlc

PLANOSOLS

Eutr1cSolodic,partly saline

SOLONFTTOrt!,' , saline

CHERNOZEMS

Luvic

Gley1c Luv1c,partly sod1cCa1c1c,partly sodic

XEROSOLSLucir

Arenic Luvic

Calcic LuvicCalcic Luvic,petrocalcicAren1c Calc1c Luvic

Aren1c Calc1c Luvic,partlyPetrocalcic

Calc1cCalc1c,duripan

Calcic,petrocalcic

NITOSOLSArenic Eutric

ACRISOLSArenic Ferric

LUVISOLs

614,0,,Wth61rw.ot.tr1.7. partly Naoici

saiiseArenlc GleyicCalcic Gleylc,partly petro-

calcic

Ve,ti, Gleyic,partly petric

1. lic,partly sodic

ool

Arni, 01CL

Fe.::Ar;?.

Ar

petric

50-125

50-125

M-S

M-S

FS-LFS 1010 612-1010 8/4

10YR 6/2-7-.Y7 8/4

F-G

F-G

1I2

112a :.-tlyovu),

5!- 5 M-S FS 10YR 3 F-G L 12b son, o lc .o ivc1.1

rOlhM-W F5 415

1UU M-W IS LFT. 10vR ,.,-10YR ,,s .7,11; .

> 100 M-W ftLFS tOiR 41-1013 L13 ..NLo.s

> 100 10YR 4/1-10YR L10

S 10YR 1°2 1011 i A-G L44 over petrofer,i,:

OMS 1000 ..413.;0(3 6,3 A 144a

> W-S FS-LFS 3 51 ,,'C ;10a2 F-U LIS non calc.

> 150 W-S FS-LFS '0 -ioyR 0,3 F-U Ll6a calcaree

> 100 M-W SL-SICL 10YR 5/2-2.Y 5/2 F-G

> 100 M-W SL-SICL 1010 5/2-2,5Y 5/2 F-U

> 100 I-W FSL 2.51 1'2-?.5Y,:' 5'4 F-G

25-50 M SL-C 1010 3/2-101s 518 A L45

> 100 I SCL-C 10YR 5/3-10YR 3/6 F-G L41

> 100 P-I SCL-C 2.5Y 3/1-1018 4/2 L42

150 P-I SICL-C 10YR 6/3-5Y 5/6 F L21

> 100 I-M SL -C 2.5Y 4/0-10YR 5/2 F L35

> 100 P-I SCL-C 2.5Y 3/0-10YR 4/1 F L35a

> 100 P-I SCL-C 1018 3/1-1018 5/2 F L36

> 100 I SCL-C 10YR 3/2-2.5Y 4/4 F L22c

> 100 I-M LS-SCL 2.51 3/2-10YR 3/2 F L22d

> 150 I SCL-C 2.5Y 3/2-1010 5/3 F 124g

50-100 I SCL-C 2.51 3/2-10YR 5/3 F-G L24e

> 50 I-M LS-SCL 2.51 5/2-10YR 3/2 F L24f

> 50 I-M LS-SCL 2.5Y 5/2-10YR 3/2 F L24d

> 100 M-W FSL-CL 1018 5/2-2.51 5/2 F L14

> 100 M-W FSL-CL 10YR 5/2-2.51 5/2 F L14a

50-100 M-W FSL-SIL 2,51 5/2-10YR 6/3 F 1.15a

> 150 I-M LS-SCL 5YR 4/6-10YR 5/8 F-G L31

> 150 M-W LS-SCL 10YR 4/3 5YR-5/8 C 133

> 100 P-I SCL-C 2.51 4/3-tO(R 5/2 L23

50-100 P-I SCL-C 2.51 4,0-101P 1)2 123a

> 100 I SCL-C 2,5 4/0 -10YR L30

> 100 P-1 SCL-C 2.5 4/0 -1010 128

50-100 I SC-C 2,51 4/0-1010 L29

> 100 I-M LS-SL 1010 4C-10(I, 6/3 F-G L43 massive

> 100 I-M LS-SL 1010 :,t!tc 6/3 F-G 143a

SCL-C 2.51 3/2-10YR 5/3 F-G

,) -1JC: 5/3 F-C

5CL-( 14 <,"-:)"0 5/3 F-0

1-M

50-150 I-M SCL-C 10Y0 4, 1-5.'4 F-0 134

> 150 M-W LS-SCL 10YR 4;3 oY,

> 100 I SCL-C 10YR 3/2-2.5Y 4/4 F

50-100 j SCL-C 10YR 3/2 2.5Y 4/4 F

> 100 I-M LS-SCL 2.5Y 3/2-1010 5/3 F a

S (and KS,LS) Soils on Coarse Grained Sedimentary Rocks

DEPTH DRAIN TEXT COLOUR TOPO

ARFMOSOLS

>100 10YR 6/3 -10YR 5/8

>100 10YR t 'A 5.'5 1,'5

UNIT REMARKS

>100 5, .555' ",0YLu

Luvic>100>100 S-t

i0YP s-H6¡ii1SJ :0/1 412 5YP 5f4 U-k

S6a566

ilcs,;1;1,4,done:.

Petrocalcic >50 W-S 5-LS 10YR 5/2 -5YR 4/8 F-U 5I3a

> 50 W-S S-LS 10YR 5/2 -5YR 4/8 R-U S13

>100 W-S FMS-LFS 10YR 5/8 -5YR 7/6 F-U $15

FoTriiii55ortollL

50-105,>10,)

S 5-5S 10Y 3/n 5YR 1/ 6/2W-S 4S EM,, IONR 5/,, 5YR 515

U-HF-U

SlaS3

-5,r511( ',',,00 W-S 55-FM5 3 5VR 6/5-iOR 418 F-U S3a

Fcqrall,.. >10 S CS-LS 10YR 6/e -2 5YR d/I F-U 54

f-rrralle >10C W-S rMS-LkS 10YR 5/8 -10R 4/6 F-U 55

kerlo11L >100 S-E FMS-LFS 10YR 5/8 -1011 4/6 U-R S6 dunes,hillsFerrallc, llthic 0-25 E S-IS 10811 5/4 -5YR 4/8 U-H Si

Camblc >100 W-S S-LFS 7.5YR 5/8-10R 4/6 F-U 518

Oystric >100 S FMS-LFS 2.5Y 4/2 -10YR 6/4 F-U S16

Eutric %100 W-S EMS-Lr 2.5Y 4/2 -10YR 6/4 F-U S17 noncalc. 50-100cmLutrlz, .100 W-S I'MS-LIS 2.5Y 4/2 -10YR 6/4 F-U 517A calcareous 5:1-100cmFutric >100 W-S CS-Lo 2.5Y 4/2 -10YR 6/4 F-U S17c dunes,beachr:joesEutric >100 W-S FS-FMS 2.5Y 4/2 -10YR 6/4 U 517d dunes,beEtwic,durloan >100 W-S FMS-LFS 2.5Y 4/2 -10YR 6/4 F-U S17b

REGOSOLS

ArceIc. Eutric,oetrIc

xERosfts

25-100 S S-LS 10YR 6/8 -5YR 4/6 U-H Slb

ArcnIc LuvIL > 100 ,5.1.FPS 7.5YR 5/8-1011 4/6 F-U S7a ferricAren 1( LW,Aran,: Iuv10

> 100>

1F',-sFMS 5YP 5,,6 -1011 4/8IS 4551 51)4 5/3 -1011 4/6

U-RF-U

58aSlOa

ferrIc,dunes,hillsferric

Arenl: (u,,,!,:. > JML 1:.YR 5;3 -10R 4/8 F-U S110.

- ic 1i ' > 150 rusi.,,,ct I5YR 6;8 -1011 4/8 U 514e dunesc > 100 W-S 51 19Yrk '°/3 -5YR 4/8 F-U 51'55

IIITOSOLS;,Ton1c 11m t >150 W-S FSL-FMSL 10YR 1. IOR 4/8 F-U SilAnic >150 W-S FMSL-SCL 10YR ... 1011 4/8 U SI4 dunes

ACRISOLSArenic Fe. >100 S LS 7.5YR 51'. 10f 4/6 F-U

A ,..: Fe-, >100 5 SL 7.5YR '.4"P 45N 4/6 FU

LUVISOLSArenic Calcic >100 W-S '1- 1-- 4/8 F-U ''''W,",h t.IT'l 0: >100 5 F-5

A5 155n5 ,Inn La; M55 1 ..R °:,') ' 515 F-L

Area, ":7 ]':: , r ':,, i S' 51',,. 'I'rt L, , )'t, 4, ( U-R 111s

Arent - ''0 -1:1'1 ',1P :0'1 )04 w, F-U s:u

CARBISOliGlev1c;,1(ar1c

1..31,..

:

>

>

£5010,,Oo

sti C

,i1.4,/

'

5,!,,v

Y

:)/:'-10,k7,;,,7,)7 :-: 1Y5

3,'31),'4

N/4

F

F

F

118L19LZO

Calcic,petrocalcic 55-105 i-5. 5IL 5 5'i 5iy )0YR 6:3 p L15

Map 1. Agro Climat:

"NoTIH,

'

H A,.,, .. ¡ 01

',. : ). ,',0 ''. ,) ,),',.. ' l',

24, f -1 : ,:',' - ..'0

Printed by Agricultural Information ServicesMinistry of Agriculture

P/Bag 003, Gaborone, Botswana

Nov., 1988

11/88 - .2M