botany the study of plants. where do plants fit in living things: kingdoms –monera: cells without...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BOTANY
The Study of Plants
![Page 2: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Where Do Plants Fit In
• Living Things: Kingdoms– Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes;
bacteria– Protista: cells with nuclei and organelles;
amoebae, algae, diatoms, slime molds– Fungi: cell walls of chitin, mitosis and meiosis
different from Plantae, heterotrophs– Plantae: mostly autotrophic, cell walls of cellulose– Animalia: multicellular, no cell walls, no
photosynthesis
![Page 3: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PLANT CLASSIFICATION
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Division: Tracheophyta (vascular)
• Class: Angiospermae (seeds in fruits)
• Order: Campanulatae
• Family: Asteraceae (Compositae)
• Genus: Coreopsis
• Species: lanceolata (lance-shaped)
![Page 4: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Vascular Plants
• Gymnosperms: nonflowering (naked) seed plants (mostly conifers)
• Angiosperms: (angos=vessel) flowering, fruit-seed plants
• Monocots--one seed leaf: grasses (grains), lilies, orchids, irises
• Dicots--two seed leaves: peas, tomatoes, most deciduous trees
![Page 5: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Scientific names
• Based on classification
• In angiosperms based on flower structure
• Uniformity among texts and discussions
• Often tell us something about the plant
![Page 6: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Gymnosperms
• Fruitless seed plants: ovule not enclosed in an ovary. (Ovary becomes the fruit in angiosperms.)
• Modified leaves form scales of cones or the fleshy coverings in yews and junipers
![Page 7: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Gymnosperm - Pine
![Page 8: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Gymnosperm
![Page 9: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Gymno vs Angiosperm
![Page 10: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Flower Structure
![Page 11: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SEEDS• Develop from ovule
• Cotyledon--seed leaf
• Radicle--first root
![Page 12: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Seed Germination
• Period of dormancy
• Factors: scarification, stored food
– Temperature: some require a period of cold
– Moisture
– Light
– Oxygen (water logged soil may prevent germination)
![Page 13: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Vascular Plants
• Plants with:– Roots– Stems– Leaves– Vascular systems
![Page 14: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ROOTS
• Have no nodes
• Never bear leaves or flowers directly
• Have a root cap
• Are the first structure to develop from a seed
• Function: absorb water and nutrients– Anchor the plant – Furnish physical support for the stem– Serve a food storage
![Page 15: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ROOTS
![Page 16: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Root Cap• Not present in
“water roots”
![Page 17: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Root growth in loose vs compact soil
![Page 18: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mycorrhizae
• From mykes or fungus and rhiza or root
• Symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots: the fungi get sugars or food and the plants absorption of water and minerals is greatly enhanced
• Occurs in >80% of vascular plants
![Page 19: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Mycorrhizae
![Page 20: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Specialized Roots
• Tap root: large main root taps deep for water, develops from radicle and produces lateral roots
• Fibrous root (a form of adventious root) common in monocots and seedless plants
• Adventious root: not from radicle
• Aerial root arises from stem (ivy, orchid)
• Buttress root (Ficus)
• Suckers
• Pneumatophores provide oxygen in wet areas
![Page 21: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Plant Stems
• Support the weight of leaves
• Conduct water and minerals up to leaves and food down to roots in the vascular tissue
• Complex growth: produces leaves and branches at nodes as well as lengthens
![Page 22: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Plant Stem
![Page 23: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Stem or Twig
![Page 24: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Meristem or Cambium
• Site of cell division and growth located between phloem and xylem
• At nodes and at the tip meristem tissue forms buds.
• Meristem cells are undiffferentiated: origin of all other cells
– Flower parts are modified leaves
![Page 25: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Stem Cross Section
![Page 26: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Woody Stem Cross Section
![Page 27: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Apical Meristem
![Page 28: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Specialized stems
• Rhizome: horizontal underground stem with (nodes and buds); iris, bermudagrass
• Bulbs: shortened, compressed stem surrounded by leaves (scales) that envelop a flower bud
• Corm: similar to bulb with scales reduced to dry covering
• Tuber: enlarged portion of underground stem; potato with nodes as “eyes”
![Page 29: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Rhizome
• The iris has a large fleshy underground stem that runs parallel with the soil.
![Page 30: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Leaves
• Site of photosynthesis. Plants are photoautotrophs: they use light to make their own organic compounds and oxygen.
• Light is the energy source and CO2 is the carbon source.
• Plants also respire but the net effect is the production of oxygen in excess of carbon dioxide.
![Page 32: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Leaf Structure
![Page 33: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Leaf Arrangement
• Simple. Opposite, alternate, whorled
• Compound: Leaflets Palmate, Pinnate or Double Pinnate
• **Leaves attach to stems at nodes and buds occur only at nodes.
• (a common error is to mistake a leaflet for a leaf)
![Page 34: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Simple leaf - Attachment
![Page 35: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Leaf arrangement
![Page 36: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Simple Leaves
![Page 37: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Simple leaves
![Page 38: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Compound Leaf with opposite leaflets
![Page 39: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Compound Leaves
![Page 40: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Hybrid
• Hybrid: a plant or animal which is the offspring of parents differing in one or more characteristics. The parents may be of the same or different species.
• Species:a group of individuals if nearly identical structure and behavior which can ordinarily interbreed and maintain their characteristic in nature.
![Page 41: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Genetic variability
• In a given species or variety a gene may have quite a variable expression.
• Example: apple trees have so much variability that to propagate a standard one must use grafted stock. If one uses seeds the two parent trees contribute such different characteristics that one usually gets something very different from either parent.
![Page 42: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Gene Dominance
• If S is dominant over s when SS is mated to ss all of the offspring will appear S. The offspring will be Ss.
(The Ss is the hybrid.) If Ss is mated to Ss, the offspring will be SS, Ss or ss and the ss will appear different.
If there are multiple genes acting in such a way the offspring of the hybrids may have many differences from the hybrids.
![Page 43: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Propagation from Seeds
• The offspring may vary from the parents because of genetic variability or if the parent was a hybrid.
• This may be desired in some cases, but in apples usually the offspring are not tasty.
![Page 44: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
PLANTS: Bryophytes
• Bryophytes (moss-plants) non-vascular. Mosses, club mosses, liverworts
Cell walls of cellulose
Do not produce flowers
![Page 45: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Lycophyta: club mosses, selaginellas, quillworts
• Sphenophyta: horsetails
• Pterophyta: ferns
![Page 46: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Clubmoss
• Lycopodiums. Simplest vascular plants
![Page 47: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Selaginella
•
![Page 48: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Selagenella
•
![Page 49: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Horsetail: Equisetum
•
![Page 50: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Equisetum
•
![Page 51: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Ferns
• Need moisture to complete the life cycle but often grow in a variety of conditions
![Page 52: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Ferns
• Maidenhair
![Page 53: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Non-flowering Plants
• Can be interesting as well as beautiful additions to outdoor and indoor gardens.
• They often need high humidity and some shade
– The north side of the house is often a good habitat for selaginellas and ferns
![Page 54: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Adaptations of Plants
• Drought tolerance– Succulents have large vacuoles to store
water– Waxy coats to avoid water loss– Small leaves or needles to decrease
surface area (less effect from wind)– Stomata close during the day (cacti)– Hairs on leaves to collect moisture
![Page 55: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Seed Dispersal
• Plumes: butterfly weed, dandilions, maples
• Fruit: acorns, hollies, apples
• Water: coconuts
• Spines and barbs: beggar’s tick
• Explosive fruits: jewel weed
![Page 56: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
AsclepiasButterfly weed
![Page 57: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Bloodflower milkweed
•
![Page 58: BOTANY The Study of Plants. Where Do Plants Fit In Living Things: Kingdoms –Monera: Cells without nuclei and membranes; bacteria –Protista: cells with](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e015503460f94aeaf88/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Monarch on Milkweed