botany plant systematics, anatomy, and physiology
TRANSCRIPT
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BotanyPlant Systematics, Anatomy, and Physiology
Matt JonesHorticulture Extension Agent
NCCE Chatham County Center
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Botany 101Tonight’s Lecture
• Four Major Groups of Plants
• Plant Physiology
– Photosynthesis
– Transpiration
• Plant Anatomy
Upcoming plant-related BYN classes
• Plant Ecology and Communities 9/23 (Ashley Troth)
• Plant ID Techniques and Resources 9/25ish (Matt Jones, pre-recorded)
• Plant Insect Interactions 10/7 (Sam Marshall)
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Plants are 86% of Earth’s Biomass
The Biomass Distribution on Earth PNAS 115 (25) 6506-6511
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Where do animals obtain energy?
Where do animals obtain matter?– Carbohydrates, fats, proteins
By consuming other plants, animals, and fungi!– Use energy by respiration
Nature Education (2012)
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Where do plants obtain energy?
Where do plants obtain matter?– Carbohydrates, fats, proteins
By photosynthesis!dmott9
CC BY-NC 2.0
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Photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygenlight
chlorophyl
6 CO212 H2O + 6 O2+C6H12O6
Energy for doing things Matter for making things
Turns CO2 into sugars using the energy of the sun
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Respiration
sugar + oxygen energy + carbon dioxide + water
6 CO2ATP+ 6 H2O6 O2 + +C6H12O6
The process that turns food (sugar) into energy.
Energy for doing things Energy for making things
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Energy as Money
Plants can:
Spend energy
– Growth and defense
Save energy
– Store for future growth
Invest energy
– Seeds for future generations
Give away energy
– Herbivores, fruit dispersers, pollinators, gardeners
Total photosynthesis (money in) must exceed total respiration (money out)
for growth, reproduction, defense, and energy storage to occur.
Elizabeth Pringle New Phytologist 2015
Slide: Charlotte Glen
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Biomass as a Solar Energy Store
The Open University
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The Basis for Terrestrial Food Webs
Idaho Public Television
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What are plants?
NOAA
TAMU
Joy Weese Moll
CC BY-NC 2.0
Scott Zona
CC BY-NC 2.0
Matt LAvin
CC BY-NC 2.0
Mick E. Talbot
CC BY-NC 2.0
Wanderflechten
CC BY-NC 2.0
Cyanobacteria
Brown and Red Algae
Fungi
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Plants in the Tree of Life
Green
Other Algae&
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Green Algae vs. Land Plants
Michael G. Simpson
Plant Systematics, 3rd Ed.
For more on endosymbiosis, see: https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0/endosymbiosis_04
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Green Algae
© Michel Royon / Wikimedia Commons
Spirogyra
Dietzel65
Wikimedia Commons
Hydrodictylon
Texas A&M
Chara
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Green Algae vs. Land Plants
Bryophytes (Mosses)
Pteridophytes (Ferns)
Gymnosperms (Conifers)
Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)Michael G. Simpson
Plant Systematics, 3rd Ed.
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Shared Characters of Land Plants
Cuticles reduce water loss. Stomata allow CO2 in (photosynthesis)
and H2O out (transpiration).
Michael G. Simpson
Plant Systematics, 3rd Ed.
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Shared Characters of Land Plants
Apical meristemsproduce undifferentiated cells.
Sperm and egg protected from
desiccation in gametangia
Antheridium Archegonium
Michael G. Simpson
Plant Systematics, 3rd Ed.
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Green Algae vs. Land Plants
Bryophytes (Mosses)
Pteridophytes (Ferns)
Gymnosperms (Conifers)
Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)Michael G. Simpson
Plant Systematics, 3rd Ed.
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Three Modes of Reproduction
Dispersal of
Gametes
Dispersal of
Offspring
Mosses & Ferns
Univ. of Wisconsin
Sperm via Water
Spores via wind
Univ. of Ohio
Jay Mann
Conifers, Cycads, Gingko
Univ. of Wisconsin
Pollen via Wind
Seeds from cones
via wind & animals
Univ. of OhioPenn State Univ.
Seeds from fruits
via animals, wind, & water
Flowering Plants
Univ. of Wisconsin
Pollen via
Animals & Wind
Debbie Roos NCSU Don Lee UNL
Ohio State Univ.
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Bryophytes
Martin Cathrae
CC BY-SA 2.0Becky Striepe
CC BY-SA 2.0
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Three Groups of Bryophytes
Liverworts HornwortsMosses
Poytr
CC BY-SA 2.0
Shona Ellis
UBCShona Ellis
UBC
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Bryophyte FeaturesMarek Mis / Science Source
Rhizoids
Lack True VesselsSome mosses have primitive,
vessel-like structures Swimming SpermRequire water
Ross E. Koning
Eastern Conn. Univ.
Pantphys.info
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Moss Life Cycle
• Spores dispersed from parent
• Germinate to produce separate
male and female plants
– Gametophytes
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Moss Life Cycle
• Gametophytes produce
gametes (sperm & egg)
• Splashing rain drops transport
swimming sperm
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Moss Life Cycle
• Sperm fertilizes egg
• Grows into a sporophyte
• Sporophyte attached to
gametophyte
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Moss Life Cycle
• Sporophytes release and
disperse spores
• Rinse and repeat
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Bryophyte Diversity
https://nc-biodiversity.com/taxonomic-group/mosses-liverworts-and-hornworts
454 Moss Species in NC
Bartramia
Western Carolina Botanical Club
Rhodobryum
Western Carolina Botanical Club
Leucobryum
Western Carolina Botanical Club
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Bryophyte Diversity
https://nc-biodiversity.com/taxonomic-group/mosses-liverworts-and-hornworts
230 Liverwort Species in NC 7 Hornwort Species in NC
Bazzania
Western Carolina Botanical Club
Pallavicinia
Western Carolina Botanical Club
Notothylas
Blanka Aguero
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Vascular Plants
Pteridophytes (Ferns & Lycophytes)
• Produce spores
(Conifers)
• Produce seeds
Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
• Produce flowers
• Produce seeds in fruits
Have specialized tissues for moving food & water
Michael G. Simpson
Plant Systematics, 3rd Ed.
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Vascular PlantsSpecialized Features (Apomorphies)
Dominant Sporophyte
Joy Weese Moll
CC BY-NC 2.0
USFS
Vascular Tissue
Phloem CellsTransport Food
Xylem CellsTransport Water
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Vascular PlantsSpecialized Features (Apomorphies)
True Leaves True Roots
Plant Systematics
Michael G. Simpson
Elsevier
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Functions of a Leaf
• Photosynthesis
• Transpiration
Simpson Plant Systematics 2006
Raven Biology of Plants 8th ed.
Leaf Anatomy
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Roots Structure & Function
• Absorb water & dissolved
nutrients from the soil
• Anchor plants in soil
• Conduct water and nutrients
to the rest of the plant
Raven et al. Biology of Plants 7th ed. 2005
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Root Distribution
District of Columbia
Urban Forestry Administration
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Transpiration How Plants Move Water
Water evaporated
from stomata…
…and pulled
through xylem cells
Watch Video:
go.ncsu.edu/transpiration Nature Education Knowledge 4(5):6Michael G. Simpson
Plant Systematics, 3rd Ed.