botany lecture ch8bmodified

Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:

Eudicots: Rosids

Michael G. Simpson

ROSIDS

• Very large, monophyletic group of Eudicots

• Linked by no clear non-molecular apomorphies

• Ovules bitegmic (2 integuments) & crassinucellate [contrast with Asterids]

• 13 orders

Myrtaceae - Myrtle family (myrtus, Gr. name for myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species

The Myrtaceae are distinctive in being trees and shrubs with glandular-punctate or pellucid leaves and usually epiperigynous flowers with numerous stamens.

K 4-5 [3,6] C 4-5 [3,6] A ∞ G (2-5) [(-16)], inferior [rarelyhalf-inferior or superior], with hypanthium.

Myrtaceae - Myrtle family (myrtus, Gr. name for myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species

Economic importance includes important timber trees, especially Eucalyptus spp., edible fruits (e.g., Psidium guajava, guava), spices (e.g., Syzygium aromaticum, cloves, Pimenta dioica, allspice), oils (e.g., Eucalyptus spp.), and cultivated ornamentals such as Callistemon (bottlebrush), Chamelaucium (wax-flower), Eucalyptus spp., Leptospermum (tea tree), and Myrtus (myrtle).

Eucalyptus sideroxylon

Eucalyptus torquata

Leptospermum laevigatum

Actinodium cunninghamiana

Calothamnus sanguineus

Darwinia fascicularis

Darwinia oldfieldii

Tristania conferta Brisbane Box

Vertichordia grandiflora

CucurbitaceaeCucumber / Gourd family

(L. for gourd). 120 genera / 775 species.

The Cucurbitaceae have largely worldwide distributions, but

occur mostly in tropical regions. Economic importance

includes important food crops such as Citrullus lanatus

(watermelon), Cucumis melo (melons), Cucumis sativa

(cucumber), Cucurbita pepo and other spp. (squashes,

pumpkins) and a number of other taxa; the dried fruits of a

number of species are used as gourds, those of Luffa

(luffa) are used as a sponge; some taxa have medicinal or

horticultural uses.

CucurbitaceaeCucumber / Gourd family (L. for gourd). 120 genera / 775 species.

The Cucurbitaceae are distinctive in being mostly

monoecious or dioecious vines with simple, palmately veined &/or lobed leaves, usually with tendrils, the female flowers epiperigynous, with usually parietal placentation and three carpels, the fruit a berry, pepo, capsule, or samara.

K 5 [3-6] C 5 [3-6] or (5) [(3-6)] A 3-5 or (3-5) G (3) [(2-5)], inferior, hypanthium present.

FABALESFabaceae (Leguminosae)

- Bean/Pea family (after faba, Latin name for broad bean). 643 genera / 18,000 species

The Fabaceae are distinctive in being trees, shrubs, vines, or herbs, with stipulate, often compound leaves and typically pentamerous flowers usually with a single, unicarpellous pistil with marginal placentation, the fruit a legume (or modified legume).

K 5 or (5) [(3-6)] C 5 or (5) [0,1-6, or (1-6)] A 10 or (10) to ∞ [variable] G 1 [2-16], superior, hypanthium sometimes present

Members of the Fabaceae are dominant species in some

ecosystems (e.g., Acacia spp. in parts of Africa and Australia)

and ecologically important for containing nitrogen-fixing rhizobial nodules.

Economically, legumes are one of the important

plant groups, being the source of numerous pulses (such

as Arachis hypogaea; peanut; Glycine max, soybeans; Lens

culinaris, lentil; Phaseolus spp., beans; Pisum sativum, peas);

flavoring plants (such as Ceratonia siliqua, carob), fodder and soil rotation plants (such as Medicago sativa, alfalfa, or Trifolium spp., clovers) oils, timber trees, gums, dyes, and insecticides.

Fabaceae: 3 subfamiliesCaesalpinioideae

Flowers zygomorphic; petals distinct; posterior petal inner to laterals; stamens distinct.

MimosoideaeFlowers actinomorphic; petals distinct or connate;

stamens often ∞, showy; flowers often densely aggregated.

Faboideae (=Papilionoideae)Flowers zygomorphic; perianth papilionaceous;

posterior petal outer to laterals; stamens connate.

Caesalpinioideae

Flowers zygomorphic

Petals distinct

Posterior petal inner to laterals

Stamens distinct

Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree

posterior petalinner to laterals


stamensdistinct


ovary

style

stipe

Cassia didymobotrya

Cassia didymobotrya

ovary


stamens (trimorphic

in this species)


Caesalpinia spinosa [C. pectinata]

Ceratonia siliqua Carob

Caesalpinioideae in San Diego Co.

Amorpha fruticosa False Indigo

Senna armata Spiny Senna

Flowers actinomorphic, often densely aggregated

Petals distinct or connate; hypanthium sometimes present

Stamens often ∞, showy

Mimosoideae

Acacia spp.

heads

Acacia spp.: phyllodinous

phyllode

rachillae with leaflets

phyllode

Acacia longifolia (native to Australia)

spike

ovary (removed)

flowers actinomorphic,stamens ∞

Calliandra haematocephala

Mimosa sp.

Pithecellobium unquis-cati Cat Claw

Mimosoideae in San Diego Co.

Acacia greggii Cat Claw

Prosopis glandulosa Mesquite

Flowers zygomorphicPerianth papilionaceous

Terminology:Posterior petal = banner or standardLateral petals = wingsAnterior petals = keel petals (basally distinct;

distally connate; collectively called the keel)Posterior petal (banner) outer to laterals (wings)

Stamens connate: monadelphous or diadelphous

Faboideae (Papilionoideae)

Wisteria sinensis Wisteria


bannerouter to laterals

wing petals

keel


keel petal

stamens connate:diadelphous (9+1)

in Wisteria


style(ovary hidden)

Erythrina caffra

banner

wing petals

stamens calyx

Erythrina caffra

stamens connate:diadelphous (9+1)

style

pistil removedstipe

ovarystyle

Erythrina caffra

pistil unicarpellous

placentation marginal

(l.s.)

(c.s.)

Strophostyles umbellata

Flower asymmetric

bannerkeel twisted

Clitoria mariana

-a resupinate papilionoid

Faboideae in San Diego Co.

Astragalus trichopodus var. lonchus Ocean Locoweed

Lathyrus vestitus var. alefeldii San Diego Sweet Pea

Lotus hamatus Grab Lotus

Lotus purshianus Spanish-Clover

Lotus rigidus Broom Lotus

Lotus scoparius var. scoparius Coast Deer Weed

Lotus strigosus Calf Lotus

Lupinus arizonicus Lupinus excubitus

Lupinus bicolor Minature Lupine

Lupinus concinnus Bajada Lupine

Lupinus succulentus Collar Lupine

Medicago polymorpha California Burclover

Melilotus alba White Sweetclover

Melilotus indica Indian Sweetclover

Trifolium wildenowii Valley Clover

Vicia ludoviciana var. l. Deer Pea Vetch

Dalea mollissima

Psorothamnus emoryi White Dalea

Psorothamnus schottii Indigo Bush

Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family (after Euphorbus, physician to the king of Mauritania, 1st century).

313 genera / 8,100 species

The Euphorbiaceae are distinctive in having unisexual flowers with a superior, usually 3-carpellate ovary with 1 ovule per carpel, apical-axile in placentation; Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae have a red, yellow, or usually white (“milky”) latex and the Euphorbioideae alone have a characteristic cyathium inflorescence.

K 5 [0] C 5 [0] A 1-∞ G (3) [(2–∞)], superior.

Three subfamilies:

Acalyphoideae

Crotonoideae -colored latex

Euphorbioideae - milky (white) latex - inflorescence a cyathium

cyathium

An inflorescence bearing small, unisexual flowers and subtended by an involucre (frequently with petaloid glands), the entire inflorescence resembling a single flower.

Economic importance includes

Ricinus communis, the source of castor bean oil

and the deadly poison ricin;

Hevea brasiliensis, the major source of natural

rubber;

Manihot esculentus, cassava/manioc, a very

important food crop and the source of tapioca;

and various oil, timber, medicinal, dye, and

ornamental plants.

Succulent Euphorbia species are major

components of plant communities

Euphorbia grandicornis

Euphorbia millii

Euphorbia shoenlandii Euphorbia obesa

Euphorbia spp.

Manihot esculenta Manioc

Moraceae — Mulberry family (Latin name for mulberry). ca. 40 genera / 1100

species

The Moraceae are distinctive in being monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs with a milky latex, stipulate, simple leaves, and unisexual flowers, the female with a usually 2-carpellate (2 styled) pistil and a single, apical to subapical ovule, the fruit a multiple of achenes, in some taxa with an enlarged compound receptacle or syconium.

P (0-10) A 1-6 G (2) [(3)], superior or inferior.

Economic importance includes fruit trees, such as Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Ficus carica (edible fig), and Morus spp. (mulberry); paper, rubber, and timber trees; and some cultivated ornamentals, especially Ficus spp., figs; the leaves of Morus alba are the food source of silkworm moth larvae.

Rosaceae - Rose family (Latin for various roses). 95 genera / 2,800 species

The Rosaceae are distinctive in having usually stipulate leaves (often adnate to petiole) and an actinomorphic, generally pentamerous flower with hypathium present, variable in gynoecial fusion, ovary position, and fruit type.

K 5[3-10] C 5[0,3-10] A 20-∞[1,5] G 1-∞, superior or inferior, hypanthium present.

The Rosaceae is traditionally classified into four subfamilies (some of which are likely paraphyletic):

Spiraeoideae, with an apocarpous gynoecium forming a follicetum;

Rosoideae, with an apocarpous gynoecium forming an achenecetum or drupecetum, the receptacle varying from expanded and fleshy (e.g., Fragaria) to sunken (e.g., the hips of Rosa);

Prunoideae, with a single, superior ovaried pistil bearing one ovule, the fruit a drupe; and

Maloideae, with an inferior ovary, forming a pome.

The Rose Family

The rose is a rose,And was always a rose.But the theory now goesThat the apple's a rose,

And the pear is, and so'sThe plum, I suppose.The dear only knows

What will next prove a rose.You, of course, are a rose--

But were always a rose.

Robert Forst (1874-1963)

Rosaceae

The family is very economically important as the

source of many cultivated fruits, including

Fragaria (strawberry), Malus (apples), Prunus

(almond, apricot, cherry, peach, plum), Pyrus

(pear), and Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), as

well as essential oils (e.g., Rosa), and numerous

ornamental cultivars, such as Cotoneaster,

Photinia, Prunus (cherries), Pyracantha, Rosa

(roses), and Spiraea.

Fragaria vesca Strawberry

Malus pumila Apple

hypanthium inferiorovary

Prunus spp. Cherries, Peaches, Plums

Rosa spp.

Spiraea spp.

Brassicales

Glucosinolates - major plant secondary products in the Brassicaceae and close relatives.

- deter herbivory and parasitism

- flavoring agents in the commercially important members of the Brassicaceae, such brocolli, cauliflower, and mustard.

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) — Mustard

family (name used by Pliny for cabbagelike plants).

365 genera / 3250 species.

The Brassicaceae as treated here are distinctive in being herbs, rarely shrubs, with glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides), the perianth cruciate (petals usually clawed), the androecium with usually 2+4, tetradynamous stamens, the gynoecium with a superior, 2- carpellate/loculate ovary, with axile-parietal placentation and a usually 2-valved, dehiscent fruit with a replum (silique or silicle).

K 2+2 C 4 A 2+4 [2,4-16] G (2), superior.

Economic importance includes numerous vegetable plants

(notably the crucifers or mustard plants), including

broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage,

collards, kale (all cultivars of Brassica oleracea),

rutabaga and canola oil (B. napus), mustard (B. nigra),

turnip (B. rapa), and many more, plus numerous

cultivated ornamentals, dye plants (Isatis tinctoria,

woad), and some noxious weeds; Arabidopsis thalliana

is noted as a model for detailed molecular studies.

Brassica nigra

Cakile maritima

Cardamine californicum

Raphanus sativus

Thysanocarpus laciniatus

BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family

Armoracia rusticana HORSERADISH(L. armoracia, "horseradish" + pertaining to the country)

Part used: ROOT (more as a flavoring than a vegetable)


Brassica campestris [=B. rapa] ("of the fields") TURNIPPart used: ROOT (+ Hypocotyl)[2000 BC (India); held in low esteme; turnip from English name "to turn," appear to be turned on a lathe; First Jack O'Lantern (Irish) for All Saints' of All Hallow's Day; Americans first used pumpkins.]

top of root somewhat flat


Brassica napus RUTABAGA [RAPE, SWEDISH TURNIP] (with little turnip-like root)


Brassica napus RUTABAGA [RAPE, SWEDISH TURNIP Part used: ROOT (+Hypocotyl) Pointed at upper end (but often cut off)Cultivars selected for rape or canola oil[Hybridization/polyploidy (2n=38) bet. cabbage (2n=18) & turnip (2n=20)]

top of root more pointed seeds source of Canola oil


Brassica oleracea ("resembling garden cooking herbs"): cultivated by Greeks by 650 BC; active artificial selection, many varieties that look very different today!


Brassica oleracea v. acephala (“no head”) KALE, COLLARDPart used: LEAVES (or entire shoot)

BRASSICACEAE - Mustard familyBrassica oleracea v. botrytis BROCCOLI [= B. o. v. italica] ("cluster of grapes")Part used: FLOWERING SHOOT (flowers fertile, can turn into inflorescence)[Bred in Europe, mid-17th century]


Brassica oleracea v. cauliflora CAULIFLOWER (B. o. v. botrytis) (Gr. kaulos, "stem" + flora, flower)Part used: FLOWERING SHOOT (Flowers abortive or immature)[Bred by Arabians in 12th century; leaves gathered and tied around flowers to prevent exposure to sun and therefore green color.]


Brassica oleracea v. capitata (“head”) CABBAGEPart used: LEAVES (and stem of shoot)[Bred in Germany 1160 AD; both red & white (green) vars. grown. Sauerkraut =shredded leaves & salt in earthenware crock to preserve]


Brassica oleracea v. gemmifera BRUSSELS SPROUTS("jewels, buds" + "bearing")

Part used: Bud-like SHOOT arising from aerial stem


Raphanus sativus RADISH("Greek raphanos for "quick-appearing" + "cultivated")

Part used: ROOTIn orient, long white or black-skinned forms = “DAIKONS”[Found in Egyptian tombs, 4000 years BP]


Raphanus sativus RADISHLong white or black-skinned forms = DAIKONS

Daikons

Raphanus sativusRadish

CapparaceaeLocule 1, parietal placentation

Isomeris arborea

CleomaceaeLocule 1, parietal placentation

Cleome bassleriana

Malvaceae, s.s. - Mallow family (name used by Pliny, meaning "soft"). 111 genera / 1,800 species

• The Malvaceae s. l. are distinctive in being herbs, shrubs, or trees, often with stellate trichomes, typically with an epicalyx, the calyx valvate, the corolla often convolute [sometimes valvate or imbricate] the stamens connate into tube or 5-∞ bundles, with monothecal or bithecal anthers, gynoecium syncarpous [rarely apocarpous], ovary superior [rarely inferior], ovules axile or marginal, the fruit a capsule, schizocarp of mericarps, berry, or samara.

• K 3-5 or (3-5) C 5 [3- or 0] A 5-∞ G 2-∞ [1], superior [rarely inferior].

A.P.G.: Malvaceae, s.l.formerly 4 families:

Malvaceae, s.s.

Bombacaceae

Sterculiaceae

Tiliaceae

Economic importance includes medicinal plants;

several fiber plants, especially Gossypium spp. (cotton, the world’s most important fiber plant) and Ceiba pentandra (kapok), in both of which the seed trichomes are utilized, and Corchorus spp. (jute), a bast fiber plant and source of burlap;

food and flavoring plants, such as Theobroma cacao (cacao, the source of chocolate), Cola nitida (cola), Abelmoschus (okra), and Durio zibethinus (durian);

wood, such as Ochroma pyramidale (balsa) and Pachira aquatica;

numerous ornamental cultivars, such as Brachychiton, Chorisia (floss-silk tree), Dombeya, Fremontodendron, Hibiscus (mallows), and Tilia (linden tree). Many others, such as Adansonia digitata (baobab, tropical Africa) are of great local economic or ecological importance.

COTTON Gossypium spp. Malvaceae

Morphology - tropical/subtrop., perennial shrub (often grown as an annual) w/ simple, cordate leaves.

Fruit is a capsule, which splits open at maturity, bearing seeds. [Boll = mass of trichome covered seeds.]

Seeds covered with very long trichomes (plant hair), each a single cell (1,000 - 6,000 x longer than wide), w/ thick primary cell wall, narrow lumen.

Trichome (known as a "surface fiber") is 90% cellulose, naturally twisted, ideal for spinning.

Old World diploids (2n=26)Gossypium arboreum

G. herbaceum

G. hirsutum

G. barbadense

}New World tetraploids (4n=52)}

Gossypium hirsutum (Upland Cotton) - 95% of world’s crop

Taxonomy - both Old World and New World spp.

Apomorphies of Malvaceae

Inflorescence with “bicolor unit” (after Theobroma bicolor), consisting of a modified, 3-bracted cyme, the trimerous epicalyx of family memberspossibly derived from these 3 bracts.

Other apomorphies:valvate calyxstellate or lepidote trichomes,dilated secondary tissue rays

Hibiscus sp. Kosteletskia virginica

Bombax glabrum

Chorisia speciosa

Brachychiton discolor

Dombeya burgessiae

Dombeya sp.

Guichenotia ledifolia

Theobroma cacao

Cacao, source of chocolate

Tilia sp.

Grewia occidentalis

AnacardiaceaeCashew family

(Gr. for heart-shaped, after swollen, red pedicel in cashew

fruit). 70 genera / 875 species.

The Anacardiaceae have a broad distribution in tropical to

temperate regions. Economic importance includes ornamental cultivars (e.g., Schinus spp.), fruit and seed trees, such as Pistacia vera (pistachio), Rhus spp. (sumacs), Anacardium occidentale (cashew), and Mangifera indica (mango), plus several dye, timber, and lacquer trees. Toxicodendron spp. (poison-oak, poison-ivy) and related taxa cause contact-dermatitis, and fruits/seeds can be allergenic in sensitive individuals. See Pell & Urbatsch (2001) for a recent analysis of the family.

AnacardiaceaeCashew family

The Anacardiaceae are distinctive in being trees, shrubs, lianas, or perennial herbs with resin ducts or laticifers (some species causing allergenic responses), flowers generally 5-merous, with a nectariferous disk and single ovule per carpel, the fruit a drupe with a resinous mesocarp.

K usu. 5 or (5) C usu. 5 [0] A 5-10 [1, ∞]

G (1-3,5) [(12)], superior, rarely inferior.

Anacardiaceae

botany lecture ch8bmodified

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