botany 119- sp paper
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characterization, pls remember to cite the authors. :)TRANSCRIPT
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SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to Mr. Deemson G. Mones for his positive
suggestions and beneficial critiques during the planning and development of this study. We are
also grateful to the staff of the Baguio Heritage Hill and Prayer Mountain,
Moises Lup-ac, Mrs. Alice Ciriaco, Mrs. Rose Marie Agustin and Mr. Jared Tuazon for their help in
offering the resources in running the study. Assistance provided by the technicians, Mrs. Alice
Naniong, Mrs. Romely Fernandez, Mr. Jai
room of the University of the Philippines was greatly appreciated.
Our special thanks are extended to Mr. Bryan T. Fabro, Ms. Crystal Joan Medrano, Mr.
Arvin Jeferson Jacala, Mr. Busto Jacala, Ms. Isal
the collection of our resources.
We wish to thank our families and friends, for their support and encouragement
throughout the study.
And to God, who made things possible.
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our deep gratitude to Mr. Deemson G. Mones for his positive
suggestions and beneficial critiques during the planning and development of this study. We are
also grateful to the staff of the Baguio Heritage Hill and Prayer Mountain, Mr. Wilson Dupais, Mr.
ac, Mrs. Alice Ciriaco, Mrs. Rose Marie Agustin and Mr. Jared Tuazon for their help in
offering the resources in running the study. Assistance provided by the technicians, Mrs. Alice
Naniong, Mrs. Romely Fernandez, Mr. Jairus Policarpio and Ms. Amor Pasigon of the instruments
room of the University of the Philippines was greatly appreciated.
Our special thanks are extended to Mr. Bryan T. Fabro, Ms. Crystal Joan Medrano, Mr.
Arvin Jeferson Jacala, Mr. Busto Jacala, Ms. Isaland Jacala and Ms. Jianne Jacala, for their aid with
the collection of our resources.
We wish to thank our families and friends, for their support and encouragement
And to God, who made things possible.
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to Mr. Deemson G. Mones for his positive
suggestions and beneficial critiques during the planning and development of this study. We are
Mr. Wilson Dupais, Mr.
ac, Mrs. Alice Ciriaco, Mrs. Rose Marie Agustin and Mr. Jared Tuazon for their help in
offering the resources in running the study. Assistance provided by the technicians, Mrs. Alice
rus Policarpio and Ms. Amor Pasigon of the instruments
Our special thanks are extended to Mr. Bryan T. Fabro, Ms. Crystal Joan Medrano, Mr.
and Jacala and Ms. Jianne Jacala, for their aid with
We wish to thank our families and friends, for their support and encouragement
-
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
I. Introduction
From the quiet world of the old
Diplomat Hotel in Baguio City, lies a species
of milkweed known as Asclepias physocarpa
It is commonly called in said place as
Indonesian puffball because of the bloated
appearance of its fruit; but, in general it is
often called as Swan plant, Balloon plant,
Oscar milkweed, and Family Jewels.
Figure 1. Indonesian Puff Ball (physocarpa)
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
From the quiet world of the old
Diplomat Hotel in Baguio City, lies a species
Asclepias physocarpa.
It is commonly called in said place as
Indonesian puffball because of the bloated
appearance of its fruit; but, in general it is
n called as Swan plant, Balloon plant,
Oscar milkweed, and Family Jewels.
Indonesian Puff Ball (Asclepias
It belongs to the family,
Apocynaceae, which are usually trees,
shrubs, herbs, lianas, and vines that are
Laticifers that produces milky sap (Olson,
2013). Asclepias physocarpa
as Gomphocarpus physocarpus
origin in Africa (Asclepi
Milkweed for Monarchs, 2008
Just like any other milkweeds,
Asclepias species secrete a milky sap, with
poisonous cardiac glycosides that attracts
species of insects such as Monarch
butterflies and serves as their source of
food. All of its parts are poisonous when
ingested but some species developed
resistance to its toxins and acquire it in
their system. It makes the affected species
poisonous too for their predators. It usually
grows 36-48 in., 4-6 ft., 6
seeds are spread through breeze.
The balloon plant is often
categorized as tropicals and perennials
which usually bloom during mid
late summer or early fall. They are widely
distributed in pantropical, subtropical, and
temperate zones.
There exists various importance of
this plant. As mentioned earlier its sap is
used as primary source of food for some
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
It belongs to the family,
Apocynaceae, which are usually trees,
shrubs, herbs, lianas, and vines that are
Laticifers that produces milky sap (Olson,
Asclepias physocarpa was renamed
Gomphocarpus physocarpus to reveal its
origin in Africa (Asclepias physocarpa
Milkweed for Monarchs, 2008-2013).
Just like any other milkweeds,
Asclepias species secrete a milky sap, with
poisonous cardiac glycosides that attracts
species of insects such as Monarch
butterflies and serves as their source of
of its parts are poisonous when
ingested but some species developed
resistance to its toxins and acquire it in
their system. It makes the affected species
poisonous too for their predators. It usually
6 ft., 6-8 ft. in height. Its
are spread through breeze.
The balloon plant is often
categorized as tropicals and perennials
which usually bloom during mid-summer,
late summer or early fall. They are widely
distributed in pantropical, subtropical, and
various importance of
this plant. As mentioned earlier its sap is
used as primary source of food for some
-
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
insects. This plant is also used to cure
various ailments. They were also cultivated
as hypoallergenic filling for pillows
(Evangelista, 2007).
The Balloon plant has leaves, stem,
and roots, as their vegetative structures
which are known to belong in the
Dicotyledonae. Its reproductive structures
are flowers, and a unique puffy fruit.
Its unique fruit is circular and puffy
with soft bristles around it. The plants
unique appearance was the sole reason for
the groups characterization and the
presence of its sap which was discovered to
be poisonous.
II. Methodology
The plant specimen was collected at
Baguio Heritage Hill and Prayer Mountain,
Diplomat Hotel Baguio City. The plant
specimen was soaked in water in order to
avoid desiccation and dehydration of plant
parts and further damage of plant tissues.
Different plant parts were subjected
to free-hand sectioning including the stems,
roots, leaf, petiole and midrib. Casting
method was used for the leaves of the plant
specimen to obtain surface sections of the
epidermis of the leaf.
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
insects. This plant is also used to cure
various ailments. They were also cultivated
as hypoallergenic filling for pillows
The Balloon plant has leaves, stem,
and roots, as their vegetative structures
which are known to belong in the
Dicotyledonae. Its reproductive structures
are flowers, and a unique puffy fruit.
Its unique fruit is circular and puffy
d it. The plants
unique appearance was the sole reason for
the groups characterization and the
presence of its sap which was discovered to
The plant specimen was collected at
Baguio Heritage Hill and Prayer Mountain,
tel Baguio City. The plant
specimen was soaked in water in order to
avoid desiccation and dehydration of plant
parts and further damage of plant tissues.
Different plant parts were subjected
hand sectioning including the stems,
and midrib. Casting
method was used for the leaves of the plant
specimen to obtain surface sections of the
After sectioning, the sectioned plant
parts were placed in labeled vials filled with
FAA solution to fix plant cells and tiss
After a few days of soaking in FAA, the
sectioned parts are now subjected to the
staining procedure.
The fixed sections were placed in
40% ethyl alcohol to be dehydrated. The
sections were rinsed with 50% ethanol for
30 to 60 seconds. After rinsing, t
were now transferred to vials containing
1% Safranin in 50% alcohol and
haematoxylin. The sections were stained for
about 24 hours to achieve maximum
results.
After the preliminary staining, the
sections were transferred to a petri dish
with 50% acidified alcohol to remove
excess stain. The sections were now
subjected to 95% alcohol for 5 minutes in
order to halt the decolorizing effect of the
acidified alcohol. The sections were now
placed in a dish of Fast Green for 2
seconds and were washe
to remove excess Fast Green stain. The
sections were now transferred to a dish of
50-50 mixture of xylene and absolute
alcohol. Afterwards, the sections were now
placed to a dish of xylene and were soaked
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
After sectioning, the sectioned plant
parts were placed in labeled vials filled with
FAA solution to fix plant cells and tissues.
After a few days of soaking in FAA, the
sectioned parts are now subjected to the
The fixed sections were placed in
40% ethyl alcohol to be dehydrated. The
sections were rinsed with 50% ethanol for
30 to 60 seconds. After rinsing, the sections
were now transferred to vials containing
1% Safranin in 50% alcohol and
haematoxylin. The sections were stained for
about 24 hours to achieve maximum
After the preliminary staining, the
sections were transferred to a petri dish
0% acidified alcohol to remove
excess stain. The sections were now
subjected to 95% alcohol for 5 minutes in
order to halt the decolorizing effect of the
acidified alcohol. The sections were now
placed in a dish of Fast Green for 2-3
seconds and were washed with 95% alcohol
to remove excess Fast Green stain. The
sections were now transferred to a dish of
50 mixture of xylene and absolute
alcohol. Afterwards, the sections were now
placed to a dish of xylene and were soaked
-
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
for about 10 minutes. The sectio
placed in a glass slide and a drop of xylene
was added to every section to avoid
desiccation and was examined if the
sections were suitable for mounting.
The desired sections were mounted
on clean glass slides using Canada balsam
and cover slip was placed above the glass
slide with the mounted specimen. The
specimens were allowed to dry and
properly labeled.
III. Results/Characterization
DERMAL TISSUES
Figure 2. epidermis with cuticle
Basing from the figure of the cross
section of stem shown above,
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
for about 10 minutes. The sections were
placed in a glass slide and a drop of xylene
was added to every section to avoid
desiccation and was examined if the
sections were suitable for mounting.
The desired sections were mounted
on clean glass slides using Canada balsam
placed above the glass
slide with the mounted specimen. The
specimens were allowed to dry and
Results/Characterization
with cuticle
Basing from the figure of the cross-
section of stem shown above, Asclepias
physocarpa has a uniseriate
epidermis. It has simple trichomes.
These trichomes are unbranched and
can be classified as simple hairs.
Figure 3. Epidermis of stem
exhibiting simple hairs
VASCULAR TISSUES
In, Leaves a vascular cambium is
present in between the primary xylem and
and phloem.
Figure 4. leaf vascular tissues phloem (ph), and xylem (xy)
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
has a uniseriate
epidermis. It has simple trichomes.
These trichomes are unbranched and
can be classified as simple hairs.
3. Epidermis of stem
ing simple hairs
VASCULAR TISSUES
In, Leaves a vascular cambium is
present in between the primary xylem and
vascular tissues phloem (ph), and xylem (xy)
-
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
In stem, the phloem form circular
bundles and forming a cylinder around the
surface of the plant. The vascular cambium
is in between the primary xylem and
phloem. The phloem is posterior to the
vascular cambium. It has sclerified
tracheids and is composed of sieve tube
elements.
Figure 5. stem vascular tissues, phloem (ph), xylem (xy)
In the roots, the xylem region
dominates most of its bulk. A vascular
cambium is present in between the phloem
and xylem and cork cambium is also
present in between the phellem and
phelloderm which is posterior to the cortex.
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
In stem, the phloem form circular
bundles and forming a cylinder around the
surface of the plant. The vascular cambium
is in between the primary xylem and
phloem. The phloem is posterior to the
. It has sclerified
tracheids and is composed of sieve tube
. stem vascular tissues, phloem
In the roots, the xylem region
dominates most of its bulk. A vascular
cambium is present in between the phloem
rk cambium is also
present in between the phellem and
phelloderm which is posterior to the cortex.
Figure 6. Tracheid( tr), sieve tube elements (sv)
The xylem region has sclerified
tracheids and the phloem region is
composed of sieve tube elements.
Figure 7. roots vascular tissues, xylem (xy) and phloem (ph)
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
. Tracheid( tr), sieve tube elements
The xylem region has sclerified
tracheids and the phloem region is
composed of sieve tube elements.
. roots vascular tissues, xylem (xy) and phloem (ph)
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SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
ROOT
In cross-section, the xylem forms
most of the bulk of the root. A vascular
cambium is present in between the xylem
and phloem. Cortex is also present and is
isodiametric in shape. It has no
roots form secondary growth; therefore, it
has cork cambium that gives rise to its
phellem and phelloderm.
Asclepias physocarpa, has a fibrous
type of root system. It is woody and
undergoes secondary growth.
Figure 8. xylem (xy), vascular (v.c), phloem (ph), xylem ray, phelloderm,
phellogen, phellem
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
section, the xylem forms
most of the bulk of the root. A vascular
cambium is present in between the xylem
and phloem. Cortex is also present and is
isodiametric in shape. It has no pith. The
roots form secondary growth; therefore, it
has cork cambium that gives rise to its
, has a fibrous
type of root system. It is woody and
. xylem (xy), vascular cambium (v.c), phloem (ph), xylem ray, phelloderm,
phellogen, phellem
Figure 9. Xylem ray
The xylem region dominates most of
its bulk. A vascular cambium is present in
between the phloem and xylem and cork
cambium is also present in between the
phellem and phelloderm which is posterior
to the cortex.
STEM
The phloem forms circular bundles
and forming a cylinder around the
cylindrical portion of the plant body. The
vascular cambium is in between the
primary xylem and phloem. The phloem is
posterior to the vascular cambium
LEAF
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
. Xylem ray
The xylem region dominates most of
its bulk. A vascular cambium is present in
between the phloem and xylem and cork
cambium is also present in between the
and phelloderm which is posterior
The phloem forms circular bundles
and forming a cylinder around the
cylindrical portion of the plant body. The
vascular cambium is in between the
primary xylem and phloem. The phloem is
vascular cambium
-
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
The leaves are entire, simple and
lanceolate to linear in form. It is deciduous
and petiolate.
Figure 10. Lanceolate to linear in form leaves
The cross section of the leaf shows
that it truly belongs to the eudicots because
of the presence of an adaxial palisade
mesophyll layer and an abaxial spongy
mesophyll layer. It has a uniseriate
epidermis with trichomes. The palisade
mesophyll is composed of elongated
parenchyma cells; while the spongy layer is
composed of spongy irregular parenchyma
cells. The presence of cuticle and simple
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
The leaves are entire, simple and
It is deciduous
. Lanceolate to linear in form
The cross section of the leaf shows
that it truly belongs to the eudicots because
of the presence of an adaxial palisade
mesophyll layer and an abaxial spongy
mesophyll layer. It has a uniseriate
epidermis with trichomes. The palisade
of elongated
parenchyma cells; while the spongy layer is
composed of spongy irregular parenchyma
cells. The presence of cuticle and simple
hair trichomes in the epidermis was also
evident.
Figure 11. simple hairs trichomes (tr), xylem (xy), phloem (ph),
(v.c), isodiametric parenchyma (iso), uniseriate epidermis (ep)
Figure 12. elongated palisade mesophyll (pd), irregular spongy mesophyll
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
hair trichomes in the epidermis was also
. simple hairs trichomes (tr), xylem (xy), phloem (ph), vascular cambium
(v.c), isodiametric parenchyma (iso), uniseriate epidermis (ep)
. elongated palisade mesophyll (pd), irregular spongy mesophyll
-
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
FRUIT
The follicles are pale green, and in
shape of an inflated sphere. It is covered
with rough hairs. It reaches three inches in
diameter.
STOMATAL COMPLEX
The plant has bean or kidney
shaped guard cells indicating that it is a
eudicot. The stomatal complex as observed
was paracytic.
Figure 13. Stomatal complex in the leaf and a simple trichome emerging from it
Figure 14. Stomatal complex cell and a paracytic subsidiary cell
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
The follicles are pale green, and in
shape of an inflated sphere. It is covered
irs. It reaches three inches in
STOMATAL COMPLEX
The plant has bean or kidney-
shaped guard cells indicating that it is a
eudicot. The stomatal complex as observed
Stomatal complex in the leaf and a simple trichome emerging from it
Stomatal complex with guard cell and a paracytic subsidiary cell
SECONDARY GROWTH
Since there is secondary growth,
periderm is present in stems and roots
Figure 15. Periderm evident in the stem
GENERAL TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTION
Shrubby perennial, much branched from
the base, up to 1.5(2.5) m tall, all parts
with latex, branches erect, densely hairy
when young, woody at base, with taproot.
Leaves opposite, simple and entire; petiole
110 mm long; blade linear to narrowly
linear-elliptical, (2.5)4
0.8(1.3) cm, base cuneate, apex attenuate,
mucronate, yellowish-green, sparsely to
densely hairy with soft white hairs on veins.
Inflorescences an extra
umbel, 47(12)-flowered; peduncle 1.5
3(4) cm long; bracts filiform, deciduous.
Flowers bisexual, regular, 5
12.5 cm long; sepals lanceolate or
triangular, 25 mm long, attenuate; corolla
reflexed, white, yellowis
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
SECONDARY GROWTH
Since there is secondary growth,
periderm is present in stems and roots.
Periderm evident in the stem
TAXONOMIC
Shrubby perennial, much branched from
2.5) m tall, all parts
with latex, branches erect, densely hairy
when young, woody at base, with taproot.
mple and entire; petiole
10 mm long; blade linear to narrowly
12 cm (0.2)0.3
1.3) cm, base cuneate, apex attenuate,
green, sparsely to
densely hairy with soft white hairs on veins.
extra-axillary nodding
flowered; peduncle 1.5
4) cm long; bracts filiform, deciduous.
Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous; pedicel
2.5 cm long; sepals lanceolate or
5 mm long, attenuate; corolla
reflexed, white, yellowish or pink, lobes
-
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
ovate, 58 mm 35 mm, acute, margins
ciliate; corona lobes attached 1
above base of staminal column, laterally
compressed, 24 mm 1.53 mm, as tall as
the column, upper margins entire, proximal
margins a pair of falcate teeth c.
long, pointing back along the upper margins
of the lobe or curved down into the cavity;
anther wings 1.52 mm long; ovary
superior, carpels 2, free, stigma head flat.
Fruit a pair of upright follicles, each follicle
ovoid, 47 cm 1.52.5 cm, ta
gradually or abruptly into a long beak,
strongly or weakly inflated, balloon
papery, pale green, sometimes tinged
reddish, short-hairy, with or without soft
spiny processes, many-seeded. Seeds ovate
with one convex and one concave face, 3.5
5 mm c. 2 mm, warted, brownish grey,
coma 2.53 cm long.
NONARTICULATED BRANCHED
LATICIFERS IN Asclepias
physocarpa
Laticifers are cells or series of
connected cells containing a
latex (plural, latices) and forming
that permeate various tissues of the plant
body. The word laticifer and its adjectival
form laticiferous are derived from the word
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
5 mm, acute, margins
ciliate; corona lobes attached 11.5 mm
above base of staminal column, laterally
3 mm, as tall as
the column, upper margins entire, proximal
margins a pair of falcate teeth c. 11.5 mm
long, pointing back along the upper margins
of the lobe or curved down into the cavity;
2 mm long; ovary
superior, carpels 2, free, stigma head flat.
Fruit a pair of upright follicles, each follicle
2.5 cm, tapering
gradually or abruptly into a long beak,
strongly or weakly inflated, balloon-like,
papery, pale green, sometimes tinged
hairy, with or without soft
seeded. Seeds ovate
with one convex and one concave face, 3.5
mm c. 2 mm, warted, brownish grey,
NONARTICULATED BRANCHED
Asclepias
Laticifers are cells or series of
ected cells containing a fluid called
(plural, latices) and forming systems
that permeate various tissues of the plant
body. The word laticifer and its adjectival
form laticiferous are derived from the word
latex, meaning juice in Latin. Although the
structures bearing latex may be single cells
or series of fused cells, bo
produce complex systems of tube
growth form in which recognition of the
limits of individual cells is highly
problematical. The term laticifer therefore
appears most useful if applied to either a
single cell or a structure resulting fro
fusion of cells (Evert, 2006).
The branched nonarticulated
laticifers of the Euphorbiaceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, and
Moraceae arise during the development of
the embryo in the form of relatively few
primordia, or initials, then grow
concomitantly with the plant into branched
systems permeating the whole plant body
(Mahlberg, 1961, 1963; Cass, 1985;
Murugan and Inamdar, 1987; Rudall, 1987,
1994; van Veenendaal and den Outer, 1990;
Roy and De, 1992; Da Cunha et al., 1998).
In the Asclepiadaceae, th
initials appear in the embryo as the
cotyledons are being initiated, and are
located in the plane of the embryo that later
represents the cotyledonary node. In some
species, the initials arise in the outer region
of the future vascular cylinder
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
latex, meaning juice in Latin. Although the
structures bearing latex may be single cells
or series of fused cells, both kinds often
produce complex systems of tube-like
growth form in which recognition of the
limits of individual cells is highly
problematical. The term laticifer therefore
appears most useful if applied to either a
single cell or a structure resulting from
fusion of cells (Evert, 2006).
The branched nonarticulated
laticifers of the Euphorbiaceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, and
Moraceae arise during the development of
the embryo in the form of relatively few
primordia, or initials, then grow
with the plant into branched
systems permeating the whole plant body
(Mahlberg, 1961, 1963; Cass, 1985;
Murugan and Inamdar, 1987; Rudall, 1987,
1994; van Veenendaal and den Outer, 1990;
Roy and De, 1992; Da Cunha et al., 1998).
In the Asclepiadaceae, the laticifer
initials appear in the embryo as the
cotyledons are being initiated, and are
located in the plane of the embryo that later
represents the cotyledonary node. In some
species, the initials arise in the outer region
of the future vascular cylinder (i.e., from the
-
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
procambium that will develop into
protophloem); in others, they arise just
outside the future vascular cylinder. In
either case, the laticifer initials are closely
associated spatially with the phloem. The
number of initials varies both be
within species. The initials form protrusions
in various directions, and the apices of these
protrusions push their way intercellularly
among the surrounding cells by intrusive
growth, in a manner resembling the growth
of a fungal hypha. Typically the laticifer
initials penetrate downward into the root
and upward into the cotyledons and toward
the shoot apex. Additional branches rapidly
penetrate the cortex, extending as far as the
sub-epidermal layer; others penetrate the
pith (Evert, 2013).
FUNCTION OF LATICIFERS
The majority, if not all, of the
milkweedsin particular, the members of
the Genus Asclepias, including
physocarpacontain the sticky white latex
sap that you see when you cut or break the
leaves or stems. The latex, plus other
chemical components such as cardenolides,
are the plants defense against herbivores.
There are insects that do thrive on the
milkweeds (e.g, the monarch butterfly,
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
procambium that will develop into
protophloem); in others, they arise just
outside the future vascular cylinder. In
either case, the laticifer initials are closely
associated spatially with the phloem. The
number of initials varies both between and
within species. The initials form protrusions
in various directions, and the apices of these
protrusions push their way intercellularly
among the surrounding cells by intrusive
growth, in a manner resembling the growth
y the laticifer
initials penetrate downward into the root
and upward into the cotyledons and toward
the shoot apex. Additional branches rapidly
penetrate the cortex, extending as far as the
epidermal layer; others penetrate the
TION OF LATICIFERS
The majority, if not all, of the
in particular, the members of
the Genus Asclepias, including A.
contain the sticky white latex
sap that you see when you cut or break the
leaves or stems. The latex, plus other
al components such as cardenolides,
are the plants defense against herbivores.
There are insects that do thrive on the
milkweeds (e.g, the monarch butterfly,
Danaus plexippus) and have devised
strategies to subvert the plant's defenses.
(Angrawal, A. and M. Fishbein., 2006)
IV. SUMMARY
From the family
tropical perennial milkweed
puffball (Asclepias physocarpa
by the group to characterize because of the
unique puffy appearance of its fruit. It has a
uniseriate epidermis, simple
kidney-shaped guard cells
stomatal complex. Since there is secondary
growth, periderm and vascular cambium
are present in stems and roots.
region has sclerified tracheids and the
phloem region is composed of sieve tube
elements in stems and roots.
entire, simple and lanceolate to linear
form. There is the presence of an adaxial
elongated parenchyma palisade mesophyll
layer and an abaxial irregular parenchyma
spongy mesophyll layer.
physocarpa has a fibrous type of root
system. Its cortex is isodiametric in shape.
The flower is umbels of white stellate
flowers and the fruit is a pod.
laticifers was also present in the plant body.
V. REFERENCES
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
) and have devised
strategies to subvert the plant's defenses.
. Fishbein., 2006)
family Apocynaceae, the
milkweed Indonesian
Asclepias physocarpa) was chosen
by the group to characterize because of the
unique puffy appearance of its fruit. It has a
simple hair trichomes,
shaped guard cells and paracytic
stomatal complex. Since there is secondary
growth, periderm and vascular cambium
are present in stems and roots. The xylem
region has sclerified tracheids and the
phloem region is composed of sieve tube
in stems and roots. The leaves are
entire, simple and lanceolate to linear in
form. There is the presence of an adaxial
elongated parenchyma palisade mesophyll
layer and an abaxial irregular parenchyma
spongy mesophyll layer. Asclepias
has a fibrous type of root
cortex is isodiametric in shape.
mbels of white stellate
and the fruit is a pod. Abundance of
also present in the plant body.
REFERENCES
-
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Asclepias physocarpa. Retrieved
from
http://en.hortipedia.com/wik/Ascle
pias_physocarpa. Accessed on
September 14, 2013
Common milkweed. Retrieved from
http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes
/ecology common_milkweed.htm.
Accessed on September 14
PlantFiles: Swan Plant, Balloon
Plant, cotton-bush, Oscar,Hairy
Balls, Giant Swan Milkweed
Gomphocarpus physocarpus. (2000
2013). Retrieved from
http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf
/go/61453/#ixzz2ev
Accessed on September 14, 2013.
Asclepias physocarpa Milkweed for
Monarchs. (2008-2013). Retrieved
from
http://www.joyfulbutterf
icles/asclepias-physocarpa.html.
Accessed on September 14
Apocynaceae: The Milkweed and
Oleander Family. (2013). Retrieved
from
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classe
s/bio366/families/Apocynaceae.pdf
. Accessed on September 15
Balloon plant. Retrieved from
http://www.flowersofindia.net/cat
log/slides/ Balloon%20Plant.html
Accessed on September 15,2013.
Asclepias.(2013). Retri
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascle
pias. Accessed on September 15
2013.
Everitt, J.H.; Lonard, R.L., Little, C.R.
(2007). Weeds in South Texas and
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Asclepias physocarpa. Retrieved
ttp://en.hortipedia.com/wik/Ascle
pias_physocarpa. Accessed on
Common milkweed. Retrieved from
http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes
/ecology common_milkweed.htm.
Accessed on September 14, 2013.
wan Plant, Balloon
bush, Oscar,Hairy
Balls, Giant Swan Milkweed
physocarpus. (2000-
2013). Retrieved from
http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf
CY014C.
Accessed on September 14, 2013.
Asclepias physocarpa Milkweed for
2013). Retrieved
http://www.joyfulbutterfly.com/art
physocarpa.html.
Accessed on September 14, 2013.
Apocynaceae: The Milkweed and
Oleander Family. (2013). Retrieved
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classe
s/bio366/families/Apocynaceae.pdf
. Accessed on September 15, 2013.
Balloon plant. Retrieved from
http://www.flowersofindia.net/cata
log/slides/ Balloon%20Plant.html.
Accessed on September 15,2013.
Asclepias.(2013). Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascle
pias. Accessed on September 15,
Everitt, J.H.; Lonard, R.L., Little, C.R.
Weeds in South Texas and
Northern Mexico. Lubbock: Texas
Tech University Press.
89672-614-2
"Taxon: Asclepias
Resources Information Network
United States Department of
Agriculture. 2003
2013-02-05.
Ramanujan, Krishna (Winter 2008).
Discoveries: Milkweed evolves to
shrug off predation".
Woodlands (Center for
Woodlands Education)
Evangelista, R.L. (2007). "Milkweed
seed wing removal to improve oil
extraction". Industrial Crops and
Products 25 (2):210
6/j.indcrop.2006.10.002
McCullough, Elizabeth A. (April
1991). "Evaluation of
Floss as an Insulative Fill
Material". Textile
Journal 61 (4): 203
Asclepias subverticillata (A.
Gray)Vail, USDA PLANTS
"GRIN Species Records
of Asclepias". Germplasm Resources
Information Network. United States
Department of Agriculture.
Retrieved 2011-02
Asclepias physocarpa. (2013).
Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascl
pias_physocarpa. Accessed on
September 15, 2013.
Llamas, Kirsten Albrecht
(2003). Tropical Flowering Plants:
Guide to Identification
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Northern Mexico. Lubbock: Texas
Tech University Press. ISBN 0-
Asclepias L.". Germplasm
Resources Information Network.
United States Department of
Agriculture. 2003-03-13. Retrieved
Ramanujan, Krishna (Winter 2008).
Discoveries: Milkweed evolves to
rug off predation". Northern
(Center for Northern
Education) 15 (4): 56.
Evangelista, R.L. (2007). "Milkweed
seed wing removal to improve oil
Industrial Crops and
(2):210217.doi:10.101
6/j.indcrop.2006.10.002
McCullough, Elizabeth A. (April
"Evaluation of Milkweed
Floss as an Insulative Fill
Textile Research
(4): 203-210.
Asclepias subverticillata (A.
SDA PLANTS
"GRIN Species Records
Germplasm Resources
Information Network. United States
Department of Agriculture.
02-22.
Asclepias physocarpa. (2013).
trieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascl
pias_physocarpa. Accessed on
, 2013.
Llamas, Kirsten Albrecht
Tropical Flowering Plants: A
Guide to Identification and
http://en.hortipedia.com/wiki/Asclepias_physocarpa. Accessed on September 14http://en.hortipedia.com/wiki/Asclepias_physocarpa. Accessed on September 14http://en.hortipedia.com/wiki/Asclepias_physocarpa. Accessed on September 14http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology common_milkweed.htm. Accessed on September 14http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology common_milkweed.htm. Accessed on September 14http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology common_milkweed.htm. Accessed on September 14http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/61453/http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/61453/http://www.joyfulbutterfly.com/articles/asclepias-physocarpa.html. Accessed on September 14http://www.joyfulbutterfly.com/articles/asclepias-physocarpa.html. Accessed on September 14http://www.joyfulbutterfly.com/articles/asclepias-physocarpa.html. Accessed on September 14http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bio366/families/Apocynaceae.pdf. Accessed on September 15http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bio366/families/Apocynaceae.pdf. Accessed on September 15http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bio366/families/Apocynaceae.pdf. Accessed on September 15http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/ Balloon Plant.htmlhttp://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/ Balloon Plant.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias. Accessed on September 15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias. Accessed on September 15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0896726142http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0896726142http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1031http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.indcrop.2006.10.002http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.indcrop.2006.10.002http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=textiles_facpubhttp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=textiles_facpubhttp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=textiles_facpubhttp://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ASSU2http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ASSU2http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1031http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1031http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascl pias_physocarpa. Accessed on September 15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascl pias_physocarpa. Accessed on September 15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascl pias_physocarpa. Accessed on September 15
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SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Cultivation. Timber Press. p.
73. ISBN 0-88192-585-
Iremonger, Susan (2002).
the Plants of the Blue Mountains of
Jamaica. The University of
Indies Press. p. 47. ISBN 976
031-8.
http://database.prota.org/PROTAht
ml/Gomphocarpus%20fruticosus_E
n.htm Gurib-Fakim, A., 2011.
Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.)
W.T.Aiton. In: Schmelzer, G.H.
Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors).
11(2):Medicinal plants/Plantes
mdicinales 2. [CD-Rom]. PROTA,
Wageningen, Netherlands.
van Wyk, Ben-Erik; Wink, Michael
(2004). Medicinal Plants of
World: an illustrated scientific guide
APPENDIX:
Asclepias physocarpa (Milkweed) fruit
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Cultivation. Timber Press. p.
-3.
Iremonger, Susan (2002). A Guide to
the Plants of the Blue Mountains of
Jamaica. The University of West
ISBN 976-640-
http://database.prota.org/PROTAht
ml/Gomphocarpus%20fruticosus_E
Fakim, A., 2011.
Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.)
W.T.Aiton. In: Schmelzer, G.H. &
Fakim, A. (Editors). Prota
plants/Plantes
Rom]. PROTA,
ingen, Netherlands.
Erik; Wink, Michael
Medicinal Plants of the
World: an illustrated scientific guide
to importantplants and their uses.
Timber Press. p. 58.
602-7.
Graf, Michael (1999).
Tahoe Basin: Flowering Plants,
Trees, and Ferns
Guide. University of California Press.
p. 98. ISBN 978-0
Asclepias physocarpa (Milkweed) fruit
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
to importantplants and their uses.
Timber Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-88192-
Graf, Michael (1999). Plants of the
Tahoe Basin: Flowering Plants,
Trees, and Ferns : a Photographic
Guide. University of California Press.
0-520-21583-2.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881925853http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9766400318http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9766400318http://database.prota.org/%09PROTAhtml/Gomphocarpus%25%0920fruticosus_En.htmhttp://database.prota.org/%09PROTAhtml/Gomphocarpus%25%0920fruticosus_En.htmhttp://database.prota.org/%09PROTAhtml/Gomphocarpus%25%0920fruticosus_En.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881926027http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881926027http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21583-2
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SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Ascle
Characterization of Indonesia Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/ Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa) SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Bot 119 Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones)Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Philippines- Baguio, Baguio City, 2600 1st Semester A.Y. 2013-2014
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
Asclepias physocarpa (Milkweed) flowers
Puff Ball/ Swan Ball/
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K.,
Plant Anatomy (Mr. Deemson Mones) , University of the
SORIANO, D.F., MAYRINA, M., SOLOMON, R., PAGLINGAYEN K., RAMIREZ, C.
/Figure 4. leaf vascular tissues phloem (ph), and xylem (xy)In stem, the phloem form circular bundles and forming a cylinder around the surface of the plant. The vascular cambium is in between the primary xylem and phloem. The phloem is posterior to the vascular cambium. It has sclerified tracheids and is composed of sieve tube elements./Figure 5. stem vascular tissues, phloem (ph), xylem (xy)In the roots, the xylem region dominates most of its bulk. A vascular cambium is present in between the phloem and xylem and cork cambium is also present in between the phellem and phelloderm which is posterior to the cortex. /Figure 6. Tracheid( tr), sieve tube elements (sv)The xylem region has sclerified tracheids and the phloem region is composed of sieve tube elements./Figure 7. roots vascular tissues, xylem (xy) and phloem (ph)/Figure 8. xylem (xy), vascular cambium (v.c), phloem (ph), xylem ray, phelloderm, phellogen, phellem/Figure 9. Xylem ray/Figure 10. Lanceolate to linear in form leavesThe cross section of the leaf shows that it truly belongs to the eudicots because of the presence of an adaxial palisade mesophyll layer and an abaxial spongy mesophyll layer. It has a uniseriate epidermis with trichomes. The palisade mesophyll is composed of elongated parenchyma cells; while the spongy layer is composed of spongy irregular parenchyma cells. The presence of cuticle and simple hair trichomes in the epidermis was also evident./Figure 11. simple hairs trichomes (tr), xylem (xy), phloem (ph), vascular cambium (v.c), isodiametric parenchyma (iso), uniseriate epidermis (ep)/Figure 12. elongated palisade mesophyll (pd), irregular spongy mesophyll