boseeinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… ·...

22
1. Some not-so-well-known aspects of BEC 2. New formulation of spin-wave expansion for QAF 3. QAF in a uniform magnetic field: QEC of magnons  Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons and spin-wave interactions in quantum antiferromagnets            Peter Kopietz,  Universität Frankfurt collaborators: Nils Hasselmann, Andreas Kreisel,  Sascha Ledowski,Florian Schütz, Andreas Sinner S. Ledowski, N. Hasselmann, PK, Phys Rev A 69, 061601(R) (2004) A. Sinner, F. Schütz, PK, Phys Rev A 74, 023608 (2006) N. Hasselmann and PK, Europhys. Lett. 74, 1067 (2006) A. Kreisel, N. Hasselmann, and PK, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 067203 (2007) Talk at Rutherford Appleton Lab, March 13, 2007

Upload: others

Post on 17-Jun-2020

3 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

1. Some not­so­well­known aspects of BEC2. New formulation of spin­wave expansion for QAF3. QAF in a uniform magnetic field: QEC of magnons

 Bose­Einstein condensation of magnons and spin­wave interactions

in quantum antiferromagnets

           Peter Kopietz,  Universität Frankfurtcollaborators: Nils Hasselmann, Andreas Kreisel, Sascha Ledowski,Florian Schütz, Andreas Sinner

S. Ledowski, N. Hasselmann, PK, Phys Rev A 69, 061601(R) (2004)A. Sinner, F. Schütz, PK, Phys Rev A 74, 023608 (2006)N. Hasselmann and PK, Europhys. Lett. 74, 1067 (2006)A. Kreisel, N. Hasselmann, and PK, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 067203 (2007)

Talk at Rutherford Appleton Lab, March 13, 2007

Page 2: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

      

1.Some not­so­well known aspectsof Bose­Einstein condensation

    

  Hamiltonian of the interacting Bose gas:

(BEC):

is of order unity

Spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB): expectation value of is of order unity

Thermodynamic limit for

Finite systems: no SSB but BEC possible!

Bose­Einstein condensation

expectation value of

Page 3: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

   a) non­interacting bosons: Landau functions   A. Sinner, F. Schütz, PK, Phys Rev A 74, 023608 (2006)

probability distributions of eigenvaluesand of operators and

canonical partition function:

Landau functions develop minima if relevant dimensioless density

is sufficiently large.

Page 4: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

   b) effect of interactions on the critical temperature for BEC   G. Baym et al, PRL 1999, functional RG: S. Ledowski, N. Hasselmann, PK, PRA 2004

Critical temperature for BEC in the free Bose gas (D=3):

Question: Do interactions increase or decrease the critical temperature?

This is a non­perturbative problem!  Need sophisticated field­theoreticalmethods, such as  functional renormalization group flow equations:

Answer:

s­wave scattering length

Page 5: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

c) interacting bosons at T=0: Bogoliubov theory

Euclidian action for interacting Bose gas (constant chemical potential):

symmetrized interaction:

Bogoliubov­shift:

(N. Bogoliubov, 1947)

Page 6: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

...Bogoliubov continued...

     

dispersion of single­particle excitations:

condensate density at zero temperature:

velocity of Goldstone mode:

Correlation functions: 

longitudinal transverse

Page 7: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

 (d) beyond Bogoliubov C. Castellani, C. Di Castro, F. Pistolesi, G. C. Strinati, PRL 1997, PRB 2004

●in dimensions d <= 3 Bogoliubov fixed point is unstable  towards a different fixed point characterized by the divergence of thelongitudinal correlation function

●lots of divergencies in perturbation theory 

●lots of cancellations controlled by Ward identities

●critical contiuum in longitudinal structure factor

●observable? Yes: in BEC of magnons!

Page 8: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

2.New formulation of the spin­waveexpansion for antiferromagnets

(a) Warmup: Heisenberg ferromagnetN. Hasselmann, PK, Europhys. Lett. 74, 1067 (2006)

Hamiltonianfor nearest neighbors

Map to Boson­problem via Holstein­Primakoff transformation:

Page 9: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

Why not BEC of Holstein­Primakoff bosons in ferromagnets?

Fourier transform of two­body boson interaction:

effective interaction vanishes at long wavelenths:

ferromagnetic spin­waves (Goldstone bosons) interact          too  weak at long wavelengths!

Page 10: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

(b) how about antiferromagnetic magnons?Look at conventional spin­wave expansion for QAF:(Anderson 1952, Kubo 1952, Oguchi 1960)

3 Transformations:

1.) Holstein­Primakoff: mapping onto boson­problem

2.) Fourier transformation in  sublattice basis:on sublattice A: on sublattice B:

3.)Bogoliubov transformation:

Page 11: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

...spin­wave theory for QAF...   

quadratic part of boson hamiltonian is diagonal

spin­wave interactions: very complicated!(Harris,Kumar,Halperin, Hohenberg,  PRB 1971, PK, PRB 1990)

interaction vertices are infrared­singular in some limits:

miracle: all divergencies cancelin physical quantities!

Page 12: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

effective action for antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations 

alternative description of antiferromagnetic spin­fluctuations:non­linear sigma model (Chakravarty, Halperin, Nelson, PRL and PRB 1988)

represents slowly fluctuating part of staggered magnetization

●interactions between AF spin fluctations involve derivativesand therefore vanish at long wavelengths

●what is relation between NLsM and  conventional spin­wave theory?

Page 13: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

c) hermitian operator approach 

  (Anderson 1952, N. Hasselmann and PK, 2006)

●introduce symmetric and antisymmetric combinations of Bogoliubov operators:

●express each of them in terms of two canonically conjugate hermitian operators:

●quadratic part of spin­wave hamiltonian:

Page 14: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

advantages of hermitian operator approach

●simple relation to staggered and uniform components of spin

●precise relation between  non­linear sigma­model and SWT established:

●allows to derive new effective action of staggered fluctuations alone

●very convenient to understand spin­waves in finite systems

●suppression of effective interaction between AF magnons at long

wavelengths becomes manifest

●for AF in uniform field: relation to divergencies in the interacting Bose gas!(A. Kreisel, N. Hasselmann, PK, PRL 2007)

Page 15: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

zero modes in finite quantum antiferromagnets (Anderson, 1952)

●Contribution of  mode to quadratic spin­wave Hamiltonian:

where

●Groundstate has

u

●Uncertainly principle: 

●Staggered magnetization diverges

spin­wave approach appears inconsistent!?

●Solution: for Gaussian wavepackt with spin wave approach

remains consistent for macroscopic times:

Page 16: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

spin­wave interactions in quantum antiferromagnets

important: effective interaction between staggered spin fluctuations vanishesat long wavelenths (see ferromagnet!):

Page 17: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

3.BEC of magnons: realized in QAFs in a uniform magnetic field

(Matsubara+Matsuda 1956, Batyev+Braginsky 1984,...)A. Kreisel, N. Hasselmann, PK, PRL 2007: connection with anomalouslongitudinal fluctuations in the interacting Bose gas.

classical ground state:

experiment: Cs_2CuCl_4

(Radu et al, PRL 2005)

Page 18: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

(a) mapping onto interacting boson problemfor large external magnetic field: ground state is saturated ferromagnet:

spin­wave expansion usual forquantum ferromagnets:

●Holstein­Primakoff:

●Fourier trafo in sublattice basis

●Two magnon branches in reduced BZ:

gapless: gapped:

Page 19: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

(b) BEC of magnons and hermitian field parametrization

●retain only gapless mode and perform continuum  limit 

two body interaction has finite long­wavelength limit

spin­Hamiltonian is mapped on interacting Bose gas:

B●BEC of magnons: for ( i.e. ) field acquires finite expectation value:

Bogoliubov approximation:

●Physical meaning: condendsate density corresponds to staggered magnetization

Page 20: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

hermitian field parameterization and correlation functions What are spin­correlation functions in condensed phase?Idea: Use non­perturbative results by Castellani and co­workers!

●hermitian operator parametrization

●physical meaning in underlying spin­problem: 

components of staggered magnetization

●correlation functions in linear spin­wave theory:

qualitatively wrong!

Page 21: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

c) critical continuum in longitudinal structure factorTrue asymptotics of correlation functions:

critical continuum in longitudinal structure factor:

Ginzburg scale:D<3

D=3

Page 22: BoseEinstein condensation of magnons and spinwave …kopietz/documents/talk07_spi_rutherford.… · Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons Some notsowell known facts about the Bose

Summary: Interacting bosons and magnons

●Some not­so­well known facts about the Bose gas●BEC  is not the same as spontaneous symmetry breaking●Landau functions for free Bose gas●shift in the critical temperature due to interactions●corrections to Bogoliubov approximation large in D <= 3

●Spin­wave interactions in quantum antiferromagnets 

●QAF in a uniform magnetic field: BEC of magnons 

●Usual spin­wave expansion leads to rather nasty interaction vertices ●hermitian­field parameterization has many advantages:

●weak interactions between Golstone modes manifest●relation between SWT and non­linear sigma model precise●zero modes and spin­waves infinite systems