borders in post-socialist eurasia: problems and perspectives dmitry zimin
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Borders in Post-Socialist Eurasia: Problems and
Perspectives
Dmitry Zimin
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Legal foundations:self-determination versus
territorial integrity• The Final Act of the Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe, Helsinki, 1975. It declared “inviolability of frontiers in Europe”
• Referendum in the USSR on 17 March 1991: 76% voted to preserve the USSR as a renewed federation. (The Baltic states, Georgia, Armenia and Moldova did not vote.)
• “Belovezhie” Agreement on dissolution of the USSR, 8 December, 1991
• Declarations of independence
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Disintegration of the USSR:
• 15 Soviet Republics have become independent states;
• Russia has become the legal successor-state to the Soviet Union (to its obligations, debts and assets);
• Administrative boundaries have become state borders;
• New borders do not adequately reflect ethno-cultural and historical realities.
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Main events to the West from the USSR:
• Re-unification of Germany, 1990;
• Break-up of Czechoslovakia, 1993;
• Break-up of Yugoslavia, 1990
• EU enlargement: 1995-2004
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Secondary break-ups:
• Transdnistria’s cessation from Moldova;• Abkhasia’s and Ossetia’s cessation from
Georgia;• Montenegro’s and Kosovo’s cessation from
Serbia;• Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over Nagorno-
Karabakh;• Attempts to gain independence in
Chechnya.
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Territorial disputes:
• Estonia - Russia: Ivangorod and Pechory district (there is still no border treaty);
• Latvia - Russia: Pytalovo district;
• China - Russia: islands on Amur river;
• Japan - Russia: South Kurile islands;
• Russia - Norway: fishing rights in Spitsbergen waters + a disputed area in the Barents Sea;
• Russia - Ukraine: Crimean peninsular.
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Re-integrative initiatives:• Union of Russia and Belarus;
• Eurasian Economic Community (EEC): Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan;
• Customs Union of EEC: Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan + several countries applied;
• Free Trade Zone of the Commonwealth of Independent States: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan;
• Collective Security Treaty Organization (known as ODKB): Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Armenia;
• Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Russia, China and four Central Asian states (excl. Turkmenistan).
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Conclusions:• Conflicting trends in Eurasia: further
disintegration versus re-integration;• Competition of key centers of geopolitical
gravitation: EU, Russia, Turkey, China, “New Islamic Caliphate” + the United States;
• Instability of post-Soviet states; possibility of new break-ups;
• Alternative re-interpretations of history stimulate separatist movements and new alternative nation-building projects.