boom, bust, boom: a story about copper, the metal that runs the world, by bill carter

7/31/2019 Boom, Bust, Boom: A Story About Copper, the Metal That Runs the World, by Bill Carter

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2/28

TOHHAO MEFO

8?3

C|ox c z`nx| fct! E {cbo |n |ò znufl n kufxo lexoj|a nu|zelom jchef& E |`xn{ nf m Aowez cfl ntof |ò lnnx |n zoo \oxx

z|cflefk nf èz tnxj` {e|` c &88 xego! z|cxefk c| mo& @o annbztezzol&

\`c|z nux {cbo-ut jcaa& [o aocwo ef `ca cf `nux&

Cfl |`c| ez cf Caczbc huz` cacxm janjb&H |ò |emo {o cxxewo! | tontao jxn{l |ò utz|cexz n |ò wna-

uf|oox xo lotcx|mof| kcxcko& Cfl ca|`nuk` e| focxz 5944 t&m&!|ò zuf `nwoxz nf |ò `nxeynf! zoomefka nxowox& Nf c |chao focx|ò hcjb n |ò xnnm cxo jnoo cfl jnnbeoz& Nf cfn|òx |chao ze|

tcmtào|z z`n{efk |ò lcfkox n |ò mefo&\ò {nmcf ztocbefk ez Jcxna Cff [nnl! {e|` c T`L ef z`-

ox zjeofjo {`n uzol |n {nxb nx |ò _&Z& Lotcx|mof| n Gez` cfl[ealaeo! uf|ea nfo lc zò ztnbo |nn anula chnu| `n{ |èz mefo{cz c hcl eloc&

E {cz tuzòl nu|! zò |nal mo ocxaeox |`c| lc& E mocf |òxoez c anfkox z|nx! hu| |`c| ez |ò z`nx| z|nx& Zn fn{ E {nxb nx |ò

nttnze|enf&[nnl ztocbz |n c xnnm tcjbol {e|` zòxmof xnm caa nwoxCaczbc cfl xnm |ò An{ox


3/28

HNNM! H_Z\! HNNM

8?8

|ò lcfkox auxbefk ocxz ln{f |ò xncl xnm c `cxl-xnjb mefefkntoxc|enf {eaa owof|ucaa loz|xn |ò hnuf| |ò |cbo nf |òexntofefk lc n |ò zocznf&

\n hokef! |ò txozof| c `nxxnx zaelo z`n{ lo|ceaefk {`c| `czcaxocl njjuxxol cxnufl |ò {nxal {e|` `cxl-xnjb mefefk! zto-

jejcaa jnttox9 |ceaefk lcmz hxocbefk! xewoxz j`nbol |n loc|` hzuauxej cjel xufn! cfl of|exo wez|cz xotacjol h c kekcf|ej `naoef |ò kxnufl& [nnl optacefz `n{ cz ae||ao cz |{n tcx|z tox hea-aenf n jnttox chnwo fnxmca hcjbkxnufl jnttox (mocfefk fc|u-xcaa njjuxxefk jnttox% ef |ò {c|ox jcf mcbo c zcamnf anzo e|zzofzo n lexoj|enf& \n eaauz|xc|o òx tnef|! zò z`n{z c welon n

c nufk zcamnf zmna| ef c {c|ox |cfb lcx|efk cxnufl c| kxoc|ztool& \òf |ò osuewcaof| n nfo tcx| tox heaaenf n jnttox ezlxnttol ef|n |ò |cfb& [e|èf c mefu|o |ò nufk zcamnf ez lnj-eao! camnz| z|eaa& Zò optacefz |èz mcboz |ò z` ocz txo& [èaojnttox ez fc|uxca ef mcf xewoxz ef Caczbc! e| ez |ò clle|enf n

txnjozzol jnttox xnm |ò |ceaefkz |`c| ez |ò tn|of|eca beaaox n|èz zòx&

C zaelo tntz ut nf |ò zjxoof z`n{efk c mefo ef Ztcef {òxo|ò |ceaefk lcm hxocjòl! aocbefk |nfz n |npej zaulko ef|n c xewoxcfl beaaefk owox|èfk ln{fz|xocm& Ef Jèfc! c lcm nalefk hcjb

|ò |npej |ceaefk zaulko hxocbz cfl omt|eoz ef|n c xewox! beaaefk caacsuc|ej aeo&

\ò opcj| zjnto n |ò Tohhao mefo ez fn| o| bfn{f! hu| |`c|`cz fn| z|nttol |ò jnmtcfeoz |`c| jnf|xna Tohhao mefo xnmgnc|efk zowoxca elocz n n{ |ò {eaa hueal nu| |ò mefo ze|o& Nfo

ez |n hueal |`xoo ocx|òf lcmz focx |ò mefo! nfo n {èj` {eaaho ;84 oo| èk` cfl < meaoz anfk! {èj` {nual xewca |ò òek`|zn |ò acxkoz| lcmz cf{òxo& Hoèfl |òzo lcmz {nual ho |ofheaaenf |nfz n {cz|o xnjb jnaaoj|ol nwox |ò zowof|-wo-ocx aeon |ò mefo! |ò osuewcaof| n |`xoo |`nuzcfl tnuflz nx owoxtoxznf nf Ocx|`& \òxo {eaa cazn ho jnf|cefmof| tnflz! uzol |n

leau|o cfl z|nxo {cz|o& \ò te| {eaa ho |{n meaoz {elo cfl |{n|`nuzcfl oo| loot& \ò |ceaefk jnmtnuflz {eaa jnwox zowof|-

wo ùflxol cjxoz& \èz {eaa njjut mnxo |`cf |of zsucxo meaoz&\ò wcz| mcinxe| n |ò {cz|o {eaa ho ef |ò nxm n tuawoxeyolxnjb! muj` n e| acjol {e|` hcxeum! jclmeum! j`xnmeum! jnhca|!


4/28

TOHHAO MEFO

8?:

exnf! aocl! fejboa! zoaofeum! cfl cxzofej! caa fc|uxcaa njjuxxefkh-txnluj|z n mefefk nx knal cfl jnttox& Cfl caa n |èz cj|ewe|{eaa ho {e|èf nux|oof meaoz n Eaecmfc Acbo! {òxo |ofz n mea-

aenfz n zcamnf zmna|z aewo {èao c{ce|efk |òex ln{fz|xocm inux-fo |n |ò njocf! cfl {`nzo {c|ox oolz nx| |`nuzcfl zsucxo

meaoz n {c|oxzòl& Xc|enfca meflz muz| czb {` c z|c|o {nualowof jnfzelox caan{efk |èz ef c tacjo |`c| `cz cf 0!444-ocx-nalèz|nx n zèfk nx zcamnf! 38? ocxz n |`c| cz c zujjozzuajnmmoxjeca zòx |`c| cllz mnxo |`cf ,nx camnz| wo mefu|oz& \ò sucbo xokez|oxol 5&8 nf |ò Xej`|oxzjcao! mcbefk e| |ò zojnfl-acxkoz| ocx|`sucbo ef xojnxlol èz-|nx& E| mnwol Ac|nujò Ezacfl nx| oo| |n |ò znu|òcz|& \ò


5/28

HNNM! H_Z\! HNNM

8? N jnuxzo fn|& \ò tontao {`n {eaa n{f |èz mefoaewo ef Anflnf! In`cffozhuxk! Wcfjnuwox! cfl oazo{òxo& [`c||ò mc fn| ufloxz|cfl nx jcxo chnu| ez |`c| |ò ocx|` {ce|z nx

fn nfo! oztojecaa ef tacjoz aebo Caczbc |`c| ze| c|nt konankejca|emo hnmhz |ejbefk hofoc|` e|z zuxcjo&

Cfn|òx tnef|ol xomeflox n Ocx|`z tn{ox `cttofol nfMcxj` 33! 8433! {òf c 5&4 ocx|`sucbo è| fnx|òxf Ictcf&\ò |zufcmez cfl ocx|`sucbo beaaol camnz| 30!444 tontao cflloz|xnol 38?!444 huealefkz& \ò Gubuzèmc fujaocx tacf| `cl

c tcx|eca moa|ln{f n e|z fujaocx xnlz! cfl xclec|enf aocbol nu|!jxoc|efk c locl ynfo nx meaoz! {èj` {eaa acz| nxowox& @oxo ez |ò

ef|oxoz|efk lo|cea& Mnloxf-lc mefoz cfl fujaocx tacf|z z`cxo |òzcmo efluz|x z|cflcxl {òf e| jnmoz |n ocx|`sucbo-txnnfk|òex ze|oz& \ò hueal |òex cjeae|eoz |n {e|`z|cfl c ;&? ocx|`-


6/28

TOHHAO MEFO

8??

sucbo& Zn cx caa |ò tacfz nx Tohhao eflejc|o |ò {eaa naan{|`c| efluz|x z|cflcxl&

J`cmhoxz cazn xomeflz uz |`c| nfa c ùflxol meaoz c{c

xnm Tohhaoz txntnzol mefo z|cflz Mnuf| Xolnuh|! {èj` `czhoof zto{efk wnajcfej cz` nx mnxo |`cf |{n ocxz& [òf |ò

ezzuo n zoezmej cfl wnajcfej cj|ewe| `cz hoof hxnuk`| ut |n |òTohhao opoju|ewoz cz c jnfjoxf chnu| |ò lcmz |ò tacf |n hueal!{èj` `cwo |n opez| gnxowox! |ò zc! [o cxo |cbefk |ò zoezmejze|uc|enf ef|n jnfzeloxc|enf&

E xoztoj| |ò cheae|eoz n z|xuj|uxca ofkefooxz& \òex {nxb ln|z|ò tacfo| ef tacjoz zuj` cz |ò Knalof Kc|o Hxelko! |ò Oeoa

\n{ox! cfl |ò Tcfcmc Jcfca! hu| |n hueal nfo n |ò acxkoz|ocx|òf lcmz focx nfo n |ò mnz| zoezmejcaa cj|ewo tacjoz nfOcx|` xoobz n cxxnkcfjo! |ò befl n hxcwcln |`c| jxoc|ol AnwoJcfca! Jòxfnha! cfl |ò op|efj|enf cfl focx op|efj|enf n mcfcfemcaz nwox |ò acz| ùflxol ocxz& E |èz mefo `cz |n opez| nx

zowof|-wo ocxz! te|jòl ef c lcea hc||ao ckcefz| |ò kont`z-ejz n Ocx|`! |òxo {eaa ho fn jnf|oz|& E| {eaa ho c zacuk`|ox& Ocx|`!

{e|` e|z wenaof| |cf|xumz! {eaa {ef& E| ca{cz lnoz&


7/28

HNNM! H_Z\! HNNM

8?7

H |ò |emo |ò òaejnt|ox |xcwoaz |ò nux|oof meaoz xnm Eaecmfc|n |ò mefo! |ò |omtoxc|uxo `cz lxnttol |n |èx|-wo lokxooz&

E ze| cjefk nx{cxl fop| |n zep n|òx mof! caa efwnawol ef |òmefefk huzefozz! oe|òx cz opoju|ewoz nx cz anhhez|z& \ò sueo|mcf {e|` |ò huz` oohxn{z ze||efk ef |ò jntean| zoc| ez In`f

Zèwoa! JON n |ò Tohhao Tcx|foxzèt& \ò Tcx|foxzèt zoxwozzowoxca tuxtnzoz& Nfo! zefjo e| ez hczol ef Cfj`nxcko! e| caan{zhn|` Cfkan Cmoxejcf cfl Fnx|òxf Lfcz| |n zc |ò `cwocf Caczbc txozofjo& \{n! e| caan{z toxznffoa |n ho ef Caczbc|n loca {e|` |ò toxme||efk txnjozz! {èj` c| |èz tnef| ez |òex

mcef njuz& \èxl! cfl mnz| emtnx|cf|! e| cj|z cz |ò mnu|`teojonx |ò mefefk jnmtcfeoz cfl logoj|z lexoj| òc| c{c xnm |òmefefk opoju|ewoz ef Anflnf cfl Wcfjnuwox {`n cj|ucaa jcaa caa|ò z`n|z& Ef mcf {cz! |ò Tohhao Tcx|foxzèt ez c molec nu|-xocj` txnkxcm ef zuttnx| n |ò mefo lowoantmof|& Zèwoa {cz

ztojejcaa èxol |n cj| cz |ò fcxxc|nx n |ò z|nx xnm |ò mef-efk jnmtcfz toxztoj|ewo& E| ez èz inh |n zoaa molec zankcfz aebo

Gezèfk cfl mefefk jcf jnopez|&\òzo òaejnt|ox |nuxz cxo kewof xnm |emo |n |emo h |òTohhao Tcx|foxzèt ef nxlox |n olujc|o ef|oxoz|ol tcx|eoz nf |òlo|ceaz n Tohhao mefo! cahoe| xnm |òex toxztoj|ewo&

C| xz| |ò {cf|ol |n jcaa e| |ò Tohhao Hocj` Mefo! oaazcfn|òx mcf! {e|` c z`njb n {è|o `cex uflox c hczohcaa jct&Jcuzo |ò acflzjcto xomeflol owoxnfo n Tohhao Hocj` knajnuxzo! o jnf|efuoz! fn{ nwoxjnmo {e|` acuk`|ox& M xz| xocj-

|enf |n |ò mcf ez |`c| ò zmeaoz |nn muj`! nx fn xocznf! aebo cjcx zcaozmcf {òf nu z|ot nf èz an|! owof h mez|cbo& @o ze|zlexoj|a cjxnzz xnm mo |cabefk ef|n èz òclzo|! {èj` E òcx efm òclzo|! canfk {e|` |ò n|òx tczzofkoxz&

Hu| ef |ò anfk xuf |ò |`nuk`| ho||ox n e| cfl iuz| fcmole| Tohhao! ò zcz! loaewoxefk èz {oaa-txcj|ejol tufj` aefo& \èz

ez Z|owo Hnxoaa! |ò opoju|ewo lexoj|nx n |ò Caczbc Mefoxz Czzn-jec|enf& \òzo czznjec|enfz cxo jnmmnf ef z|c|oz zuj` cz Fowclc!

Cxeynfc! Mnf|cfc! cfl Fo{ Mopejn! {òxo `cxl-xnjb mefefkez c mcinx ojnfnmej tacox& @ez inh! cz ò tu|z e|! ez |n txn|oj||ò Caczbcf mefox xnm |ò knwoxfmof|& E cm chnu| |n czb {`n


8/28

[@EJ@ ZELO CXO UN_ NF>

8?;

txn|oj|z Caczbcfz xnm |ò Caczbcf mefoxz! hu| E caxocl bfn{|ò cfz{ox&

Gnx |ò mnz| tcx|! mefefk opoju|ewoz |èfb ef |oxmz n z|cxb

hacjb-cfl-{è|o j`nejoz& E e| `czf| jnmo xnm c |xoo! |òf e|jcmo xnm |ò ocx|` ez nfo n |ò ufewoxzca ac{z ef |ò mef-

efk {nxal& Cazn! |`c| mefefk ez |ò hczez n caa |èfkz ef mnloxfznjeo|& Gnnl nx |ò mnz| tcx| jnmoz xnm fc|uxo! hu| owof |òfmcjèfox tacz c acxko xnao& Cfl caa mo|ca cfl tacz|ej mcjèf-ox jnmoz xnm |ò ocx|` cz nea nx c mefoxca& Zn |n c mefox |òxoez fn xoca j`nejo {ò|òx |n mefo Tohhao nx knal cfl jnttox& [omefo! |`c| ez c kewof& \ò nfa ezzuo |n ho {nxbol nu| ez nfo n

tnae|ejz {e|` |ò anjcaz cfl |ò z|c|o& @n{ muj` mnfo muz| hoopj`cfkol! `n{ muj` tuhaej xoac|enfz {nxb muz| ho lnfo>

Gxnm c|nt |ò mnuf|cef {o annb ln{f ef|n {`c| annbz aebo ckecf| |uflxc mocln{ foz|aol hoan{& \ò mefo ze|o {eaa ze| ef |òjxclao n |{n mcinx lxcefckoz! |ò Fuz`ckcb cfl |ò Bwej`cb!

{èj` ool ef|n Hxez|na Hc& \òxo cxo cazn |{n lez|efj| òcl{c-

|oxz òxo9 _ttox \cacxeb Jxoob cfl |ò Bnb|uae Xewox! hn|` n{èj` hokef |òex aewoz focx {òxo |ò mefo {nual opez|& Cjjnxl-efk |n |ò mefefk jnmtcf! e| cz fn| njecaa zuhme||ol c mefefktacf! nfo n e|z loofzo moj`cfezmz ckcefz| jxe|ejezm n Tohhao&

\òex ankej ez |`c| {e|`nu| c mefo tacf! |òxo ez fn|èfk |n jxe|e-jeyo& Uo| ef 8447 e| lel zuhme| |{n |`nuzcfl tckoz n tacfz nu|-aefefk e|z jcajuac|enfz n {c|ox leztacjomof| czznjec|ol {e|` |òmefo cj|ewe|&

Ef |`nzo tacfz! hn|` |ò \cacxeb Jxoob cfl Bnb|uae Xewox {nuallezcttocx e Tohhao ez huea| ef nxlox |n jaocx |ò kxnufl{c|ox xnmgnnlefk |ò mefo& \èz ez nfo n |ò mnz| loz|xuj|ewo xozua|z nhuealefk cf ntof-te| mefo& Nfjo |ò mefefk hokefz! |ò txnjozzmexxnxz c acxko |neao| hn{a |`c| {cf|z |n jnfz|cf|a aa ut {e|`cf kxnufl{c|ox |`c| zuxxnuflz e|& \n boot e| nu| n |ò mefoez emtnzzehao opjot| h tumtefk& Gnx Tohhao |n ntoxc|o! caa |ò

{c|ox ef |ò zuxxnuflefk cxoc muz| ho lxcefol ef nxlox |n jxoc|o

c zco ofwexnfmof| |n {nxb& \èz {c|ox muz| ho oe|òx lewox|olln{fz|xocm nx uzol lexoj|a ef |ò mefefk txnjozz&

Mocf{èao! {èao |ò kxnufl{c|ox muz| ho lewox|ol ef nxlox


9/28

HNNM! H_Z\! HNNM

8?0

|n mefo! c z|chao znuxjo n {c|ox ez fojozzcx ef nxlox |n txnjozz|ò nxo& \ò mefefk jnmtcfeoz ef j`cxko n Tohhao `cwo cttaeolnx |ò xek`|z |n focxa |èx|-wo heaaenf kcaanfz n kxnufl- cfl

zuxcjo {c|ox tox ocx! camnz| nux |emoz cz muj` cz Cfj`nxckouzoz tox ocx&

\òxo cxo mcf cj|nxz |`c| mcbo mefefk tnzzehao! hu| cxku-cha fnfo ez mnxo emtnx|cf| |`cf {c|ox& C| Tohhao! {c|ox {eaa houzol ef caa z|otz n txnjozzefk |ò nxo cfl nx jcxxefk |ò jnt-tox zauxx ef tetoz canfk |ò xncl xnm Eaecmfc |n |ò loot{c|oxtnx|& E| {eaa cazn ho uzol ef |ò jnfjof|xc|nxz cfl aocjèfk oalz&[òxo |`c| {c|ox {nual jnmo xnm ez fn| jox|cef c| |ò mnmof|&

Hnxoaa zoomz nwoxa opje|ol |n optacef ef wckuo |oxmz `n{ |èzmefo {eaa ho |ò zcoz| mefo ef |ò {nxal& Hoefk |`c| owoxnfooazo nf hncxl |ò gek`| ez oe|òx c mefefk opoju|ewo nx c mefefkanhhez|! Hnxoaa |oflz |n ztocb lexoj|a c| mo! cj|ewoa |xefk |nhxefk mo ef|n |ò aek`|&

\ò `cwo ztof| mnxo |`cf zowof| meaaenf lnaacxz z|ul-efk |ò ofwexnfmof|ca emtcj| n |ò mefo! ò zcz! cz e |`c|

`cz cf|èfk |n ln {e|` `n{ |ò mefo {eaa ho`cwo nfjo cj|ewo&\ò ankej ez zoluj|ewo& E| knoz znmo|èfk aebo |èz9 C|ox zumz nmnfo cwo hoof ztof| |n zjeof|ejcaa txolej| |ò ofwexnfmof|ca

emtcj| n |ò mefo! |ò mefefk jnmtcf |òf txnweloz cf chuf-lcf| cmnuf| n lc|c `ntefk |n txnwo {e|`nu| c lnuh| |ò mefoez zco! h |ò zòox cj| n txnwefk e| ez tcefk zn muj` c||of|enf|n |ò tn|of|eca ofwexnfmof|ca emtcj|& \ò caacj ef |èz ankejez |`c| fnfo n |ò ofwexnfmof|ca z|uleoz lnfo hognxo |ò mefo

ez huea| {eaa ho chao |n txolej| `n{ |ò |ceaefk lcmz {eaa `nal utckcefz| |ò xz| ocx|`sucbo! nx `n{ |ò zcamnf {eaa xocj| {òf|ò xz| |xujb jcxxefk zuauxej cjel lxewoz n c hxelko ef|n czcamnf oolox jxoob& Mefefk jnmtcfeoz lnf| xuf |`nzo mnloaz!nx e |ò ln! |ò lnf| xoaoczo |òm |n |ò tuhaej&

\ò |nux acz|z nwox cf `nux cz {o g cxnufl |ò mefo ze|o&

Hoan{ cxo c o{ lxeaa `naoz cfl |omtnxcx njoz& Owox zef-kao |èfk nu zoo `cz hoof gn{f ef h òaejnt|ox& [o `cwo fn|

mclo c nn|txef| ut oxo {nx|` mof|enfefk! zcz Koxfn| [nhox!c Jcfclecf konankez| cfl |ò lexoj|nx n ze|o ntoxc|enfz nx Toh-hao& [o cwo efjxoczol zco| moczuxoz h cllefk |èx| toxjof|


10/28


8?5

|n jnz|z& Fn nfo ef |ò mefefk {nxal lnoz |`c|! ò zcz& Ckcef!mnxo n |ò zcmo ankej |`c| zcz ztoflefk mnfo efjxoczoz |òj`cfjoz |`c| |èz mefo {eaa fn| clwoxzoa coj| |ò zuxxnuflefk

ofwexnfmof|&@o knoz nf |n optacef |`c| |ò mefo {eaa fool c tn{ox kxel

osuca |n |ò nfo |`c| zoxwejoz caa n Cfj`nxcko! cfl |`c| |ò tox-jof|cko n knal ef |ò Tohhao ze|o moczuxoz c| c nfo-sucx|ox kxcmnx owox |nf n ocx|` op|xcj|ol& \ò jnttox {eaa moczuxo nu| |nho |`xoo tnuflz tox |nf n xnjb mefol& \ò {cz|o ez oz|emc|olcxnufl |of heaaenf |nfz! {èj` {eaa ze| hoèfl zowoxca acxko mcf-mclo ocx|òf lcmz nx |ò xoz| n |emo&

Hnxoaa! |ò Caczbc Mefoxz lexoj|nx! tejbz ut |ò jnfwoxzc|enfluxefk c auaa! cz {o caa z|cxo ef c{o n |ò zek`| honxo uz& \òxo ezfn|èfk hu| {eal acfl cz cx cz {o jcf zoo& Kacjeox-|nttol mnuf-|cefz jxn{l |ò nxeynf& Hoan{! mnez|uxo |xejbaoz n |ò zelo n cmnuf|cef! |ò hex|`tacjo n c xewox&

E czb m xz| suoz|enf& @n{ cx cxo |ò focxoz| zcamnf-ztc{fefk kxnuflz>

\ò focxoz| zcamnf-ztc{fefk kxnuflz cxo aozz |`cf `ca cmeao! zcz Hnxoaa {e|` èz acxko zmeao! cz e |èz cfz{ox ez c tauz&@cxl-xnjb mefefk `cz loz|xnol wex|ucaa owox bfn{f znuxjo n

kxnufl{c|ox focx ntof te|z |`xnuk`nu| |ò {nxal& \òxo cxo fnopcmtaoz n ntof-te| mefefk n jnttox |`c| lnf| xozua| ef znmoloz|xuj|enf nx leztacjomof| n |ò kxnufl{c|ox& Cfl |èz mefo{eaa ho huea| nf |uflxc! {èj` ez hczejcaa c ztnfko-aebo jxuz|&

Cz {o g n |ò mnuf|cef! {o tczz |{n zmcaa tnflz |`c| {eaa

ho lxcefol nx |ò mefo& Aebo c |nux ntoxc|nx nf c Lezfo xelo!Hnxoaa ztocbz ef|n |ò mejxnt`nfo {èao annbefk lexoj|a c| |òmefefk anhhez| xnm Fo{ Mopejn& Cf caa&

Hu| ef fn {c! fn {c! {eaa |èz mefo owox |`xoc|of zcamnfztc{fefk& Fn {c& [o {eaa mcbo zuxo n |`c|! o zcz! aebo c tcx-xn| xoje|efk èz mcz|oxz wnejo&

Nf |ò {c hcjb |n Eaecmfc! {o g h c acxko zèfk `nao nf |ò

Fo{`caof Xewox& Koxfn|! |ò mefo ze|o zutoxweznx! annbz c| mo cflzcz! E jcuk`| c uko |xnu| n |`c| xnjb xek`| |òxo acz| zummox&Gnx |ò of|exo |nux |ò nz|z cwo hoof z|oclcz| ef |òex c||of|enf


11/28

HNNM! H_Z\! HNNM

874

|n lo|cea& \ò ztocb n |ò nxo ef |ò kxnufl cz c xoznuxjo hu| n|ò acfl cz cf czzo| nx caa |n z`cxo& \ò |cab cz e |ò mefo ez cfclle|enf |n |ò acflzjcto! znmo|èfk |`c| {eaa mcbo e| owof mnxo

{nflxnuz cfl ofj`cf|efk& Aebo caa knnl zcaozmof! |ò ln{f-tac |ò nttnze|enf cfl e|z zofzoaozz xozez|cfjo |n c txnioj| |`c|

{eaa hofo| caa Caczbcfz cfl Cmoxejcfz& \ò ztocb n |ò ofwe-xnfmof|caez|z cz tc|zeoz nx hek-mnfo anlko n{foxz {`n {cf||òex n{f txewc|o fc|uxo txozoxwo c| |ò optofzo n knnl inhz nxanjcaz&

[`c| |ò fowox mof|enf ez |ò lcmcko |`c| {eaa ho lnfo&[òf czbol chnu| |ò |ceaefk lcmz nx |ò {cz|o jxoc|ol! |ò

fnl cfl zc |èfkz aebo! [o cwo nux inhz ju| nu| nx uz! hu| |èz{eaa ho |ò zcoz| mefo ef èz|nx&

E hokef |n |èfb chnu| |òex c||of|enf |n |ò lo|ceaz& \ò tuz`|èz mo|ejuanuz c{cxofozz cz c znx| n opcmtao n {`c| lown|olz|o{cxlz n |èz acfl |ò {eaa ho& Gnx opcmtao! {òf E xz| cxxewol

c| |ò Tohhao njoz c| |ò cextnx|! {o {oxo kewof c zco| jnuxzo!{èj` efjaulol c welon n mefo zco|& \ò mnz| opje|efk cztoj| n

|ò txozof|c|enf {cz |ò optacfc|enf |`c| owox {nxbefk jxo{ nf|ò mefo ze|o `cz hocx kucxlz& \òzo kucxlz! cxmol {e|` z`n|-kufz! txn|oj| |ò mefoxz xnm cf tnzzehao hocx c||cjb& \ò mn||n

{cz jaocx9 [o lnf| {cf| |n leztc|j` c hocx! hu| {o {eaa hojcuzotontao cxo mnxo emtnx|cf|& E nufl leztc|j` c z|xcfko {nxl |nuzo ef tacjo n beaa! hu| |òf ckcef mefoxz aebo uzefk {nxlz aeboleztc|j`! nn|txef|! me|ekc|o! cfl of`cfjol&

C|ox |ò welon nf zco|! owoxnfo {cz kewof c zco| woz| cfl

{xctcxnufl kaczzoz nx |ò òaejnt|ox xelo& Honxo aocwefk |òhuealefk! {o caa zekfol c acxko z|cjb n lnjumof|z& \ò hefloxn tctox acel nu| caa |ò xokuac|enfz cfl xuaoz n hoefk nf acfljnf|xnaaol h |ò Tohhao Tcx|foxzèt& Canfk {e|` |ò z|cflcxl{cewox nx cjjelof|ca loc|`! fn zmnbefk nx lxefbefk cajn`na! cflfn aecheae| jacuzoz! e| jnf|cefol c zefkao teojo n tctox |`c| zcel

|`c| fn kuoz| nx omtanoo n Tohhao Tcx|foxzèt ez caan{ol |n z`!ùf|! nx n|òx{ezo uzo |ò acfl ef cf {c! nx |cbo c zefkao |èfk

|`c| mc efxefko utnf |ò zuhzez|ofjo aewoae`nnl n |ò fc|ewotontao {`n aewo òxo& [òf E zekfol |ò tctox! E czbol nfo n |òomtanooz `n{ zoxenuz |èz {cz&


12/28


873

Locl zoxenuz! {cz èz xota& Unu wenac|o |`c| xuao cfl e| jcfho emmolec|o |oxmefc|enf n omtanmof|&

\èz ez nf m mefl cz Koxfn| tnef|z nu| {òxo ò jcuk`| c

mnfz|ox |xnu|& E xomefl èm chnu| |ò xuaoz n efxefkefk nf |òzuhzez|ofjo {c n aeo nx |ò fc|ewo tontao& E czb e ò zekfol

|ò zcmo teojo n tctox E lel! {èj` jaocxa txnèhe|z zèfk nf|èz xewox& N jnuxzo! o cfz{oxz cfl lnoz c lnuhao |cbo nu| |ò{efln{! jnaaoj|efk èz |`nuk`|z& E| {cz nfo |emo& E {cz c{c nfwcjc|enf ef Jcfclc cfl |òf go{ hcjb ut nf m n{f lemo cflfn| nf jnmtcf mnfo nx |emo& Zn E {cz iuz| c |nuxez|&

Cz E zcel! mefoxz |èfb leoxof|a xnm owoxnfo oazo& Fn mc|-

|ox `n{ fejo |ò cxo! nx `n{ xocznfchao |ò znufl! ef |ò ofl|ò {eaa |cbo {`c| |ò jcf ko|&

Honxo gefk nu|! E lxewo \em Cfoanfz jcx ln{f |ò nfa xncl|`c| aocwoz |ò weaacko n Eaecmfc& E| ùkz |ò Fo{`caof Xewox nx|èx|oof meaoz cfl |òf oflz& \ò lexoj|enfz cxo |n naan{ |ò xewox

cfl lnf| |cbo cf zelo xnclz uf|ea E fl mzoa c| |ò olko n

|ò {c|ox& Cjxnzz |ò xewox! E {eaa zoo Fnflca|nf! cf C|`chczjcfweaacko n |`xoo ùflxol tontao {e|` c loot-zoc|ol lezaebo n |òTohhao mefo txntnzca&

E tcxb fop| |n zowoxca n|òx jcxz! caa omt| cfl tnef|ol |n{cxl

|ò xewox& Nfo woèjao `cz |ò mcxbefkz n c z|c|o |xnntox& E annbcxnufl! optoj|efk znmonfo |n tnt nu| n |ò huzòz! hu| |òxoez fn nfo |òxo& @oxo |ò xewox ez c meao {elo! {e|` c hauez`-kxoofmuxb jnanx xnm kacjeca mefoxca lotnze|z& \òxo cxo c o{ nuzoz

nf |èz zelo n |ò xewox! cfl |òxo cxo o{ zmcaa `nmoz wezehao nf|ò nttnze|o hcfb& \òxo ez fn| nfo znua ef zek`|&

E {ce| nx c o{ mnmof|z! |cbefk ef |ò xuz` n |ò {c|ox cflz|cxefk c| |ò zuxxnuflefk mnuf|cefz&

Cfl |òf! cz efz|xuj|ol! E oaa c| |ò |nt n m aufkz&

\ò nfa {c |n cjjozz Fnflca|nf ez oe|òx |n hxefk c hnc| nx |n

cxxewo c| |ò zelo n |ò xewox cfl {èz|ao! oaa! nx {ce| uf|ea znmo-

nfo zooz nu cfl |cpez nu nwox ef ez hnc|& \ò xewox e|zoa ez nfa|{of|-wo meaoz anfk! hokeffefk ef Zep Meao Acbo cfl gn{efkznu|` |n Eaecmfc Acbo& Ln{f {òxo |ò xewox moo|z Acbo Eaecmfc!


13/28

HNNM! H_Z\! HNNM

878

|òxo ez |ò Jaczz EWW zoj|enf {òxo In`f Hcojàox aoclz |nuxznx cxl-jnxo xewox xc|oxz& Gnx anjca |oofckoxz {e|` jcxz! Fnflca-|nf ez ae|oxcaa |ò nfa tacjo |n lxewo! cfl |òf! aebo mo! |ò cwo

|n {ce| nx znmonfo |n jnmo ko| |òm ef c hnc|&Cz cx cz {o bfn{! |ò Cmcynf ez |ò acz| tacjo {òxo |òxo

mc z|eaa opez| c o{ |xehoz n tontao |`c| `cwo o| |n mcbo jnf-|cj|! anz| ef |ò èllof {nxal n |ò iufkao& \ ez mc ho |xuo! hu|{òf E |xcwoa |n c tacjo aebo Eaecmfc cfl |ò zuxxnuflefk acfl-zjcto! E {nflox e |òxo ez cf n|òx tacjo cz xomn|o cz |èz& E E{cab cf `nux n |èz xncl! E {eaa ho {òxo fn nfo `cz {cabol efc |`nuzcfl ocxz! e |`c|&

E cm `ncxzo c|ox c o{ mefu|oz! ooaefk hn|` nnaez` cfl xulo|n ho oaaefk ef zuj` c tacjo n emmofzo sueo|& Fn nfo jnmoz nx|ò xz| `nux& \òf c hnc| cttocxz nf |ò xewox! mcbefk e|z {c|n{cxl m zelo& \ò zbe mcboz c zn| acflefk cfl Jalo \xonf!c fc|ewo n Fnflca|nf |cbefk èz znfz nu| nx cf c|oxfnnf jxuezo

nf |ò xewox! zcz òaan& E czb e E jcf jc|j` c xelo cjxnzz |ò xewox!hcjb |n èz |n{f&

[oaa! |`c| caa lotoflz fn{! lnozf| e|! ò zcz! èz ooz èl-lof hoèfl {xctcxnufl zufkaczzoz& Jalo ez |xem cfl |cu|! cflèz wnejo jaetz ef c |nfo n cfkox mepol {e|` tacua zcxjczm&

[`c| zelo cxo nu nf> ò czbz! tacuaa hu| fn| sue|o&E |oaa èm Em |cabefk |n owoxnfo chnu| Tohhao&[oaa! E lelf| |èfb nu {oxo òxo nx c wcjc|enf& Cxo nu nx

nx ckcefz| Tohhao>M efz|efj| ez wox ckcefz| e|! hu| E cm cazn wox ntof |n ocx-

efk caa zeloz&Gcex ofnuk`! ò zcz cz {o tuz` n xnm |ò z`nxo&E |òxo ez c holxnjb n xozez|cfjo ckcefz| Tohhao mefo e| ez

cfj`nxol ef weaackoz aebo Fnflca|nf! {èj` n caa |ò zuxxnufl-efk weaackoz ez tox`ctz |ò mnz| ufe|ol cfl wnjca ckcefz| |ò mefo&E| mcboz zofzo& Eaecmfc ez |ò hczo z|c|enf |n |ò mefo ze|o hojcuzo

e| `cz |ò cextnx| cfl anlkoz! hu| Fnflca|nf! cz |ò jxn{ geoz!{nual ho |ò janzoz| weaacko |n |ò mefo& \ò weaackoxz {nual ooa

|ò lexoj| emtcj| {e|`nu| mcf n |ò hofo|z& Zuxo! c o{ anjcazjnual ho èxol |n lxewo znmo |xujbz! omt| kcxhcko! nx ln wcxe-nuz juz|nleca inhz nx ,84 cf `nux! hu| nwoxcaa |òxo ez fn| muj`


14/28


87:

nx |èz weaacko |n kcef& Gnx c weaacko |`c| opez|z camnz| of|exoa nfzuhzez|ofjo ùf|efk! kc|òxefk! cfl zèfk |n zuxwewo! |ò mefonoxz fn|èfk n wcauo&

C|ox c suejb xelo utxewox! {o jexjao hcjb |n{cxl z`nxo! |òzcmo z`nxo E iuz| ao|& E xocaeyo ò `cz fn ef|of|enf n |cbefk mo

|n èz weaacko&Jcf| |cbo nu |òxo |nlc& \òxo ez c ufoxca! ò zcz&Hcjb c| z`nxo! Jalo fn|ejoz |ò |xujb E lxnwo |n |ò xewoxz

olko&\emz |xujb! E zc zòotezà&E lnf| mefl \em zn muj`! zcz Jalo! hu| |ò Cfoanfz ef

kofoxca! |ò cxo ujbefk nxxehao kxool hcz|cxlz {`n {eaa ofl utbeaaefk ocj` n|òx! ò oaaz& Cfl|ò cxo m knllcmf jnuzefz&

Jalo knoz nf |n optacef |`c| ò sue| lxefbefk wo ocxz ckn!cfl |`c| zefkao cj| cz kcefol em an|z n ofomeoz ef |n{f& H fn|lxefbefk! n|òxz {`n ln lxefb |èfb ò ez iulkefk |òm& E lnf|

kewo c zè| {`c| |ò ln! E iuz| lnf| {cf| |n ln e| fn mnxo! zczJalo&

E czb e ò {nual |cbo c inh c| Tohhao! e e| {oxo huea|&E kn| xeoflz |`c| `cwo kn| inhz lnefk z|u! cfl |`c|z fo&\emz znf `cz c jcmt cjxnzz |ò xewox& Knnl toxznf& @o {nxbz

nx |ò mefo hu| aewoz òxo& Iuz| |xefk |n mcbo c lnaacx cflaewo& E ko| |`c|& E iuz| `c|o {òf |òzo tontao xnm Cfj`nxcko! nxWcfjnuwox! nx {òxowox {cf| |n jnmo òxo cfl huaazè| uz {e|`tcmtào|z cfl kxct`z n `n{ knnl e| ez knefk |n ho& E bfn{ |òjcxehnu cxo mnwefk c{c jcuzo n |ò lxeaaefk |ò cxo lnefk

cfl hojcuzo n |ò òaejnt|oxz& E bfn{ |ò z` {eaa leo |ò xz|mez|cbo |ò mcbo& E lnf| fool fn kxct` |n |oaa mo `n{ e| ez caaknefk |n {nxb! jcuzo |òzo beflz n txnioj|z fowox {nxb cf-{òxo ef |ò {nxal& \ò cxo lozekfol |n mcbo tontao mnfo!fn| zc|ez |ò anjcaz&

\ò anjcaz aewo c aeo |`c| mnz| {nual fl lejua|! e fn| emtnz-

zehao|ò eznac|enf! |ò xoaecfjo nf |òex fc|ewo zbeaaz |n uf| cfltxnwelo nx |òex cmeaeoz! cfl |ò acjb n emmolec|o molejca oat&

\cbo Jalo& @o `cz `cl fefo jèalxof& Gnux `cwo leol& Nfo xnmZELZ! nfo xnm l{cxzm! nfo xnm mofefke|ez! cfl |ò acz| nfoef cf C\W cjjelof| {èao c jnuzef {cz lxewefk&


15/28

HNNM! H_Z\! HNNM

87 Jalo zjxocmz& @ez hnz optanlo ef acuk`|ox c| |òexlclz optxozzewo acfkucko& @o annbz c| |òm cfl zjxocmz ef in!N` |ò bfn{& \ò {oxo |òxo&

Cfl> E czb&Cfl nfo mcf zcz |n mo! N`! Mebo zcz e|z nbc&C| |èz tnef| Jalo zè|z èz oo| cfl kc|òxz owof mnxo z|ocm

ef èz z|nx|oaaefk&E zcel! Mebo ez c ujbefk czz`nao& Cfl nu `cwo |{n j`nejoz&

M kuf z`nn|efk nu ef |ò czz nx |ò z|c|o |xnntoxz jnmefk òxocfl cxxoz|efk nu& Oe|òx {c nu cxo ko||efk n MU ACFL&

E czb {`c| |ò lel&N`! |ò ao|& Gcz|& Caa |òzo ujboxz zekf c teojo n tctox |`c|lnozf| caan{ |òm |n z` nux xewoxz! nx ùf| nux acfl! cfl òxo

|ò cxo lxefbefk hooxz cfl {c|jèfk |òex tnao iekkao ut cflln{f {e|` nux z`& E E {cz nf |òex txntox| ef {`c|owox ujbol-ut tacjo |ò aewo cfl |ò zc{ c fc|ewo mcf nf |òex acfl! |ò{nual jcaa |ò jntz! xek`|> [oaa! {`c| E zoo ez c {è|o mcf {`n{nxbz nx |ò mefo {`n ez fn| zuttnzol |n z` nux {c|oxz& Zn ko|

|ò òaa nu|! caa |ò {c nu|&Cxnufl oek`| njanjb E |oaa èm E `cwo |n xo|uxf |n Eaecmfc nx

|ò fek`|& [o z`cbo `cflz&E {nflox& [`c| {nual nu `cwo lnfo e E zcel E {cz ef cwnx

n Tohhao> E czb tacuaa&E {nual `cwo z`n| nu ef |ò czz {e|` m z`n|kuf! ò

zjxocmz! naan{ol h c huxz| n acuk`|ox& @ez hnz jèmo ef! cz lnE& [o {oxo ef `z|oxejz c| |ò |`nuk`| n mo hoefk z`n| ef |ò czz

nf |ò zelo n c xewox ef |ò Caczbc huz`&E| zoomol uff c| |ò |emo&


16/28

,:44 HEAAENF WZ& C GEZ@

87?

34

,:44 Heaaenf wz& c Gez`

\òxo cxo znmo elocz zn {xnfk |`c| nfa c woxef|oaaekof| toxznf jnual hoaeowo ef |òm&

Konxko Nx{oaa

Co{ lcz ac|ox! E cm ef c xnnm nf |ò zojnfl gnnx n |ò Mea-aoffeum @n|oa ef Cfj`nxcko& [ce|efk& \ò `n|oa ez focx |òcextnx|! cfl m {efln{ cjoz c acxko jexjuacx tnfl {òxo lnyofzn gnc| tacfoz cxo tcxbol! ela {ce|efk nx |òex fop| lotcx|uxoef|n |ò èf|oxacflz n Caczbc& \ò `n|oa! tntuacx {e|` |xcwoaoxz

z|ujb {ce|efk nx cf ocxa gek`| |n |ò An{ox


17/28

nwoxjnmo {e|` kaoo cz {o go{ chnwo |ò uf|nujòl acfl& [òxo|ò zc{ |ò u|uxo ze|oz n aocjèfk teaoz cfl jxuzèfk tacf|z! Ezc{ |nfz n {cz|o haoolefk |npej jòmejcaz ef|n c txez|efo {c|ox-zòl& \ò zc{ jnttox hoefk zèttol |n cf efzc|echao Jèfc cflE zc{ c zòx optoxeofjefk |ò hokeffefk n |ò ofl&

E cm fowox sue|o zuxo `n{ E cm chao |n ko| nf tacfoz cfl òae-jnt|oxz {e|` zuj` tontao! mocfefk {` |ò caan{ mo |n |ckcanfk& E `cwo ca{cz ofinol moo|efk tontao E {nual fnxmcaafowox bfn{& Fn mc||ox `n{ muj` E lezckxoo {e|` |òex toxztoj-|ewo! E aebo |ò olujc|enfca txnjozz n òcxefk |òm nu|& Hozeloz! ef

|èz jczo E fl e| eaaumefc|efk |n zoo ut janzo |ò tuhaej xoac|enfzmcjèfc|enfz n |ò mefefk efluz|x& @n{ |ò z|xc|okeyo& @n{

|ò {nxb op|xomoa `cxl |n jnfwefjo tontao! iuz| ofnuk` ton-tao! |`c| |ò cxo lnefk |ò xek`| |èfk& \ò bfo{ E {cz c {xe|ox&\ò cazn bfo{ E {cz c jnmmoxjeca zòxmcf& \èfbefk hcjb! E

jcf nfa czzumo E {cz kxcf|ol cjjozz hojcuzo E {cz xnm Hezhoo!c |n{f z|ootol ef mefefk èz|nx& Oe|òx {c! e| lelf| |cbo anfkuf|ea |ò zc{ mo cz nfo n |òm! c jnmtcf mcf&

E tu| ln{f |ò hnnb cfl zjcf |`xnuk` m fn|oz xnm m |xet|n Eaecmfc& E annb c| |ò z`nx|`cfl9 mnfo! lex| tnae|ejz! k`|efk

cmeaeoz! cf ufznawol muxlox! {eal acfl aebo fn nfo jcf emckefo!c oaejnt|ox xelo |n c loot wcaao jexjaol h {eflz{ot| mnuf|cefz{òxo! lotoflefk nf |ò mcxbo|! c tn|of|eca `cag c |xeaaenf lnaacxzef knal cfl jnttox ze| |`nuzcflz n oo| z|xcek`| ln{f&

Gefcaa! |ò t`nfo xefkz& E| jcf ho nfa nfo toxznf& Fn nfo oazobfn{z E cm òxo& In`f Zèwoa! JON n Tohhao Tcx|foxzèt! |oaaz

mo ò jcf moo| nx lxefbz ef |ò `n|oa hcx ef |{of| mefu|oz& [o|xeol |n ztocb c|ox |ò oaejnt|ox mefo |nux hu| |`c| |uxfol nu| |nho emtnzzehao luo |n èz zjòluao& [o `cl ckxool |n moo| ef |èz`n|oa utnf xo|uxfefk |n Cfj`nxcko&

E zact znmo {c|ox nf m cjo cfl ln{f c zojnfl jut n hacjb

|oc& [e|` fn|ohnnb ef `cfl! E xcjo ln{fz|cexz! xomeflefk mzoa{`c| E bfn{ chnu| In`f Zèwoa& @o ez nxekefcaa xnm Knzòf!Fo{ Unxb! cfl c||oflol jnaaoko c| |ò _fewoxze| n Fnx|` Jcx-naefc! J`ctoa @eaa& @ez nx|-tauz ocxz ef Caczbc lc|o hcjb |n

357?! {òf c| |ò cko n |{of|-|{n! ò zc| ef |ò hcjb n cjaczzxnnm cfl aez|ofol |n c kuoz| ztocbox |cab chnu| WEZ\C! Wna-

uf|ooxz ef Zoxwejo |n Cmoxejc! c txnkxcm lozekfol |n ho In`fBoffol cfl Zcxkof| Z`xewoxz _&Z& jnuf|oxtcx| n |ò {nxal{elo


18/28

87;

Tocjo Jnxtz! hn|` k`|efk tnwox|& \ò ztocbox zcel znmo|èfk|`c| lc |`c| jnfwefjol Zèwoa |`c| ò foolol |n inef ut& @o

{cf|ol |n kn tacjoz ò `cl fowox hoof cfl mcbo c leoxofjo&C mnf|` ac|ox ò acflol ef Ho|òa! c xomn|o Uuteb je| ef {oz|-

oxf Caczbc& C|ox zep mnf|`z {nxbefk nx WEZ\C |òxo ò mekxc|ol|n Ucbu|c|! cf eznac|ol je| |ujbol ef |ò an{acflz canfk |ò Kuan Caczbc! |{n ùflxol meaoz fnx|`{oz| n Iufocu& @o z|colc| |èz tnz| nx fefo|oof mnf|`z& @ez acz| z|ef| {e|` WEZ\C `cl

èm z|xcttol |n c j`cex! cz ò {nual ac|ox |oaa mo! ef Gcexhcfbz!{òxo ò cj|ol cz c zutoxweznx nx |ò wnauf|ooxz ef |ò UubnfXewox xokenf! Bn|yohuo! cfl |ò Fnx|` Zanto lez|xej|& \òf! xnm3507 |n 3558! ò inefol FCFC Xokenfca Jnxtnxc|enf! c Fc|ewoCaczbcfn{fol jnmtcf! hokeffefk cz c wejo txozelof| cfl owof-

|ucaa hojnmefk |ò jèo ntoxc|efk njox& Cz JNN! ò nwoxzc{|ò lowoantmof| n Xol Lnk mefo! |ò {nxalz acxkoz| yefj mefo!anjc|ol ef |ò op|xomoa xomn|o Lo Anfk Mnuf|cefz fefo| meaozfnx|` n Bn|yohuo& C|ox aocwefk FCFC! ò hojcmo |ò jnmmez-

zenfox n |ò Caczbc Lotcx|mof| n Fc|uxca Xoznuxjoz xnm 355?uf|ea Zot|omhox 8444& @o cazn zoxwol cz |ò jèo n z|c nx Caczbcknwoxfnx [eaaecm Zòoal ef |ò mel-3504z& Z|eaa! èz {nxb {e|`WEZ\C zoomz |n ho ez toxznfca jcaaefk jcxl& [e|`nu| e| o {nual hoiuz| nfo mnxo opoju|ewo lxnfo! òxo |n optane| |ò fc|uxca xoznuxjozef |ò kxoc| `nto |`c| c hujb efwoz|ol ez {nx|` |of ef txn|&

Zèwoa z|xeloz ef|n |ò `n|oaz hcx {ocxefk z`nx|z cfl z{oc|-efk txnuzoa& @o optacefz ò xnlo èz hebo |n |ò hcx& @o cazn

lxewoz c `hxel \nn|c @ekàcflox cfl ac|ox |oaaz mo ò n{fzcf nxkcfej cxm ef Fohxczbc& E jcffn| |oaa e ò jcxoz chnu| èzjcxhnf nn|txef| nx ez jcxoua |n txnioj| |`c| ò ez ofwexnfmof-|caa jnxxoj|& E lojelo e| ez |nn ocxa |n iulko& Hozeloz! E bfn{ ò

`cz ztof| mnz| n èz clua| aeo cz c xokez|oxol Lomnjxc|! cfl òwn|ol nx Nhcmc! c cj| |`c| tu|z èm c| nllz {e|` camnz| caa nèz mefefk jnaaockuoz! cfl |`c| ò `cz hoof cf cwel hebo xelox nx|{n lojcloz&

E| ko|z ho||ox kcz meaocko! Zèwoa cfz{oxz! {òf E czb {`

ò lxewoz |ò `hxel! kewefk |ò zmcx|oz| cfl mnz| xocznfchaocfz{ox tnzzehao& E lojelo |n òcx èm nu|&


19/28

HNNM! H_Z\! HNNM

870

@o nxloxz hooxz nx hn|` n uz& Gnx c mcf `nalefk |ò xoefz njnf|xna nwox |ò mnz| jnf|xnwoxzeca txnioj| ef Caczbc zefjo |ònea tetoaefo! ò zoomz xomcxbcha c| oczo |cabefk |n mo! c {xe|ox

{`n cz |nal em ut xnf| |`c| cz c jnmmoxjeca zòxmcf ef Hxez-|na Hc E ocx |`c| Tohhao mefo {eaa loz|xn nfo n |ò kxoc|oz|

xoznuxjoz ao| nf Ocx|`! |ò {eal zcamnf&

Zèwoa z|cflz wo nn| oek`|! {e|` z|uxl aokz cfl hauo ooz |`c|zoom |n |{efbao cfl xn{f c| |ò zcmo |emo! aebo c mcf jcuk`|ho|{oof acuk`|ox cfl xomnxzo! {èj` oflz ut annbefk aebo c zoa-jnfzjenuz foxwnuz z|c|o n mefl& Ef|oaaekof| cfl iulejenuz ef èz

xoztnfzoz |n m suoz|enfz! Zèwoa `cz hoof lozjxehol cz hoefktnae|ejcaa cz|u|o! nx cz ez ofomeoz aebo |n zc! jxc| nx zè|&Hu| |`nzo zcmo tontao cazn zc! Unu {nf| jc|j` èm zcefk |ò{xnfk |èfk! owox& [òf Ewo mof|enfol èz fcmo |n |ò mnxownjca nttnfof|z n |ò mefo! |ò j`cxcj|oxeyc|enfz jcf ko| mnxojnanxua& Nfo toxznf {`n `cl bfn{f Zèwoa nx camnz| |`xoo

lojcloz {cxfol mo |n ho wox jcxoua cxnufl èm! cfl |`c| ò

xotxozof|z |ò zcmo nal jxuz| {è|o mefefk opoju|ewo lnuhao-|cab {èao c| |ò zcmo |emo |ò `cwo jxo{z xctefk |ò tacjo cflaocwefk uz {e|` c ujbefk lezcz|ox&

N jnuxzo nfo n |ò |èfkz Zèwoa ez mnz| bfn{f nx ez aefk

& & & cfl |òf ko||efk jcuk`|& Ef 350? {òf ò {cz |ò jèo nz|c nx Lomnjxc|ej knwoxfnx [eaaecm Zòoal! ò aeol |n txnz-oju|nxz efwoz|ekc|efk |ò knwoxfnx xokcxlefk znmo ca|oxol lnju-mof|z cfl huealefk aoczoz& Hojcuzo ò {cz fn| uflox nc|` c| |ò

|emo ò aeol |n |ò txnzoju|nxz! ò lel fn| cjo toxiux j`cxkoz&@o {cz |òf kewof emmufe| xnm txnzoju|enf cfl ac|ox |oz|e-ol |xu|ùaa ef jnux| |`c| ò lel |ò ca|oxefk! caaokola ufloxlexoj| nxloxz xnm |ò knwoxfnx& Znnf c|ox clme||efk |n aefk! oxozekfol èz tnz|& \òf Zèwoa |xczòl |ò txnzoju|nx cz hoefknf c {e|j` ùf| ckcefz| |ò knwoxfnx! {`n ac|ox hcxoa zuxwewolhoefk emtocjòl h |ò z|c|o aokezac|nxz&

Zèwoa zoomz aebo znmonfo {`n lnozf| aebo |n anzo& Owox& Cz

nx èz optoxeofjo ef mefefk! ò ntofa clme|z ò `cz fnfo&Cz c JON E èxo tontao {`n ln bfn{! ò xotaeoz {òf E czb

èm chnu| èz mefefk hcjbkxnufl&


20/28


875

@ez mnz| lexoj| efwnawomof| ef |ò mefefk huzefozz {cz èz{nxb nx FCFC! {òf o oatol hueal |ò Xol Lnk yefj mefo efBn|yohuo! c mefo |`c| c oloxca iulko xuaol ef 8447 `cl wenac|ol

|ò Jaocf [c|ox Cj| 730 |emoz! h tumtefk mnxo tnaau|enf |`cfe|z lezj`cxko toxme| caan{ol ef|n Xol Lnk Jxoob&

[o `cl znmo txnhaomz! hu| |ò owof|ucaa kn| pol! òzcz chnu| |ò Xol Lnk tnaau|enf txnhaomz&

E tcuzo! mcbefk c mof|ca fn|o |`c| o hczejcaa lezmezzol {`c|`cz hoof c mcinx tnaau|enf ezzuo ef Caczbc nx camnz| |{n lojcloz&\èz txnhaom n wenac|efk |ò Jaocf [c|ox Cj| ez opcj|a {`c|{nxxeoz zn mcf tontao e Tohhao ez caan{ol |n ntof& Gnx c suejb

mnmof| E |èfb n Hezhoo cfl `n{ zmcaa c mefo e| {nual ho efjnmtcxeznf |n Tohhao cfl o| `n{ zemeacx txnhaomz {nual opez|&

Zofzefk |ò zuhioj| {cz lnfo cz cx cz ò {cz jnfjoxfol! E czbchnu| èz xnao c| Tohhao Tcx|foxzèt&

E lnf| |èfb n mzoa cz c mefox! o zcz& E |èfb n mzoa

cz c jnmmufe| lowoantox& \`c| ez m omt`czez! ca{cz `cz hoof&Cfl E bfo{ E {cz knefk |n jc|j` c an| n òc| nx |èz inh& E bfo{

E {nual ho c||cjbol! {èj` xocaa lelf| hn|òx mo! hu| E lelf|{cf| e| |n ùx| m cmea nx |`nzo janzo |n mo&Mcho |`c| ez {` èz {eo ztoflz mnz| n òx |emo nf |òex

cxm ef Fohxczbc& E kn |òxo sue|o c he|! iuz| |n ko| c{c xnmCfj`nxcko& E| jcf ho c hxek`| aek`| òxo! cfl E {nualf| ho lnefk|èz inh! {èj` E lnf| xocaa fool c| m cko! ufaozz E xocaa|`nuk`| |èz mefo jnual òat |ò xokenf cfl |ò fc|ewo tontao{`n aewo |òxo&

Owox|èfk chnu| èz hnl acfkucko cfl cjeca optxozzenfmcboz mo hoaeowo |`c| ò mocfz {`c| ò zcz! {èj` ezf| |n zc{`c| ò zcz ez |xuo& Hu| E hoaeowo ò hoaeowoz e|& E |oaa Zèwoa nnfo mcfz ef|oxtxo|c|enf n jnmmufe| lowoantmof|! c aefo |òTohhao Tcx|foxzèt uzoz n|of ef zoaaefk |ò eloc |n |ò tuhaej&

\ò mcf `cl zcel! {e|` zte| gefk xnm èz mnu|`! \ò cxo

lnefk jnmmufe| lowoantmof| e e| mocfz lowoantefk |ò mnz|jnxxut| cmeaeoz ef |ò cxoc! tcefk n xeoflz! loz|xnefk |ò

acfl! èxefk anjcaz |n jaocf |neao|z! cfl aocwefk c |npej teao |`c|{eaa nfo lc loz|xn |ò {c|ox& E kuozz |`c|z nfo {c |n lofojnmmufe| lowoantmof|&


21/28


22/28


23/28


24/28


8;:

Hu| uf|ea |ò zjeofjo cfl |ò mefo tacf cxo uaa lowoantol! E{nf| bfn{& E lelf| fool |èz inh! hu| E zc{ e| cz cf emtnx|cf|nttnx|ufe| |n j`cfko |ò ojnfnm n c xokenf |`c| jnual xocaa

uzo znmo ojnfnmej z|emuauz&Nf |`c| tnef| {o ckxoo& \ò xokenf ez ojnfnmejcaa lotxozzol!

{e|` mnz| efjnmoz |eol lexoj|a |n zèfk nx |ò njjczenfca z`n| ef|ò cxm xnm |nuxez|z& \ò z|emuauz ò |cabz chnu| zn xosuof|aefjauloz inhz nx chnu| zep uflxol |n nfo |`nuzcfl tontao! {e|`c hczo zcacx n chnu| ,04!444 c ocx& \`c| ez cx chnwo {`c|tontao ef |ò xokenf mcbo |nlc! hu| |òxo cxo fn txnmezoz anjcaz{eaa ko| |ò mcinxe| n |ò èk`-tcefk inhz! cfl e n|òx mefoz

cxo cf eflejc|nxcfl |ò uzucaa cxomcf inhz {eaa ho nu|-znuxjol |n èxol txnozzenfcaz |xcfztacf|ol |n |ò cxoc&

Zèwoa cfl E z|cx| nux zojnfl hoox cfl |cab chnu| nux mu|uca!hu| xoztoj|ua! `c|xol n ocj` n|òxz cwnxe|o jnaaoko hczbo|hcaa|ocm! èz hoefk Fnx|` Jcxnaefc cfl mefo! |ò _fewoxze| n Cxe-

ynfc& Fn mc||ox n{ mcf hooxz {o z`cxo! |èz {eaa ca{cz lewelouz! cfl tox`ctz hnfl uz2 ztnx|z `cz c {c n lnefk |`c|&

Ln nu |èfb nu {eaa z|eaa ho {e|` Tohhao Tcx|foxzèt {òf|èz mefo cj|ucaa ko|z ef ntoxc|enf> E e| owox lnoz> E czb&Em txo|| zuxo znmonfo {eaa ho ztxoclefk m czòz h |ò

|emo |`c| `cttofz! ò zcz {e|` c jùjbao&E `cwo |n clme| E fl Zèwoa aebchao! uff! cfl efzek`|ua!

{èj` mcboz mo ooa nfa mnxo znxx nx èm! hojcuzo E jcf|òat hu| |èfb ln{f loot ò bfn{z ò z`nual |uxf nu| |ò aek`|zef |ò njo! janzo |ò lnnx cfl |`xn{ c{c |ò bo! lxewo |n |ò

cextnx|! cfl hncxl |ò fop| gek`| |n Fohxczbc cfl xelo èz hebocanfk lex| xnclz nf èz nxkcfej cxm&

@o z|otz c{c |n |ò hc|`xnnm cfl E |èfb n [cle Gcfcf efInxlcf& E| ez c jnttox mefo |`c| `cz hoof lnxmcf| nx |{n |`nu-zcfl ocxz! zefjo |ò Xnmcfz chcflnfol |ò ze|o& \nlc caa |òzuxxnuflefk woko|c|enf cfl aewoz|njb|`c| oc| |`c| woko|c|enf

z|eaa z`n{ lcfkoxnuza èk` aowoaz n jnttox ef |òex |ezzuo&

Zèwoa xo|uxfz! cfl E xomefl èm |`c| ò `cz jcaaol znmo n|ò ofwexnfmof|ca kxnutz |`c| nttnzo |ò mefo ofwexnfmof|ca|oxxnxez|z& @o zcz |ò cxo |ò nfoz |`c| cxo uzefk cazo efnxmc-


25/28

HNNM! H_Z\! HNNM

8;@o ez ko||efk c ùko tcjòjb nx èz cwnxe|o wnjc|enf9 k`|efk&Tcx| n mo emckefoz ò lnozf| hoaeowo `ca n {`c| ò zcz! cfl{òf |ò |emo jnmoz |n hxocb kxnufl nf |ò mefo! ò {eaa sue|&Mcho ò {eaa je|o toxznfca cmea xocznfz cfl hn{ nu|& Mchoò {eaa jexjuac|o xumnxz |`c| ò {cz ca{cz ckcefz| |ò mefo hu|

|nnb |ò inh |n mcbo zuxo e| {cz òal |n |ò èkòz| z|cflcxlz&Znx| n c \xnicf `nxzo |`c| ca{cz `cl |ò hoz| ef|oxoz| n |òxokenf ef mefl& Tuhaeja ò {eaa |`cfb Tohhao nx |ò nttnx|ufe|cfl `nto |ò xokenf txn|z kxoc|a xnm |ò txnioj|&

E `cwo |n |oaa mzoa |èz cz E zet m hoox hojcuzo n|òx{ezo E

`cwo fn j`nejo hu| |n hxocb |èz hoox kaczz nf èz cjo&Nf |ò anfk gek`| nmo E xocaeyo |`c| {xe|efk chnu| zcwefk {ea-

loxfozz ez lejua|& @n{ ln E optacef |n tontao |`c| |ò fool |nòat zcwo c tacjo |ò {eaa fowox zoo xnm cf ofjxncjèfk mnf-z|ox |`c| `cz fn pol cjo> \ò mefefk jnmtcf! |ò JON! |ò

toxme||efk txnjozz! cfl |ò uhesue|nuz clwox|ezefk jcmtcekf cxocaa cxmz n |ò zcmo muxb jxoc|uxo& E cm fn| jox|cef `n{ |n|cjbao |èz |czb! hu| E cm jox|cef fn nfo z`nual kn |n |ò tacjo E`cwo lozjxehol honfl |ò z`nxoz n Eaecmfc! opjot| |`nzo {`ncaxocl bfn{ {òxo e| ez hojcuzo |òex kxcflc|òxz z`n{ol

|òm& Fn mnxo konankez|z! henankez|z! cxj`conankez|z& Fn mnxotontao z|ulefk c tacjo |`c| foolz nfa |n ho nxkn||of h nu|zel-oxz& Fn nfo foolz cfn|òx xotnx| |n kuxo nu| |`c| |ò txejo ez |nnz|oot |n z{ct |èz z{c|` n {eal acfl nx c mefo& Nx |`c| e |èzxokenf ez ntofol ut |n c mefo e| {eaa ho toxmcfof|a ca|oxol! cflowof|ucaa loz|xnol& Oek`| |`nuzcfl ocxz n c jjaejca xnu|efo

hxnbof nxowox&Nfjo `nmo! m {eo suejba `cflz mo |ò hch& \exol xnm

xuffefk |ò `nuzo nx zn anfk! zò tnz|tnfoz cf |cab chnu|Caczbc nx c o{ lcz& E `cwo mezzol m cmea nx |`xoo {oobzcfl E cm suejba |xcfznxmol xnm {nxxefk chnu| Tohhao mefo


27/28

HNNM! H_Z\! HNNM

8;7

|n {nxxefk chnu| m nufk belz& Cfl anwefk |òm& \òf nfofek`| c|ox |ò jèalxof cxo |ujbol ef|n hol {o ntof znmo {efocfl |cab chnu| Caczbc cfl Tohhao& Zò bfn{z |ò ezzuoz cfl ez

{nxxeol& Zò {nxbol |`xoo zummoxz ef Caczbc! nfo ef |ò {c|oxzn @nmox jnuf|efk {`caoz! cfl zò `cz c kxoc| tczzenf nx txo-

zoxwefk {eal Caczbc&[oaa> zò czbz&E|z c hc||ao! E cfz{ox&[`n ln nu |èfb {eaa {ef>E uzucaa {nual zc hek mnfo! hu| ef |èz jczo |òxo ez zn

muj` xozez|cfjo cfl ankej |n zcwefk |ò tacjo |`c| e| mek`| {nxb&

\ò mefo iuz| lnozf| mcbo cf zofzo& C| caa&[o |cab c he| mnxo chnu| e|! |òf zocmaozza z{e|j` |ntejz |n

emmolec|o ezzuoz cjefk nux aeo& [o tnux znmo mnxo {efo cflacuk` cz {o jc|j` ut nf |ò |n{f knzzet& Fn| nfjo ln {o mof-|enf |ò mefo ef nux |n{f nx e {o {cf| |n mnwo& [o efwe|o |ò

haefloxz n lofeca hojcuzo {o {cf| |n boot ofinefk nux |n{f&Nfjo zaoot jnmoz! {o ln {`c| mnz| zcfo tontao ln& [o jullao

ut {e|` ocj` n|òx cfl jxoc|o c zèoal ckcefz| |ò fowox-oflefkjac||ox n |ò {nxal&


28/28

ZJXEHFOX

C Lewezenf ng Zemnf ' Zjùz|ox! Efj&38:4 Cwofuo ng |ò Cmoxejcz

Fo{ Unxb! FU 34484

Jntxek`| 8438 h Heaa Jcx|ox

Caa xek`|z xozoxwol! efjaulefk |ò xek`| |n xotxnlujo |èz hnnb nx tnx|enfz |òxongef cf gnxm {`c|znowox& Gnx efgnxmc|enf cllxozz Zjxehfox Zuhzelecx Xek`|z

Lotcx|mof|! 38:4 Cwofuo ng |ò Cmoxejcz! Fo{ Unxb! FU 34484&

Gexz| Zjxehfox `cxljnwox ole|enf Nj|nhox 8438

ZJXEHFOX cfl lozekf cxo xokez|oxol |xclomcxbz ng \ò Kcao Kxnut! Efj&!uzol uflox aejofzo h Zemnf ' Zjùz|ox! Efj&! |ò tuhaezòx ng |èz {nxb&

Gnx efgnxmc|enf chnu| ztojeca lezjnuf|z gnx huab tuxj`czoz!taoczo jnf|cj| Zemnf ' Zjùz|ox Ztojeca Zcaoz c| 3-077-?47-35

boom, bust, boom: a story about copper, the metal that runs the world, by bill carter

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