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INDEX

Abrams, Philip, 7–8, 155African Political Systems

(Radcliffe-Brown), 7agriculture

Haiti and, 22–23, 42, 91, 92Trujillo, Rafael and, 57

Alba family, 59–62, 67, 69–71, 87, 98, 106–107

Alonso, A.M., 7Alvarez Bogaert, Fernando, 77, 86,

99, 108–109, 207Anderson, B., 167Archetti, E.P., 103, 212Ares family, 59Aretxaga, B., 191Argersinger, P.H., 208, 209Austerlitz, P., 212Avila Suero, V., 202

Báez, Buenaventura, 23, 44, 58, 79

Balaguer, Joaquín1994 resignation, 192–195authoritarian rule and, 1–5, 6,

13, 15early years, 29economy and, 30–31, 43–44elections, 31, 36–37, 58Georges, E. on, 205–206Guzmán, Antonio and, 200Haitian massacre (1937) and, 175infiltration and, 178legacy, 18–20

masculinity and, 134, 139, 144–145, 214

Miriam and, 73–76nation building and, 157–158,

163–165networks of rule and, 92–93Peña Gómez, José Francisco and,

34–37, 83PLD and, 36–37, 88–89, 195political fraud and, 117–118, 122,

124–128, 131PRD and, 76–77PRSC and, 35public sector and, 95, 97, 99,

104–105, 107, 111–113, 207race and, 65Rafaelito and, 83, 85–86Reformist Party and, 29state terror and, 181–182support for, 29–30, 31, 69They Forged the Signature of God

and, 197Trujillo, Rafael and, 8, 9–11, 30,

189United States and, 11

Barranco family, 59, 62, 67, 70, 71, 92, 95, 106, 114, 143–144, 173

Barthes, Roland, 118Baud, M., 25, 26, 32, 51–52, 56,

203–204Bayart, J-F., 9, 134Béhague, G.H., 212Betances, E., 27, 30, 131, 200

(Please note that page numbers appearing in italics indicate end notes.)

I N D E X242

Bhabha, H.K., 218Black, J.K., 2, 8, 31, 131, 200, 202Blanco, Salvador Jorge, 30, 34, 76,

131, 220Bloch, Maurice, 105, 216Blok, A., 207, 211Bloque Institucional, 34, 80border provinces, 14, 28, 37–38,

51–52, 54, 91, 201, 202Borneman, J., 209Bosch, Juan

election, 29Mario and, 89, 212masculinity and, 137, 139, 141, 145Miriam and, 87moral economy and, 113overthrow of, 71, 182Piñeyro and, 74PLD and, 206political fraud and, 122, 124–128PRD and, 34–36, 76, 78Rafaelito and, 78–80support for, 69–71, 118

Bosworth, R.J.B., 198Bourdieu, P., 10, 97, 133Bourgois, P., 97Brandes, Stanley, 134–136, 210, 212Brecht, Bertold, 183Brennan, D., 202Bryan, P.E., 25

Cabrera Febrillet, F.N., 117, 201Calder, B.J., 199Campillo Pérez, J.G., 203Carpentier, Alejo, 209–210Carter, Jimmy, 31, 37, 131, 200Cassá, R., 22, 27, 33, 219caudillo, 23, 34, 44, 57–58, 67Chauvet, José, 77, 100, 125Chauvet family, 60Chehabi, Houchang, 6, 198Christian Popular Party, 195Christian Social Reformist Party

(PRSC)Balaguer, Joaquín and, 18formation, 18, 34, 35–36

PLD and, 36, 90public sector and, 98, 101

Christianity, 175, 177, 179civil war, 27, 29, 74, 181Clarke, E., 202Clausner, M.D., 24, 203Coles, K., 209Collado, Lipe, 148–149, 151, 153–154,

215, 216Communism, 8, 29, 79, 88, 181, 198compadrazgo

authoritarian rule and, 4Balaguer, Joaquín and, 15local communities and, 71masculinity and, 143, 146, 215nation building and, 49, 62, 133political significance of, 93–94study of, 203

Consejo Estatal del Azúcar (CEA), 26Cornwall, A., 207Coronil, F., 11, 185–186, 219, 221Corradi, J.E., 186Corrigan, P., 197Crais, C., 9Crassweller, Robert D., 197Cuba, 21, 29, 153, 174, 198, 199, 216,

217Cuello, H., 28

Daniel, E.V., 219Das, V., 9, 197Davis, M.E., 118, 210, 212de Moya, E.A., 210Deive, C.E., 21, 50, 118, 159, 174,

202, 210, 216del Castillo, J., 25, 34, 36, 199, 201Derby, Lauren, 11, 13, 24, 26, 32–33,

50–52, 57, 158, 164, 180, 202, 218

Dominican Republicbefore 1930, 23–26after 1930, 26–31

Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD)

1978-1986, 76–78Balaguer, Joaquín and, 37

I N D E X 243

Bosch, Juan and, 29, 36factionalism and, 31Guzmán, Antonio and, 30–31La Descubierta and, 43–45, 75–76Peña Gómez, José Francisco and,

31, 34–35period following Trujillo’s death,

69–71PLD and, 88–90political fraud and, 119, 121–127,

131public sector and, 95–97, 100, 104,

110, 112, 115Rafaelito and, 79–86, 92, 95recent elections and, 193–195Reformist Party and, 71–72state-sponsored terror and,

181–182Dominican-American Convention,

24Dominican-Haitian treaty, 23, 24, 28Dore, E., 210Douglas, M., 178, 206Duarte, Juan Pablo, 162–163, 167, 217Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 31, 198

Edelman, M., 216el desalojo, 174, 175–176, 178, 180,

219El Jefe, 8, 27, 207El Sisal, 220elections, 34–37Era of Trujillo, The (Galíndez), 27, 130,

181, 186, 200Espinal, Rosario, 117, 129–130, 131

Feldman, A., 19, 219Fennema, M., 32, 33, 168, 170, 218Ferguson, J., 197Fernández, Leonel, 193Fiallo, Viriato, 69Fiehrer, T., 28forced labor, 27, 66, 220Foucault, Michel, 5, 7, 189Foundations of Despotism (Turits),

11–12

Franco, Francisco, 130, 197–198Franco, Franklin J., 168Franks, J., 25, 56, 199Friedman, J., 11Friedrich, P., 203

Galíndez, Jesús de, 27, 130, 181, 183, 186, 189, 200

Galvan, Manuel de Jesús, 168–169García, J.M., 175, 178García, José Gabriel, 165, 217Garrido, Victor, 26, 204Geertz, C., 197Geffroy, J.L., 207Georges, E., 41, 202–203, 205–206Geschiere, P., 198Gilmore, D., 211, 213Girard, René, 179Goffman, E., 145Gonzalez, N.L., 32González, R., 57Gould, J.L., 198Graeber, D., 192Grasmuck, S., 202Graziano, Frank, 177, 179, 186–188,

220Green, Linda, 181, 182, 189Gregory, S., 10Guarnizo, L.E., 203Gudeman, S., 203Gupta, Akhil, 9, 197Gutmann, M.C., 209, 213Guzmán, Antonio

election, 30, 37, 89, 131, 200political repression and, 30, 91,

181–182PRD and, 30, 34public sector and, 30, 131, 207Rafaelito and, 80

Haitiagriculture and, 22–23, 42, 91, 92border conf licts with DR, 1, 14,

22–23, 28, 113exiled Dominicans and, 59La Descubierta and, 4, 38, 68

I N D E X244

Haiti—continuednation building and, 157–171pre-1930, 49–54race and, 31–33, 35, 61, 64–65, 182Ramírez, Jesús María and, 54, 56revolution, 22smuggling and, 43, 184study of, 16, 18trade with DR, 24–26United States and, 24See also Haitian massacre (1937)

Haitian massacre (1937)details of, 14, 28, 205memories of, 157, 173–180,

219Peña Gómez, José Francisco and,

35, 217support for, 14Trujillo, Rafael and, 1, 20writings on, 218

Hannerz, Ulf, 137, 216Hansen, T.B., 192, 197Harris, O., 212Hartlyn, J., 30, 99, 117, 182, 193Harvey, Penelope, 7, 9, 66Hendricks, G., 203Herskovits, Melville, 210Herzfeld, M., 197Heureaux, Ulises, 24, 114, 130, 154,

205Hicks, A., 28Hispaniola, 21–23

Haitian rule of, 22–23history, 21–22sugar production, 22

Hoetink, Harry, 23, 24, 26, 114, 130, 145, 152, 154

Horacistas, 24Howard, D., 32Huneeus, C., 198hunger riots, 90, 208

Ianni, V., 220Incháustegui Cabral, H., 33Independent Revolutionary Party

(PRI), 34, 201

indios, 33, 61, 161, 167–171See also skin color

infiltration, 174, 178–179Inoa, Q., 56International Monetary Fund (IMF),

30–31, 220Irigaray, Luce, 4

James, D., 198Jiménez, Juan Isidro, 24Jiménez Polanco, J., 201, 203Jimenistas, 24Joseph, G.M., 9

Kapferer, B., 87, 177–178Kearney, R.C., 30, 112, 207–208Keesing, R., 212kinship, 15, 16, 62, 67, 77, 88, 141Kryzanek, M.J., 27, 30, 37, 114, 131,

200

La Descubiertabefore 1930, 49–54continuity and change, 91–94leadership (1930–1961), 63–69leadership (1961–1965), 69–71leadership (after 1965), 71–76leadership of Rafaelito, 79–86local families, 54–62networks of rule, 91–94overview, 37–47PLD and, 86–90PRD and (1978–1986), 76–78

Lancaster, R.N., 201, 213, 215land consolidation, 56, 58Lauria, Anthony, 146, 215Leach, E., 60Levine, R.M., 198Lévi-Strauss, C., 127Levitt, P., 203Lindisfarne, N., 207Linz, Juan, 6–7, 197–198Lomnitz, L.A., 209Lundahl, Mats, 22, 25, 50–51, 118,

197, 205, 210Lundius, M., 118, 197, 205, 210

I N D E X 245

Majluta, Jacobo, 34, 80, 126Malkki, Liisa, 11, 19, 167, 219Marte, R., 22, 174Martínez, S., 25, 32, 166, 199masculinity, 133–156

Balaguer, Joaquín and, 134, 139, 144–145, 214

Bosch, Juan and, 137, 139, 141, 145classifying men, 138–149compadrazgo and, 143, 146, 215construction of the state and,

149–156men’s discourses on women,

134–138Piñeyro, Miriam Méndez de and,

143–145Reformist Party and, 142–143Trujillo, Rafael and, 153–154

Mateo, A.L., 28, 212, 218Mbembe, Achille, 7McLeod, J.R., 209Mejía, Hipólito, 193Mella, Alejandro, 62Mella, Alfredo, 78–79, 81–82, 84–86,

89, 119–122, 124, 128–129, 131, 206

Mella, Pedro, 75, 96, 98, 101, 125, 142

Mella, Ramón, 162, 167Mella, Santiago, 100, 109, 120, 125Mella family, 59–62, 70, 71, 101,

106–107, 110, 167, 170–171migration

economic growth and, 15Haiti and, 28, 51, 91, 159, 166La Descubierta and, 38–40, 42,

46–47, 77moral economy of rule and, 111patronage and, 90PLD and, 88political fraud and, 127political issues and, 54sugar trade and, 25–26, 51Trujillo, Rafael and, 114, 154

Miles, W., 209Mintz, S.W., 10, 25, 202, 203

Mitchell, T., 197Moeran, B., 212Molyneux, M., 210Moreau de Saint-Méry, M.L.E., 50Mosse, G.L., 210Moya Pons, Frank, 2, 22–23, 25,

26–31, 53, 87, 99, 130, 165, 174, 181, 217–218

municipios, 38–39, 53, 93, 95, 110, 111

Nagengast, C., 197nation building, 157–171

Balaguer, Joaquín and, 157–158compadrazgo and, 49, 62, 133divided island, 157–164fear and, 165–167mestizaje and, 167–171Piñeyro, Miriam Méndez de and,

166, 169Trujillo, Rafael and, 20, 157–158

National Civic Union (UCN), 69–70nationalization, 15, 26–27, 114, 157Navaro-Yashin, Y., 197Neiburg, F., 198Nordstrom, C., 219Nugent, D., 9, 197, 198

Pacini Hernández, D., 212Paley, J., 221Palmer, C.E., 197, 202, 204Parry, J., 216Party for Dominican Liberation

(PLD)elections and, 34–36history, 86–94La Descubierta and, 18masculinity and, 141political fraud and, 121–122,

124–126, 201PRD and, 76, 78public sector and, 95–97, 110,

206Rafaelito and, 80, 85–86recent elections and, 193–195state terror and, 181

Passerini, L., 17

I N D E X246

patronageauthoritarian rule and, 4Balaguer, Joaquín and, 29Barranco family and, 70border provinces and, 38, 49, 51, 54hunger riots and, 208La Descubierta and, 15, 67–68masculinity and, 133, 141, 149PLD and, 90public sector and, 113–115, 118Ramírez, Jesús María and, 92Trujillo, Rafael and, 28

Pax Americana, 29Peguero, Rafael, 44, 69, 71–72, 85,

93–94, 98, 104Peña Battle, Manuel Arturo, 87, 174,

179, 217–218Peña Gómez, José Francisco

Alvarez Bogaert, Fernando and, 207

death, 201leadership, 34–35local community and, 118, 206political fraud and, 122, 126–127PRD and, 207, 212race and, 31Rafaelito and, 45, 80, 83–86, 92

Pérez Jiménez, Marcos, 198Peristiany, J.G., 211Pessar, P.R., 202, 203Pichardo, Bernardo, 87, 165, 206, 217Piñeyro, Miriam Méndez de

Balaguer, Joaquín and, 3, 72–75Chauvet, José and, 77La Descubierta and, 18–19, 193–194leadership, 92–93masculinity and, 143–145nation building and, 166, 169PLD and, 86–90political fraud and, 118–119, 121–125,

128–129, 131public sector and, 95–96, 98,

104–110, 112, 114–115Rafaelito and, 80–81, 83–96Ramírez, Jesús María and, 15on religious beliefs, 176–177, 179

ties to community, 44–45, 55, 61–62

Trujillo, Rafael and, 173Pitt-Rivers, Julian, 205, 211–212political fraud, 117–132

Balaguer, Joaquín and, 117–118, 122, 124–128, 131

Bosch, Juan and, 122, 124–128Dominican Revolutionary Party

(PRD) and, 119, 121–127, 131elections and, 118–128history within history, 129–132as interaction, 128–129Piñeyro, Miriam Méndez de and,

118–119, 121–125, 128–129, 131

Reformist Party and, 119–126, 131political parties, 34–37political reform, 95–115

discourse and, 101–107factionalism and, 98–101maintenance of control and,

107–111moral economy of rule, 111–115

Portes, A., 203Prestol Castillo, Freddy, 180, 218Price, R., 11, 202PRSC, See Christian Social

Reformist Partypublic sector

Balaguer, Joaquín and, 95, 97, 99, 104–105, 107, 111–113, 207

Christian Social Reformist Party (PRSC) and, 98, 101

Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) and, 95–97, 100, 104, 110, 112, 115

Guzmán, Antonio and, 30, 131, 207

Piñeyro, Miriam Méndez de and, 95–96, 98, 104–110, 112, 114–115

Reformist Party and, 95–97, 99–101, 102, 104, 106, 107–108, 112, 115

Puerto Rico, 21, 146, 174, 199

I N D E X 247

race, nationality and, 31–34See also skin color

Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., 7Rafaelito

La Descubierta and, 44–45leadership, 49, 76, 79–86networks of rule and, 92–94Peguero, Rafael and, 69, 72, 139,

142–143, 176PLD and, 88–90political fraud and, 118–119, 121–125,

128–129recent elections and, 193–195

Ramírez, Alejandro, 217Ramírez, Carmito, 205Ramírez, Jesús María

1930–1961, 62–691961–1965, 69–71after 1965, 71, 73Balaguer, Joaquín and, 15Carretero, Rafael, 57–58compadrazgo and, 62La Descubierta and, 50, 53–56,

106, 107, 163on state terror, 205Trujillo, Rafael and, 15, 92–93,

213Ramírez, Wenceslao, 204–205Ratekin, M., 199Reformist Party

after 1965, 71, 73–75Balaguer, Joaquín and, 18–19elections and, 34–36founding of, 29, 35La Descubierta and, 44, 181masculinity and, 142–143Miriam and, 55, 92PLD and, 87–90political fraud and, 119–126, 131PRD and, 77–78public sector and, 95–97, 99–101,

102, 104, 106, 107–108, 112, 115

Rafaelito and, 78–81, 83–86, 94recent elections and, 193–195

Ribero, Antonio, 71

Riches, David, 128Ricoeur, D., 178Ricourt, M., 203rituals, fraud, 125, 127Roorda, E.P., 8, 11, 25, 27, 198Roosevelt, Franklin D., 11

Sagás, Ernesto, 31–32, 33, 35, 158Samuel, R., 17San Miguel, P.L., 56, 165, 205Sánchez, Rosario, 162, 167Sánchez family, 59, 83, 167Santana, Pedro, 23, 168–169Santo Domingo, 8Sayer, D., 197Scott, J.C., 137, 191Sención, Viriato, 197Sharma, A., 197Sharpe, K.E., 202Siegel, J.T., 198Silié, R., 21skin color, 33, 170–171, 200

See also indios; trigueñosSkurski, J., 11, 185–186slavery, 21, 23, 50, 168, 169, 199, 211Sluka, J., 186, 219Smith, R.T., 202smuggling, 21, 38, 43–44, 52, 77,

184–185, 203Sommer, D., 168–169, 218Spain

Dominican Republic and, 23, 217emigration to, 46, 91, 203Franco, Francisco and, 197Hispaniola and, 21–22Santana, Pedro and, 23, 168–169sugar trade and, 199Treaty of Aranjuez and, 22Treaty of Basle and, 22

spirits, 135, 159–160, 163, 176–177, 210–211

state terror, 2, 20, 27, 29, 91, 128, 131, 154, 157, 173, 191, 205, 209, 220

state-sponsored terror, 14–15, 29, 180–189

I N D E X248

statue politics, 8Steinmetz, G., 197Stepputat, F., 192, 197Stoller, P., 198sugar

export of, 12, 21, 200, 204foreign ownership of plantations,

14growth of industry, 24–30, 114, 153history of industry in DR, 50–52,

91, 199, 217La Descubierta and, 37–38, 56labor and, 202, 218smuggling of, 43–44, 77state Sugar Company, 109–110

sugar productionpost-1930, 26–30pre-1930, 24–26

surveillance, 15, 27, 59, 76, 88, 120, 180

Tambiah, Stanley, 127Taussig, Michael, 128, 161, 183–184,

210, 216terror, state, 2, 14–15, 20, 27, 29, 91,

128, 131, 154, 157, 173, 180–189, 191, 205, 209, 220

Thompson, E.P., 90, 208Three Fathers of the Fatherland, 163,

167tíguere, 147–155, 215, 216Tolentino Rojas, V., 65Tonkin, E., 17Toral, Luis, 108, 144Torres-Saillant, S., 32, 218tourism, 30, 37–38, 91, 200Treaty of Aranjuez, 22Treaty of Basle, 22, 217Treaty of Ryswick, 22trigueños, 33, 44, 200

See also skin colorTrouillot, M-R., 7, 11, 22, 51, 155,

199, 216Trujillo, Rafael

aftermath of death, 78, 91–93, 115agriculture and, 57

Alvarez Bogaert, Fernando and, 99anti-Haitianism and, 52–54assassination, 29, 130authoritarian rule and, 1–15, 26–28Balaguer, Joaquín and, 29early years, 26el desalojo and, 173–178, 180elections and, 130Guzmán, Antonio and, 30Haitian massacre (1937) and, 28, 35La Descubierta and, 38–39, 44,

49–50, 63–71, 78, 106, 180masculinity and, 153–154memories of terror under, 180–189nation building and, 20, 157–158nationalism and, 31Peña Gómez, José Francisco and,

35personal empire, 54, 114race and, 33Rafaelito and, 79rise to power, 24–25, 59support for, 62tíguere and, 148

Turits, Richard Leeon farming, 56, 66–67on forced labor, 66on Haitian land policies, 23on Haitian massacre, 175on land consolidation, 56on nationalization of Trujillo’s

land, 114on Trujillo regime, 11–14, 26–28

Turner, Victor, 219Twain, Mark, 208

UCN, See National Civic UnionUgalde, A., 202urbanization, 37, 153, 155

Vásquez, Horacio, 24, 53, 58–59, 63, 188

Vega, B., 14, 28, 33, 53, 54, 59, 175, 200, 219

Verdery, Katherine, 8, 11, 167, 198Veyne, Paul, 165

I N D E X 249

Viña family, 59, 70, 107Vincent, Stenio, 28violence, memories of, 173–189

1937 Haitian massacre, 173–180Trujillo’s terror, 180–189

Wade, Peter, 141, 211, 212, 213Wagley, C., 203Walker, Malcolm, 202, 220Walton, J., 220War of Restoration, 24Warner, Charles Dudley, 208Warren, Kay, 175, 219

Weber, Max, 10, 197Whatever Balaguer Says movement,

35, 75Wiarda, H.J., 27, 30, 37, 114, 131, 200Wikan, U., 211Williams, E., 11Willis, Paul, 80Wilson, Peter, 189, 202, 213Wolf, E.R., 202, 203World War I, 25World War II, 26, 200

Yunén, R.E., 32