Book of English

Unit 1

THE ALPHABET

El alfabeto Ingls est compuesto de 26 letras

A B C D E - F G H I J K L M N O P Q - R S T U V W X Y - Z Agrupo las letras de acuerdo al sonido:

Ei : a j h - k I: b c d e g p t v E: f l m n s x z Ai: i y - Iu: q u w Ou: o

Ar: r

THE GREETINGS

Hi : hola (informal)

Hello : hola

Good morning : buen da

Good afternoon : buenas tarde

Good Evening : buenas noches ( al llegar )

Good Night : buenas noches

How are you? : Cmo est/s/n?

How do you do? : Cmo le va?

Nice to meet you : gusto o placer en conocerte

Im glad to meet you : encantado en conocerte Very well, thank you : muy bin gracias

Fine, thank you : bin gracias

See you later : nos vemos mas tarde

See you tomorrow : nos vemos maana

Until tomorrow : hasta maana

Good bye : Adios

Bye-bye : chau chau

What is your name? : cual es tu nombre?

My name is: mi nombre es What is your surname last name family name? My surname is.. How do you spell your name?: Como se deletrea tu nombre?

Useful expressions and commands (part 1)

Repeat: repitan Repeat after me:

All together: You alone: Solo usted

Again: otra vez Read it: lalo

Be quiet: silencio Erase the blackboard, please:

Stand up: For homework; para tarea

May I go to the bathroom?: May I go out? : puedo salir

Did you finish?: terminaron Not yet: an no Yes:

Listen: escuchen Do you understand?: entienden

Bring me some chalks, please: traeme algunas tizas, por favor

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE ( A- AN )

A : un una (delante de consonantes) An : un una (delante de vocales) El artculo indefinido A An se utiliza delante de sustantivos singulares A : before a word which begins with a consonant sound.

An : before a word which begins with a vowel sound

Example:

a teacher : un profesor una profesora an orange : una naranja

A and An tell how many, because they do not indicate a definite person or object, are called Indefinite articles.

Complete with A An and Translate to Spanish ..student ..eraser .notebook ..pencil ..umbrella .scientist ......table ..........classroom .............class ..........tourist ..secretary .elephant ..egg ..atlas .pen .schoolbag ..apple .insect

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE)

The: el la los las You use in singular or plural.

The indefinite article is pronounced in two different ways, depending upon what follows it.

(de) when it is followed by a word beginning with a consonant.

(di ) when it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel

The student the apple

The article the, because it indicates a definite person or object, (the child, the box) is called a definite article.

Complete with THE and Translate to Spanish .blackboard ..words .student ..lessons .room ..windows .doors .chemists .floor .pen .ceiling .light .seat papers

SUBJECT PRONOUNS (PRONOMBRES NOMINATIVOS) or PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

A pronoun is a very useful word that can be used in place of a noun. A pronoun may be used as the subject of

a sentence.

I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY ( Ellos ellas estos / as )

Change by a personal pronoun

Mary: she Peter: Helen and Karen: The car:

Richard and I: The students: The student: The pencils:

VERB TO BE

The present form of BE express facts about the present.

Affirmative Interrogative Negative Contracted form

I am am I? I am not Im not You are Are You? You are not You arent He is

She is

It is

We are

You are

They are

Complete with the correct form of the verb to be and Translate to Spanish

1- A donkey..an animal 5- She..in the classroom 2- We.. students 6- Robert and Helen.friends. 3- The dog intelligent 7- I .a tourist 4- It .a pencil 8- Robert and I ..teachers.

Substitute the noun for a pronoun

1- Philip is a student : He is a student

2- Alice is a nurse :

3- Victor is a tourist :

4- Sylvia is a secretary :

5- The students are in the room:

6- The car is new :

Change the sentences to the interrogative form

Philip is in class Alice is in class

He is absent I am a student

We are tourists Washington is in the United States

Change the sentences to the negative form

It is a door We are doctors She is a singer

Edward is a doctor My name is Helen They are good students

Change the sentences to the interrogative and negative form

1- It is a city 2- She is a secretary 3- He is a pilot

4- The oranges are delicious 5- Manolo and Rolando are in Bogot.

6- I am sick 7- They are in Europe 8- Laura is beautiful

9- Peter is in the laboratory 10- I am in the English class

CONTRACTIONS WITH BE

PLURAL OF NOUNS

Rules

1- Most plurals are formed by adding s to the simple form ( La mayora de los sustantivos en Ingls se pluralizan agregandles directamente s )

Example: Book = books

2- When a word ends in y but is preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i and es is added. (Cuando un sustantivo termina en y pero esta precedida de una consonante se cambia la y por i y se agrega es. )

Example: party = parties

3-When a word ends in y but is preceded by a vowel is not changed. (Cuando una palabra termina en y pero esta precedida de una vocal se agrega directamente s.) Example: day = days

4- When a word ends in : ss sh ch x o is added es . ( A los sustantivos que termina en : ss sh ch x o se les agrega es para pluralizarlos.)

Example. Tomato = tomatoes

5- When a word ends in f fe is changed by ves. (Cuando la palabra termina en f fe se cambia la f fe por ves)

Example: leaf (hoja) = leaves

6- Irregular plural forms: there are only a few, the most common are: Existen sustantivos irregulares, es decir que no siguen la regla y tienen forma propia, los ms

comunes son los siguientes:

Foot (pie) = feet (pies) tooth (diente) = teeth (dientes) ox (buey) oxen (Bueyes)

Mouse (ratn) = mice (ratones) man (hombre) = men (hombres)

Woman (mujer) = women (mujeres) child (nio) = children (nios)

Write the plural of these nouns Escribe el plural de estos sustantivos Glass horse lady day - baby camera mouse - watch country half actress hero potato flower knife dish child woman key pen -

1- + s 2- y + ies 3- y + s 4 f-fe= ves 5- x-o-ss-sh-ch= es 6- Irregular

Form the plural and Translate to Spanish

City body (cuerpo) boy man library

Horse foot thief (ladrn) pencil book

Knife (cuchillo) fruit sandwich party gate

Hand finger door computers shoe

Search in newspapers and magazines 5 nouns, and then pluralize it. Use a dictionary to translate the

word in English.

THE DEMOSTRATIVES

Singular Plural

This ( Este esta esto ) these: (estos estas ) That ( aquel aquella/o ) those: ( aquellos aquellas )

This and These refer to people or things close or near to the speaker.

This and These para referirse a personas o cosas que estn cerca del hablante

That and Those refer to people or things which are some distance from the speaker.

That y Those para referirse a personas o cosas que estn lejos del que habla.

This and That are singular in number and are used to modify singular nouns.

This y That estn en nmero singular y son usados para modificar sustantivos singulares.

These and those are plural in number and are used to modify plural nouns.

These y Those son de nmero plural y son usados para modificar sustantivos plurales

Translate to Spanish

This is a box: That is a table: These students are busy:

This is a chair: That is my house: Those students are tired:

This lesson is easy: These seats are comfortable: That is my sister:

This is my hat: Those twins are my brothers:

THE PREPOSITIONS ( IN ON - AT )

Las 3 preposiciones significan en, pero con diferencias al utilizarlas. IN: en ( dentro de algo )

Example: We are in the classroom ( Ntros. estamos en la clase )

ON: en ( sobre algo, en contacto con una superficie )

Example: The book is on the table ( El libro est en la mesa o El libro est sobre la mesa)

AT: en ( presencia en un lugar )

Example:The teacher is at the blackboard ( La prof. est en el pizarrn )

ANOTHER FORM OF USES

IN: before months : in September

Years : in 1999

Seasons : in winter

IN: before a city : in San Lorenzo

Country : in Paraguay

IN: with the expressions : in the morning

(in this case IN means por) : in the afternoon : in the evening

ON: before days of the week : on Friday

Dates : on July 4th

ON: before name of streets : on Estrella Street

: on Palma Street

AT: before the time : at 5:15

Special expressions : at noon - at night - at midnight

AT: before exactly address : at 643 Palma Street

Complete the sentences with IN ON AT and Translate to Spanish

1- He lives389 Colon Street 2- My birthday is .December . 3- We are..the classroom . 4- Those books arethe table . 5- The Paraguayan Independence was1811 . 6- I wake up..6:00 7- The party isAugust 10th 8- Helen is..the door 9- I go to the church.Sunday 10- The American Embassy is..Mcal Lpez Avenue 11- I study..the morning 12- They liveBolivia

Complete the reading with IN ON AT and Translate to Spanish

I live.a apartment with a big cat, ..Asuncin..1040 Palma street. The cat loves to sit..the sofa. When I read the newspaperthe evening, I sit.the sofa, and the cat sits ..me. My cats bed isthe kitchen floor, but he usually sleeps..my bedroom. I go to work the morning, and the cat stays alone..the apartment.

Yo vivo en un departamento con un gato grande, en Asuncin en la calle Palma 1040. El gato ama sentarse

en el sof. Cuando yo leo el peridico en la noche. Yo me siento en el sof y el gato se sienta sobre m. La

cama de mi gato est en el piso de la cocina, pero l usualmente duerme en mi dormitorio. Yo voy a trabajar

en la maana, y el gato se queda solo en el apartamento.

THE NUMBERS ( 1 20 )

1 : One

2: Two

unit 2

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Its formed with the present form of be + the verb with ing to express moment activity. The ing form tell us that the time is right now.

Es formado con la forma presente del verbo to be + el verbo principal con ing (ando iendo) Example: work ( trabajar ) = working ( trabajando )

Rules

a- When the simple form of a verb ends in a single e, the e is dropped before adding ing.

a- Cuando el verbo termina en e, se suprime la e y luego se agrega ing Ex. Have (tener) : having (teniendo) write: writing choose: choosing

b- When the simple form of a verb ends in ie, the e is dropped and the i is changed to y before adding ing.

b- Cuando el verbo termina en ie se suprime la ie y se agrega ing Ex. Die (morir): dying tie (atar): tying lie (mentir):lying

Form the present continuous using the verbs in parentheses and Translate to Spanish

1- Betty .. a new dress today ( wear ) 1- 2- Bill.. .. music ( listen ) 2- 3- Mr. Allen .a pipe ( smoke ) 4- You an English lesson ( study ) 5- Roger and Alex.. in the cafeteria ( eat ) 6- One student.. .. the question ( copy ) 7- Mary. .. a new dress ( choose ) 8- We .. on the blackboard ( write ) 9- He. ..a car ( drive ) 10- Karen and I. a soccer game ( watch )

Translate to Spanish

1- Martha is washing the windows:. 2- The cat is eating a mouse: 3- The baby is sleeping:... 4- Mr. Green is working in the garden: 5- The boys are playing football:. 6- William is washing the car:..

THE INTERROGATIVE WORDS WH- questions

WHO: quin / es ?. For questions about people. ( Para preguntas acerca de personas )

WHAT : qu ?. For questions about things. (Para preguntas acerca de cosas)

WHERE : dnde ?. For questions about places. ( Para preguntas acerca de lugares )

WHEN : cundo ?. For questions about time. (Para preguntas acerca de tiempo, de la hora)

Translate the questions or Answer the questions

WHO

1- Who is that boy ? :

2- Who are they ? :

3- Who is finishing the exercise ? :

4- Who are studying at the library ? :

5- Who are eating at the cafeteria ? :

6- Who are you eating with ? :

7- Who are you studying with ? :

8- Who sits in front of you ? :

9- Who sits in back of you ? :

10- Who sits on your right ? :

11- Who sits on your left ? :

WHAT

1- What are you writing ? :

2- What are you thinking about ? :

3- What are you looking at ? :

4- What is Betty doing ? :

5- What is the lady drinking ? :

1- What do you do in the morning ? :

2- What do you do in the afternoon ? :

3- What do you like ? :

4- What does he like ? :

5- What time does the class begin ? :

6- What do you plan to do in the future ? :

7- What do you want to be ? :

8- What do you like to do on weekends ? :

WHERE

1- Where is your house ? :

2- Where are you living now ? :

3- Where are you sitting ? :

4- Where are Mr. and Mrs. Green ? :

5- Where is George ? .

1- Where do you study ? :

2- Where do you sleep ? :

3- Where do you eat ? :

4- Where do you work ?

5- Where do you go on Saturdays ? :

6- Where do you want to travel in the future ? :

WHEN

1- When do you study English ? :

2- When do you eat breakfast ? :

3- When do you usually do your homework ? :

4- When does he watch TV ? :

5- When does he go to the church ? :

6- When does he do the homework ? :

THE ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a word that describes or points out a noun, an adjective modifies a noun. Adjectives in

English only have one form, which we use with singular and plural.

Un adjetivo es una palabra que describe o seala a un sustantivo, un adjetivo modifica a un sustantivo. Los

adjetivos en Ingls no se pluralizan y se utilizan tanto para el singular como para el plural.

Good bad old new young tall short long - big small expensive cheap nice beautiful handsome ugly clean dirty comfortable interesting intelligent happy- sad difficult easy fat thin poor rich delicious -

Complete the sentences with an adjective then translate to Spanish

1- My chair is = . 2- My classmate is.. = 3- The class is. = 4- The classroom is = 5- The lesson is . = 6- The questions are.. = 7- The students are = 8- The girls are.. =

THERE IS THERE ARE

THERE IS: hay ( en singular )

THERE ARE: hay ( en plural )

Complete with There is There are

1- a girl in the classroom 2- a room in the house 3- two calendars on the desk 4- three tables in the room 5- a classroom in the school 6- two old chairs in the room 7- a boy in the classrrom 8- four old houses on this street

Change to questions ( Is there Are there ? )

1- There is a book on my desk : Is there a book on my desk ? 2- There are five boys in the classroom : Are there five books in the classroom ? 3- There are two calendars on the walls : 4- There are eight rooms in my house : 5- There is a map on the wall : 6- There is a calendar on my desk :

What about your home ? Give short answers

Yes, there is / are

No, there isnt / arent

1- Is there a post office near your house ? : . Hay un correo cerca de tu casa ?

2- Is there a museum ? : . Hay un museo ?

3- Is there a bus stop near your home ?

Hay una parada de mnibus cerca de tu casa ?

4- Is there a cinema ?

Hay un cine ?

5- Is there a school near your house ?

Hay una escuela cerca de tu casa ?

6- Are there a lot of shops near your house?

Hay muchos negocios cerca de tu casa ?

7- Are there a lot of trees near your home ? :. Hay muchos rboles cerca de tu casa ?

Unit 3

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ( EL PRESENTE SIMPLE )

We use the present simple to talk about repeated actions or habits.

In the affirmative form the verbs have the same form in all the persons, except in the third person singular. In

the third person singular S is added In the interrogative form, we use the auxiliaries DO DOES to make questions.

DOES with (He She It) DO for all other persons. Negative form we use the auxiliaries DO DOES then the word NOT follows these auxiliaries.

Usamos el presente simple para hablar o referirnos acerca de acciones o hbitos.

* En la forma afirmativa los verbos tienen la misma forma en todas las personas, excepto en las terceras

personas del singular (He She It). En las terceras personas se agrega s.

Excepciones: 1- Cuando el verbo termina en y pero est precedida de una consonante se cambia la y por i y se agrega es Study : studies

2- A los verbos que terminan en: ss sh ch x o se les agrega es wtch : watches

* Para la forma interrogativa utilizamos los auxiliares DO DOES para hacer preguntas. DOES: se utiliza con He, She, It

DO: se utiliza con I We - You - They stos auxiliares se colocan al comienzo de la oracin y no tienen traduccin solo indican que la oracin est

en forma interrogativa en tiempo presente. Al utilizar el auxiliar does el verbo deber estar en su forma simple

sin s o es

* Para la forma negativa utilizamos Do not = Dont - Does not = Doesnt que se colocan delante del verbo para negar y el verbo en forma simple en (he she it ) Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I speak Do I speak ? I do not speak - I dont speak You speak Do you speak ? You do not speak - You dont speak He speaks Does he speak ? He does not speak - He doesnt speak She speaks Does she speak ?

It speaks Does it speak ?

We speak Do we speak ?

You speak Do you speak ?

They speak Do they speak ?

Rules: He she - it a- Most form adding s to the simple form of the verb. : live lives, eat eats b- When the verbs end in o-ss-sh-ch-x is added es. : go goes c- When a verb ends in y but preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i and es is added.:

study - studies

Write correctly the verbs in parentheses and Translate to Spanish

1- Joseph..TV in the evening ( watch ) 1-

2- Joseph..in this room in the afternoon ( study ) 2-

3- She..to the Chemistry class ( go ) 3-

4- Hein San Bernardino ( live ) 4-

5- The baby..milk ( drink ) 5-

6- You at the library ( study ) 6-

7- We ..the newspaper ( read ) 7-

8- They..on the blackboard ( write ) 8-

Change the sentences to the interrogative and negative form. Use Do - Does

1- He walks every day ( El camina cada da )

1-

1-

2- They speak in the school

2-

2-

3- You do the homework every day

4- I wait for John after class

5- She teaches History at school

6- Helen goes to Europe every year

7- He helps his friends

8- John goes downtown every Saturday

9- She studies in the library in the afternoon

10- Mr. Allen smokes cigarettes every day

11- She lives on this street

12- The bus arrives before nine oclock 13- They attend a big college

14- She lives in the city

15- He works in the city

16- He leaves home at nine oclock 17- I take a bus to work

18- They go to work by car

19 They arrive at school at nine oclock 20 The boys like to study in the afternoon

FREQUENCY WORDS ( PALABRAS O ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA )

The adverbs of frequency are words which tell in general way how many times an action is repeated. They

are used in sentence patterns which express customary or repeated action. The following are the most

common.

Los adverbios de frecuencia son palabras las cuales nos indican de que forma o cuantas veces una accin es

repetida. Ellos son usados en oraciones para expresar costumbres o acciones repetidas. Los ms comunes son

los siguientes:

Always : siempre often: a menudo seldom: rara vez

Usually: usualmente sometimes: algunas veces rarely: raramente

Frequently: frecuentemente occasionally: ocasionalmente never: nunca

The words seldom, rarely, never are negatives

The position of adverbs of frequency - La ubicacin de los adverbios de frecuencia

* In affirmative statements they are between the subject and verb

* En oraciones afirmativas ellos se colocan ente el sujeto y el verbo

Example:

He often call his mother (l a menudo llama a su madre )

* With the verb to be is placed followed of to be * Cuando la oraciones tiene verbo to be (am is are) se coloca despus del verbo She is always happy. ( Ella est siempre feliz )

The expressions with every, you put at the end of the sentence.

Las expresiones con every se colocan al final de la oracin every morning: cada maana o todas las maanas

every afternoon: cada tarde o todas las tardes

every night : cada noche o todas las noches

every day : cada da o todos los das

every week : cada semana o todas las semanas

every month : cada mes o todos los meses

every year : cada ao o todos los aos

Put the frequency word in the correct place and Translate

1- He is busy (always ): 2- She is very tired ( usually ) 3- Mr. Green visits her mother ( every day ) 4- They go to France on holiday ( every year ) 5- We eat turkey ( every Christmas ) 6- Robert goes to the cinema ( often ) 7- I study English ( never ) 8- We watch TV in the evening ( rarely ) 9- Lucy is late to class ( always ) 10- They are absent ( rarely ) 11- I set the table (always) 12- He loses his keys (sometimes)

Read and Translate

Mr. Green often gets up at 7:00, and he usually has breakfast at 7:30. He always starts work at 8:45. He

sometimes eat at 12:00 and sometimes eats at one. He usually comes home at six oclock, and the Greens always have dinner at seven. Mr. Green always watches the news at nine, and he never goes to bed after

midnight.

.............................................................................................

unit 4

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES ( Adjetivos posesivos )

Are used to show possession . They go before nouns. For example, they are always used before parts of the

body. Ex. Wash your hand

They are also used with family and acquaintance (trato) relationship terms.

Ex. Betty lives with her uncle.

I MY ( mi mis ) YOU YOUR ( su sus tu tus ) HE HIS ( su sus , de l ) SHE HER ( su sus , de ella ) IT ITS ( su sus , neutro ) WE OUR ( nuestro a ) YOU YOUR ( sus , de Ustedes )

THEY THEIR ( sus , de Ellos )

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES AS THE EXPAMPLE AND TRANSLATE TO SPANISH

EX. Michael is a college student. His book is on the table

Ex : Miguel es un estudiante . Sus libros estn sobre la mesa

1- She is a teacher. ______ pen is on the desk.

1-. 2- Susan and Michel are college students. _____books are on the table.

2- . 3- I am a teacher. _____pencil is on the desk.

3- . 4- You are a student. ______notebook is on the chair.

5- We are teachers. _______books are on the table.

5- He is a doctor. ______pen is on the floor.

USE THE POSSESSIVE AS IN THE EXAMPLE

Ex. She has a beautiful face : Her face is beautiful.

Ex. Ella tiene una hermosa cara. Su cara es hermosa

1- He has big eyes ( El tiene grandes ojos ) : His eyes are big ( Sus ojos son grandes )

2- She has a beautiful mouth : Her mouth is beautiful

3- It has short ears : Its ears are short

4- I have a funny nose : My nose is funny

5- She has a friendly face : Her face is friendly

6- They have big feet : Their feet are big

7- You have good teeth :

8- She has long hands :

9- He has short fingers :

POSSESSION WITH: S AND S

Nouns which refer to persons, animals, and places have special possessive forms characterized, in writing, by

apostrophe. The position of the apostrophe is determined by the final letter of the base form.

Rules:

a- When the base form ends in s and it is a plural form, only an apostrophe is added. Ex. The guests coats b- When the base form ends in s and it is a singular form, you may add an apostrophe. Jack Jones coat.

c- When the base form ends in any letter except s an apostrophe plus s is added. Ex. Bettys friend

Complete the sentences with the correct possessive form of the noun in parentheses

Ex. Mikes house is very big ( Mike ) 1- His _____________pencils are on the desk. ( sister ) 2- _________________notebooks are in her room ( Ann ) 3- _________________sister is in Argentina ( Richard ) 4- My ______________ books are on the floor ( brother ) 5- ______________ house is on this street. ( Mrs. Davis )

Write the possessive form and translate to Spanish

1- The radio of John : 2- The dog of the Millers : 3- The basket of Mrs. Millers : 4- The Car of Mr. Green : 5- The shirts of the boys : 6- The house of the family : 7- The umbrella of the girls : 8- Resources of Canada: 9- The desk of the assistant: 10- The house of the Allens:

THE IMPERATIVE

La forma imperativa comienza directamente con el verbo, y es la nica que no lleva sujeto, ya que se supone

que la orden est dirigida a YOU ( singular o plural ) Translate to Spanish

1- Turn right : 6- Stand up :

2- Dont turn left : 7- Be quiet : 3- Go : 8- Dont forget : 4- Dont go : 9- Dont talk : 5- Dont smoke : 10- Dont move :

Change to the negative

Open the door : Dont open the door

Close the book : Dont close the book

Memorize the conversation:

Practice the exercise :

Answer the questions :

Give him a pencil :

Who says these things to you ?

Be quiet! Sit down and open your books : .. Please come and help me in the kitchen : .. Dont put your coat on the floor : .. Come and see me again soon : ..

LETS (Let us)

Esta expresin implica una sugerencia, una invitacin, es un imperativo en que se incluye la persona que

habla.

Ex. Lets go : Vamos Lets not close the window : No cerremos la ventana

Translate to English

1- Cerremos la puerta :

2- Estudiemos la leccin :

3- Juguemos football :

4- Caminemos :

5- No hablemos en clase :

6- Borremos el pizarrn :

.

Unit 5

MASS NOUNS AND COUNT NOUNS Sustantivos de masa y sustantivos contables

Count nouns: are nouns which can be counted and have plural form.

Book, student, teacher

Mass nouns: they dont have plural form and represent uncountable things. Although you may fel that some of them are countable. Languages differ in this respect; it is often not possible to translate the idea of number.

Bread, water - milk

MUCH : mucho a . Utilizamos con sustantivos incontables o de masa Ex. : much water

MANY : muchos as . Utilizamos con sustantivos contables Ex. : many books

VERY : muy . Se utiliza solamente con adjetivos.

Ex. : very intelligent

Write : much many or very

1- bread 6- ..old 11- ..doors 2- corn 7- ..water 12- ..papers 3- umbrellas 8- ..milk 13- ..............good 4- cars 9- ..................soup 14- ..boxes 5- dirty 10- time 15- .oranges

Complete with : much many very and Translate to Spanish

1- I like .sugar in the coffee. 2- He earns ..money in his job. 3- Rose has ..friends in this city. 4- ....................books are ........................expensive.

6- English is easy. 7- ..people go on picnics in summer. 8- We spendtime studying.

THE EXPRESSIONS: A FEW A LITTLE

A FEW : pocos as. Se utiliza con sustantivos contables o pluralizables A LITTLE : poco a. Se utiliza con sustantivos de masa

VERB: LIKE I He

You like.. She likes We

They

Apples Oranges Bananas

Mr. Green Yes

Mrs. Green Yes Yes

Penny Yes Yes

Jenny Yes Yes

Robert Yes Yes

Complete the sentences

1-Mrs.Green likes apples and bananas

2- Penny and Jenny. 3- Robert. 4- Mr. Green 5- Robert and the girls..

Answer the questions

1- What do you like ? 2- What dont you like ? 3- What does your family like ?

.

Unit 6

FUTURE TENSE WITH WILL

Will is an auxiliary, used as in indication of the future.

WILL is a function verb. Ir is one of a group generally called modal auxiliaries. They always accompany

other verbs and modify their meanings.

We use will to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the future. Ex.: Betty will introduce the boys.

Will, es un auxiliar usado para el tiempo futuro, y se coloca entre el sujeto y el verbo

Ex. Betty will introduce the boys

Ej. Beatriz presentar a los muchachos

Contractions with will: will is often combined with subject pronouns and with not.

The contraction of will not is irregular. Will not = wont

Singular Plural

Ill Well

--------Youll---------

Hell Shell Itll

Theyll

Some expressions of future time:

Later Next Sunday

Later today Next week

Tomorrow Next month

The day after tomorrow Next year

Translate and change the sentences to the interrogative and negative form

1- The class will begin on time

1- La clase comenzar a hora

1- Will the class begin on time?

1- The class will not begin on time

2- She will talk to them

2-

2-

2-

3- They will talk about chemistry class

4- They will be busy

5- The class will begin at eight

6- I will come at 10:00

7- She will use her new pink dress

8- Albert will be here tomorrow

9- They will be working hard

10 Hellen will go to the store

Translate the sentences to Spanish

1- Later, she will write the invitations

1-

2- She will sing her new song tomorrow.

2-

3- We will go to Europe next year.

3-

4- They will be tired after the party

4-

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS They are used to show possession and are used without nouns.

Ex. This book is your.

.

Translate the sentences to Spanish

1- They are not mine. They are yours :

2- This isnt theirs. It is mine : 3- It is not his. It is hers :

4- Those records arent mine. They are theirs :

unit 7

THE DAYS OF THE WEEK Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday.

TRANSLATE TO SPANISH

1- There are seven days in a week : 2- Monday is the first workday in the week :

3- Tuesday follows Monday :

4- Wednesday comes after Tuesday : 5- Thursday is the day after Wednesday :

6- Friday is the last workday in the week :

7- Saturday and Sunday are the weekend : 8- People usually dont work on the weekend : 9- They usually stay home and rest :

Singular Plural

1 Mine Ours

2 Yours

3 His

Hers

Its

Theirs

THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR

January February March April May June July August September October November December.

BE GOING TO AS AN INDICATION OF FUTURE TIME

Use the appropriate form of be + going to + simple verb to indicate future actions.

My parents are going to arrive tomorrow.

Use the negative of be to form negative sentences in the future.

The Millers arent going to move to Colorado next year.

We use both will and going to in predictions about the future, but there is a difference:

We use going to when we have already decided to do something.

Ex.: Im going to clean the house. Use these time expressions: tomorrow morning tomorrow afternoon tomorrow evening next week next month next year.

Translate the sentences to Spanish

1- I am going to paint the kitchen:

2- Anne is going to spend a day in the mountains next month:

3- They are going to prepare foods :

4- We are going to go to school early Monday morning :

5- After lunch, Anne is going to sits in the sun and relaxes :

Change the sentences to the interrogative and negative form

a- We are going to take a trip to Europe

a-

a-

b- We are going to have a wonderful time

c- It is going to snow on Friday night

d- I am going to ski every afternoon

e- William is going to the baseball game with Linda

f- Nancy and Peter are going to play tennis Saturday morning

g- I am going to sleep well tonight

h- She is going to eat dinner at her favorite Chinese restaurant

THE NUMBERS ( FROM 20 TO 100 )

20: Twenty

21: twenty one

22: twenty two

30: Thirty 40: Forty 50: Fifty

60: Sixty 70: Seventy 80: Eighty

90: Ninety 100: One Hundred

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

EX. How much are the and fifteen ? : Ten and fifteen are twenty five

1- How much are thirty-three and fifty ? 2- How much are eleven and thirty ? 3- How much are seventeen and forty ? 4- Hoe much are eight and fifty ?

5- How much are twenty-two and thirty-two ? 6- How much are six and thirty ? 7- How much are thirteen and fifty ? 8- How much are fourteen and sixty ? 9- How much are forty-nine and fifty ? 10- How much are fifty and fifty ?

TRANSLATE TO SPANISH

1- I want to six apples:

2- We have thirty two teeth:

3- Please, give me eighteen eggs :

4- A dollar has one hundred cents :

5- A month has thirty days :

6- A week has seven days :

7- A day has twenty four days :

8- Twelve is a dozen :

9- An hour is sixty minutes :

10- A minute is sixty seconds :

THE TIME ..

unit 8

ORDINAL NUMBERS

Ordinal Short Form

1 First 1st

2 Second 2nd

3 Third 3rd

4 Fourth 4th

5 Fifth 5th

6 Sixth 6th

7 Seventh 7th

8 Eighth 8th

9 Ninth 9th

10 Tenth 10th

11 Eleventh 11th

12 Twelfth 12th

13 Thirteenth 13th

14 Fourteenth 14th

15 Fifteenth 16th

Right or wrong?

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

1- A is the first letter of the alphabet 2- F is the fifth letter 3- K is the third letter after H 4- D is the third letter before H 5- Y is the second last letter 6- M is the fourteenth letter 7- N is the fourteenth letter

8- T is the twentieth letter 9- Z is the last letter

Write about these letters

1- A is the first letter of the alphabet 2- B is the .. letter 3- D is the letter 4- H is the letter 5- L .................................... 6- E .................................... 7- K .................................... 8- J .................................... 9- F .....................................

IDIOMS ( EXPRESIONES IDIOMTICAS ) Estas expresiones tienen un uso particular y muy diferente en las dos lenguas Espaol e

Ingls. En Espaol se utilizan con el verbo TENER y en Ingls se usan con el Verbo To Be

(am is are) . Las ms comunes son las siguientes: BE HUNGRY = tener hambre

BE THIRSTY = tener sed

BE SLEEPY = tener sueo

BE HOT = tener calor

BE COLD = tener fro

BE 20 YEARS OLD = tener 20 aos

BE AFRAID = tener miedo

BE RIGHT = tener razn

BE LUCKY = tener suerte

Accountant reading

AT THE OFFICE

The office is an ample and comfortable place. It is in downtown. Helen the secretary travels by bus

every day. She always is on time.

Mr. Smith is the boss. He is very intelligent. The office boy cleans the office every day.

Albert is the office boy. In the office there are desk, chair, typewriter, telex machine, one computer,

paper basket, and carpet.

The office is in the second floor and we have an elevator to arrive there.

EN LA OFICINA

La oficina es un amplio y confortable lugar. Esta en el centro de la ciudad. Elena, la secretaria viaja

en mnibus todos los das. Ella siempre est a hora en su oficina.

El seor Smith es el jefe. El es muy inteligente. El ordenanza limpia la oficina todos los das.

Alberto es el ordenanza. En la oficina hay escritorio, silla, mquina de escribir, teles, una

computadora, papelera y alfombra.

La oficina est en el segundo piso y nosotros tenemos un ascensor para llegar all.

WORKING IN THE OFFICE

I am working in the office every day. I am the secretary. Mr. Jones is my boss. He is always on time.

Albert is the office boy. He is cleaning the desk now. Alice is a typist. She is writing a commercial letter

now. She is writing without mistake. My office is very modern and pleasant. It is well equipped.

MY HOUSE

My house is not very big, but it is very comfortable. It has two floors, a garage and a garden.

Downstairs there is a living-room, a dining-room, a kitchen and a bathroom.

Upstairs there are three bedrooms and two bathrooms.

The living-room is very big and comfortable: there is a sofa, two armchairs and a T.V. set. The

kitchen has a gas cooker, a refrigerator, a sink and a small breakfast table. The bedrooms have one or two

beds, a small table, a chest and a bookcase.

I love my house and I am very happy to live there.

Choose the correct letter to complete the sentences according to the reading.

A) My house isnt B) Downstairs there is C) Upstairs there are

very big a living-room two bedrooms

very small a bedroom three bathrooms

very comfortable a balcony three bedrooms

D) The living-room is E) There is a T.V. set F) The bedrooms have

small in the bedroom a bookcase

comfortable in the kitchen three beds

big in the living-room two T.V. sets

MY FAVORITE CLASS

Name: Anne Jackson

I like school. Maths is my favorite class. I love numbers because they are fun.

History is interesting, too. I dont like sports very much. Judo is difficult and swimming is boring. I never play football.

My friends like sports, but they dont like school. Mr. Chips, the Maths teacher, is always angry because they never do their homework.

Complete the sentences according to the story

A) Her favorite class is E) She

Science always plays football

History usually plays football

Maths never plays football

B) She loves numbers because they are F) Her friends like

fun play guitar

boring sports

good school

C) History is interesting but swimming is G) Mr. Chips is her

easy English teacher

difficult Maths teacher

boring History teacher

D) Her friends like sports, but they H) Mr. Chips is always

dont like swimming angry

never play football interesting

dont do their homework boring

Try to write your own story about your favorite class.

PLANNING A BUSINESS TRIP

Mr. and Mrs. Gonzlez are going to planning a business trip. They will visit some Europes countries to know and to buy at the same time.

Mr. Gonzlez is a commercial travelers and he travels to offer or to sell. Mrs. Gonzlez is his

secretary, she is very efficient and she always travels with Mr. Gonzlez her husband.

They will visit the most interesting factories of French, Italy, Spain and England.

They are going to buy mens shoes, socks, shirts, ladies shoes, ladies dresses and other things. Then they are going to visit the Eiffel Tower, and they will eat typical foods at the Parisiens restaurant. Tomorrow

morning ; after they finish they work they will have a flight to Rome.

Mr. and Mrs. Gonzlez will come back at the end of the month.

COMMERCIAL WORDS ( PALABRAS COMERCIALES ) Balance : balance Bond : bono

Expenses : gastos Investment : inversion

Payment : pagos Interest : inters

Discount : descuento Value : valor

Percentage : porcentage Mortgage : hipoteca

Bank card : tarjeta de banco Credit card : tarjeta crdito

I want to deposit : quiero depositar

Business terms : expresiones de negocio

BUSINESS LETTER

May, 12, 2002

Colonial Shoes

Greenwich Avenue 879

San Francisco, California

U.S.A

Dear Sir:

We believe that you as a prestige company of business, must be interested in receiving new catalogues of

shoes from new sources of supplier.

Your company is recommended as one of the most important importer of shoes therefore, we take the liberty

to enclose you our current catalogue, as well as quotation for your buying considerations.

Waiting for a favorable answer.

Yours, very truly

Thomas A. White

Manager

A letter of complaint

Dear Mr. Ettlin,

I am writing to complain about your airline booking system.

I have been using your company for six years, and have always been satisfied with your

service. Yesterday however, I arrived for a flight to Rio de Janeiro and was told that my seat

was double-booked, even though I bought my ticket four months ago. I couldnt get on the plane. Your staff, who were very rude, turned down my request for a seat on another airline.

I have been travelling regularly by air for the last fifteen years, and this has never happened

to me before. I had to put off a meeting in Rio, and let down an important customer.

I am still angry. I would like an apology from you, and a guarantee that this will not happen

again. If you want me to use your airline in the future, my next ticket will have to be half

price. Otherwise, I will never fly with your company.

Your sincerely,

.. T. J. Starley

vocabulary

to complain: para quejarme booking system:

A Story from AESOP

One of the story of the Greek writer Aesop concerns a group of animal who while sitting together one day in the forest, were talking about the popularity of the elephant. They all agreed that the elephant was the most popular animal in the forest, but not one of them could give a good explanation of this fact. The giraffe said: If the elephant had a long neck like mine, then it would be easy to understand his popularity. He would be the tallest animal in the forest. The peacock said: If he had my beautiful tail, it would be easy to understand he would be the most beautiful animal in the forest. The rabbit said: If he could run as fast as I, it would be easy to understand he would be the fastest animal in the forest. The bear said: If he was as strong as I, it would be easy to understand. He would be the strongest animal in the forest. At this moment the elephant himself appeared. He was larger and stronger than any of the other animals, and he was also superior in many other ways. But he was always quiet and modest about his many accomplishments. This, after all, was the real explanation for his popularity.

Vocabulary

Forest: bosque Fact: hecho, acontecimiento Like: como (comparativo) Accomplishments: cualidades It would be easy to understand: sera fcil entender He would be: l sera As..as: tan.como

Answer the questions

1) Was Aesop a Greek writer or a Spanish writer?

1) 2) Where was the goup of animal sitting one day?

2) 3) What were they talking about? 3) 4) Was the elephant popular or unpopular among the animals?

4) 5) Is the elephant a large or a small animal ?

5) 6) Is the elephant a wild or a domestic animal ?

6) 7) What kind of tail has the peacock ?

7) 8) What did the rabbit say ?

8) .. 9) Who appeared at this moment among the group of animals?

9) 10) In what way was the elephant superior to the other animals ?

10).. 11) Did the elephant talk much about his many accomplishments or was he always quiet and modest ?

11) 12) What, after all was the real explanation for his popularity ?

12).

THESE DAYS, ENOUGH PESTICIDES ARE SPRAYED ONTO VEGETABLES

Last year more than fifty millions litres of pesticides were sprayed onto crops in Britain.

These contained many different chemicals: we think that some them cause cancer and damage babies.

And they end up on the food we eat.

All food should be pesticide-free and all that is needed for this are laws against the use of pesticides.

We must organized a kind of movement which will force this government to follow the example of more sensible countries where farmers are not allowed to spray chemical onto the food that grow.

End up: acaban Allowed: permitido, dejado, admitido Spray: rociar, pulverizar Grow: cultirvar (Lectura de tiempo condicional)

IN THE PRESIDENTS CHAIR Every week we ask someone what they would do if they were president. This week is the turn of Heather Pearce, an university teacher. I would import more high technology for our industries and transport systems instead of relying on cheap labour. I would pay for this by exporting more of our agricultural produce and cutting down on our food imports. I would work hard for international peace instead of making aggressive speeches, and at home I would put more money into our health and social services. Next week would you like to be in the presidents chair ?

Vocabulary Relying on: contar con Speeches: discurso, alocucin. Cutting down on: reducir el consumo de Instead of: en vez de, en lugar de (Reading conditional tense) When I look back at my childhood, it seems that the best things inlife were free. Winter was a quiet time. We spent most weekends indoors. My family played a lot of word games, without paper or pencils. We went to the library and got books to read, and we played and sang songs. When it snowed (nearly everday), the neighborhood kids got together. We built snowmen, had snowball fights and made angels in the snow and moving our arms up and down. None of that cost us one cent ! fights: enfrentarse, luchar contra moving: moviendo, agitando

ABOUT ME

My name is Ruo Lien. My name means Lotus in Chinese. A lotus is a beautiful flower. In the Chinese culture, the lotus is a symbol of purity. My parents want me to be good, pure, and beautiful. That is why they named me Ruo Lien. I try hard to be a good person, but it is difficult. I help poor people. I help old people, too. I try hard to be honest. I always tell the truth. I study hard. I study art, and I want to be a good artist.

Am I beautiful? Well, I am beautiful in my parents eyes. That is important to me.

CIRCLE THE LETTER THAT SHOW THE CORRECT ANSWER 1- In the Chinese, Liens name means________ a- flower b- rose c- lotus 2- A lotus is ________ a- a beautiful flower b- a pure person c- a good artist 3- In Liens culture, the lotus is a symbol of _______ a- art b- purity c- beauty 4- Liens parents want her to be_______ a- good, pure and beautiful b- poor, old and important c- Chinese, difficult and shy 5- Lien knows that she is beautiful_______ a- in her friends eyes b- in her boyfriends eyes c- in her parents eyes

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS 1- What is Lotus ? 1- 2- Is Ruo Lien a good person ? 2- 3- Are you a good person ? 3- 4- Is she beautiful ? 4- 5- What does she study ? 5-

HASSEN

My name is Hassen. I am twenty-seven years old. I am male. I am from Tunisia, but I am a student in the United States. I am single now, but I hope to marry one day. I come from a large family. I have a mother, father, four brothers, and three sisters. They are in Tunisia. I love my family very much. I miss them. It is difficult for me to be far away from my home. I am a shy person, but I like to laugh. I like to be with children. Children are important in my life. At home, I play with sisters children. I also like the sea. At home, I go out in my fathers boat. He is a fisherman. I like the sound of the sea. It is my favorite music. I also like to cook. My mother says that I am a good cook. Finally, I like to work with wood. I make toys for children out of wood.

CIRCLE THE LETTER THAT SHOW THE CORRECT ANSWER 1- Hassen is ______ 2- Hassen is_______ a- a fisherman a- twenty-six years old b- a student b- twenty-seven years old c- a cook c- twenty-eight years old 3- Hassen is_______ 4- Hassens mother says that________ a- single a- she loves her son b- married b- her son is a good cook c- divorced c- she likes to cook 5- Hassen is ________ 6- He likes the sound________ a- an old people a- of the music b- a shy person b- of the boat c- a teacher c- of the sea 7- Hassen likes to________ a- be away from his family and have a good time b- laugh, be with children and play football c- laugh, cook and work with wood A SMALL TOWN I live in a small town of about 14,000 people. It has its disadvantages. The biggest is that people from the cities like to spend their vactions and weekends here, so there is a lot of traffic and stores are often very busy. The town has more advantages than disadavantages, it doesnt nuch industry. There is a lot of open space and fresh air. There isnt much pollution or crime. For a small town, there are a lot of things to do. There are more good restaurants than there are in most small twons. You can eat out at a different restaurant every night for a month. Its a good place to live.

CHEMISTRY PESTICIDES

These days enough pesticides are sprayed onto vegetables * Last year more than fifty million litres of pesticides were sprayed onto crops in Britain. * These contained many different chemicals: we think that some of them cause cancer and damage babies. * And they end up on the food we eat. In fact in a recent survey we found that of 178 vegetables, 61 had chemicals on them. * All food should be pesticide-free and all that is needed for this are laws against the use of pesticides. * The government ought to regulate the use of pesticides. * Its important to follow the example of more sensible countries where farmers are not allowed to spray chemicals onto the food that they grow. * But there is a problem. * There isnt enough money! VOCABULARY Spreayed: esparcido onto: sobre end up: teminan Survey: inspeccin pesticide: pesticida grow: cultivar Enough: suficiente

LITTER IS A PROBLEM IN OUR CITIES

VOCABULARY

Litter: basura Garbage: desperdicios, desechos Like: como Ground: suelo, piso Garbage can: basurero to drop: dejar caer Look: se ve spoil: deteriora blows: sopla

Fence: valla, cerca Litter is garbage like food, paper, and cans on the ground or in the street. Where many people live together, litter is a problem. People dont always put their garbage in the garbage can. Its easier to drop a paper than to find a garbage can for it. But litter is ugly. It makes the city look dirty, and it spoils the view. The wind blows papers far away. Often they are difficult to catch. When they blow against a fence, they stay there. This fence is a wall of garbage. Litter is a healt problem, too. Food and garbage bring animals, which sometimes carry disease. Some people want to control litter. They never throw litter themselves, and sometimes they work together in groups to clean up the city. In most places litter is against the law. The law punishes people who throw garbage on the streets. They usually pay a fine, and occasionally they go to jail. One famous sayings in the United States is: Dont be a person who through litter

MATCH THE WORDS ON THE LEFT WITH THE DEFINITION ON THE RIGHT 1- LITTER garbage on the ground or in the street 2- FENCE a special can for garbage 3- JAIL everything that a person can see 4- GARBAGE CAN a wall that separates two places 5- VIEW sickness 6- FINE a number of people 7- DISEASE money people pay as punishment 8- GROUP a place people stay as punishment

INDEPENDENCE FOR PARAGUAY WAS NOT EASY TASK A small country, Paraguay is surrounded by giant neighbors, Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia, but proudly kept its independence since it was declared in 1811. It was not easy. The half century following independence was dominated by the dictatorship of Dr. J.R. de Francia (1813-1840) and the government of the Lpez, father and son (1841-1870). While the country evolved into a stable nation, they had to keep an eye on the neighbors. Marshal F.S. Lpez, became president when his father died in 1862. A terrible war called the War of the Triple Alliance in Paraguay, began in 1864. It killed half the population of Paraguay in five years of horror. The Paraguayans fiercely fought for every foot the their land, Lopez himself commanded the armed forces at the same time he was the head of the government. The capital city, Asuncin fell in January 1869. Lpez and his army headed north pursued by the enemy. Soldiers were recruited and marched, but children were all, left. He accepted them. Finally, deep in the interior, and accompanied by only a small group of men, Lpez, who had promised to win or die, was surprised at Cerro Cor in early 1870 by the Brazilian army. There the president-general died alongside his son. The war was over.

This was the bloodiest war in South American history, six years of occupation followed, and Paraguay was stripped of considerable land. Francisco Solano Lpez is one the legendary military heroes of Paraguay.

VOCABULARY

Surrounded: rodeado Foot: pie Army: armada Neighbors: vecinos Land: tierra Win: ganar, vencer Proudly: orgullosamente Headed: se dirigieron Die: morir Half: mitad Pursued: perseguido Over: se acab Century: siglo Recruited: reclutados Stripped: despojado Dictatorship: dictadura As: as, de esa forma Land: tierra War: guerra Deep: interior, fondo Fiercely:furiosamente Early: a comienzo/s Fought: lucharn, pelearn Bloodiest: la ms sangrienta

TRUE OR FALSE? 1- ( ) Paraguayans independence was declared in 1811 2- ( ) Rodriguez de Francia governed the country before its independence 3- ( ) Marshal Francisco S. Lpez governed began in 1841 4- ( ) F.S. Lpez father died in 1862 5- ( ) The War of the Triple Alliance killed over half the population of Argentina. 6- ( ) The War lasted ten years. 7- ( ) When Asuncin fell, Lpez headed south. 8- ( ) The Argentinian army surprised Lpez at Cerro Cor 9- ( ) When Lpez died the war was over.

JUSTIFICACIONES TEACHER: Cristian david diaz