ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF RENEWABLE POWER ENGINEERING,

CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical

University of Oil and Gas

The European Academy of Education and Science

Kielce University of Technology

National Technical University of Ukraine

University of Zagreb

University of Žilina

Koszalin University of Technology

Book of abstracts

III International Scientific-Technical Conference

KIELCE 2019

PL ISBN 978-83-65719-46-1

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF RENEWABLE POWER ENGINEERING,

CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Book of abstracts

III International Scientific-Technical Conference

KIELCE 2019

7-9 February 2019, Kielce (Poland, Ukraine, Croatia, Slovakia)Under the general editorship Prof. doctor of science Anatoliy Pavlenko

.The organizers: - Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering (Poland)- Koszalin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environment and Geodetic Sciences (Poland)- Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Department of Renewable Energy, Energy Efficient Buildings and Engineering Networks (Ukraine)- The European Academy of Education and Science (Ukraine – Poland)- National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” (Ukraine)- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Metallurgy (Croatia)- University of Žilina, Departament of Power Engineering (Slovakia)

Scientific and organizing committee of the conference:Co-organizers:- Prof. PŚk doctor of science Lidia Dąbek – Dean of Faculty of Geomatic and Energy Engineering, Kielce University of Technology (Poland)- Prof. doctor of science Anatoliy Pavlenko – Department of Building Physics and Renewable Energy, Kielce University of Technology (Poland) - Prof. PK doctor of science Wiesława Głodkowska – Dean of Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environment and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology (Poland)- Prof. doctor of science Hanna Koshlak – Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Department of Renewable Energy, Energy Efficient Buildings and Engineering Networks (Ukraine) - Prof. doctor of science Ladislav Lazić – Faculty of Metallurgy University of Zagreb (Croatia)- Prof. doctor of science Milan Malcho – Head of Department of Power Engineering (Slovakia)- Doctor of science Andrej Kapjor – Departmentof Power Engineering (Slovakia)- Prof. doctor of science Valerii Deshko – National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” (Ukraine).

Vice-President:- Prof. doctor of science Aleksander Szkarowski – Head of Department of Sanitary Network and Systems, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environment and Geodetic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology (Poland)

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PL ISBN 978-83-65719-46-1

Wydawnictwo Politechniki Świętokrzyskiej

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Table of Contents

ENERGY EFFICIENT PROCESS OF DEHYDRATATION, DISPERSION OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS A. Pavlenko, V. Kutovyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

ANALYSIS OF THE WORK OF SOLAR PHOTOELECTRIC INSTALLATIONS IN KIEV V.I. Shklyar, V.V. Dubrovska, A.A. Vyukhov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

RESEARCH OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS FACTORS OF AN EMERGENCY RAILWAY SITUATION WHEN A FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE BLEEDS Nikolaj Adamenko, Mikhail Katzman, Yevheniia Biletska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF HEAT PUMPS IN SCHOOL HEATING SYSTEMS V.V. Dubrovska, V.I. Shklуаr, A.S. Krivutsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR CREATING BIM MODELS USING UAV Olha Dmytriv, Serhiy Trokhymetc, Oleksandr Yanchuk, Ruslan Yanchuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

GEOINFORMATION ANALYSIS AND MODELLING CONDITIONS FORMING GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN THE PRECARPATHIANS (UKRAINE) Lidiia Davybida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

UTYLIZACJA CIEPŁA ŚCIEKÓW POPRODUKCYJNYCH Łukasz Jaworski, Aleksander Szkarowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF ENERGY SOURCES IN THE AVIATION E. Lukatsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

GEODETIC ANALYSIS OF LAND RECLAMATION ON THE EXAMPLE EARTH EMBANKMENT ON THE CAMPUS OF THE KIELCE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Marcin Gil, Paweł Frąckiewicz , Peter Blišťan, Katarina Pukanská, Rudolf Urban, Aleksandra Pasek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

THE SELECTION OF OPTIMUM CONDITIONS OF RECEIVING CATALYST PROCESS OF THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE CONVERSION OF CARBON (II) OXIDE Bohdan Harmash, Lidiia Katkovnikova, Yevheniia Biletska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

APARTMENT HOUSE HEAT SUPPLY ITELLIGENT SYSTEMS I.S.Yeremeyev, A.I. Yeshchenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF ISOLATION OF PIPELINES AND BUILDING ENVELOPE WITH ACCOUNT OF THEIR ACTUAL CONDITION Anton Ganzha, Viktoriia Korneliuk, Liudmyla Vasylivna Semenenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

ANALYSIS OF REOURCE OPPORTUNITIES OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK REGION FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIALLY ORIENTED PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN THE SPHERE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Hanna Koshlak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

IDENTIFICATION OF LANDS BROKEN AS A RESULT OF ILLEGAL EXTRACTION OF AMBER BY EARTH REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS Serhiy Trokhymetc, Andriy Prokopchuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF WIND POWER ENGINEERING IN LVIV REGION Tetiana Kovalenko, Stepan Lys, Igor Galyanchuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

INTERMITTENT HEATING SYSTEM OPERATION MODES FOR RESIDENTIAL SPACES Valerii Deshko, Iryna Sukhodub, Olena Yatsenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

NEW DIRECTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY OF NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND THEIR INTRODUCTION INTO ACADEMIC PROCESS Olha Dmytriv, Oleh Lahodniuk, Ruslan Yanchuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONS ON THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES EFFECTSIN TOURIST AREAS Olena Volodymyrivna Pobigun, Iuliia Ihorivna Iuras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

МАТЕМАТИЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ СУМІЩЕНОЇ ТЕПЛОПРОВІДНОСТІ В МІКРОПОРАХ ПОРИСТИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ Anatoliy Pavlenko, Hanna Koshlak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

CREATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF EMISSION OF NITROGEN OXIDES OF DIESEL ENGINES CONVERSED TO GAS S. Kryshtopa, M. Hnyp, L. Kryshtopa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

STUDYING THE PROCESS OF FALLING PLUNGER IN THE WELL IN THE ASCENDING FLUID FLOW Petro R. Himer, Andrii V. Uhrynovskyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES OF TOXICITY OF EMPLOYED GAS REPLACEMENT GAS FUEL DIESEL ENGINES S. Kryshtopa, I. Mykytii, F. Kozak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

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AUTOMATED COMPLEX FOR RESEARCH OF SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS OF SOLAR POWER OF THE SECOND GENERATION M.P. Mazur, B.S. Dzundza, T.M. Mazur, V.V. Prokopiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

PROSPECTS OF USING SURFACE-BARRIER CdTe-DIODES IN SOLAR ENERGY V.P. Makhnii, M.P. Mazur, Т.М. Mazur, V.V. Prokopiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR MEASUREMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTORICAL BUILDING OF CABLEWAY TATRZAŃSKA LOMNICA-SZCZYRBSKIE LAKE IN HIGH TATRAS Katarína Pukanská, Karol Bartoš, Peter Hančin, Ľubomír Kseňák, Peter Blišťan . . . . . . 35

THE ACCURACY OF SATELLITE POSITIONING IN THE MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE DEFORMATION Karol Krawczyk, Jacek Szewczyk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

RESEARCH INTO PRECISION DETERMINATION OF COORDINATES BY MATERIALS OF AEROSURVEY FROM UAV DJI PHANTOM 4 PRO Serhiy Trokhymetc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

RESULTS OF MONITORING THE SIZE OF HORIZONTAL DEFORMATIONS OF THE URBAN MINING AREA WITH USE THE GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF THE CENTRAL ROSETTE Łukasz Kapusta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

SOURCES FOR RECEIVING ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES B.V. Dolishnii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

SPATIAL DATA CONCERNING BOUNDARIES PRESENTED IN GEOPORTALS Agnieszka Cienciała . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

ENHANCEMENT OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF METAL FRAMED WALLS Olena Kuznietsova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

THE QUASI-PERPETUAL ELECTRICITY GENERATING DEVICE BASED ON CERAMIC FUEL CELL FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS Yurii Basaraba, Mykolay Brychevskyi, Yehor Brodnikovskyi, Oleksandr Vasylyev, Ivan Perekopskyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE TANK CONSTRUCTION OF LABORATORY SETUP FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF FORMATION AND COMBUSTION OF FUEL EMULSIONS Victor O. Melnyk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

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PECULIARITIES OF OPERATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF THE SOLAR POWER PLANT IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF UKRAINE AND THE CARPATHIAN REGIONS OF POLAND Mykola Sotnik, Anna Chernobrova, Oleksandr Strokin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

TO THE QUESTION OF THE ACCURACY INVESTIGATION OF POINT COORDINATES DETERMINATION USING A FIXED BASIS FOR HIGH-PRECISION GEODESY BINDING A. Vivat, O. Smirnova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

STUDY ON STRENGTH OF A TWO-LAYER COLUMN, CONSTRUCTED WITH POLYMER-FILLED CONCRETE Оlha Мalyshevska, Andrii Velychkovych . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

APPLICATION UAS AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR MAPPING NATURAL HAZARDS Peter Blišťan, Monika Blišťanová, Katarína Pukanská, Ľudovit Kovanič, Matej Patera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

ДИНАМІКА ВПЛИВУ ТЕПЛОІЗОЛЯЦІЙНОЇ ОБОЛОНКИ БУДІВЛІ НА ЕНЕРГОПОТРЕБУ ТА УМОВИ КОМФОРТНОСТІ Valerii Deshko, Inna Bilous, Nadia Buyak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНА СТРАТЕГІЯ ДЛЯ РЕАЛІЗАЦІ СОЦІАЛЬНО – ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ОБ’ЄДНАНИХ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД Людмила Миколаївна Архипова . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

HYBRID SYSTEMS OF ELECTRIC AND HEAT SUPPLY OF MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS N. Fialko, N. Timchenko, Ju. Sherenkovskii, N. Meranova, O. Maletska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

ВПЛИВ ЗАРЯДНИХ ПРИСТРОЇВ ЕЛЕКТРОМОБІЛІВ НА ЗАГАЛЬНІ ГАРМОНІЧНІ СПОТВОРЕННЯ В РОЗПОДІЛЬНІЙ МЕРЕЖІ А.В. Босак . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF BIOMETHANE IN UKRAINE M.V. Panchuk, I. Mandryk, А.М. Panchuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНИХ РЕЖИМІВ РОБОТИ БІОТЕПЛОГЕНЕРАТОРА ЗЕРНОСУШАРКИ ШЛЯХОМ ІМІТАЦІЙНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ В.С. Федорейко, Р.І. Загородній, І.С. Іскерський, І.Б. Луцик, М.І. Рутило . . . . . . . . . 53

FEATURES OF TRANSPORTATION OF HYDRATES IN A FLUID FLOW Lidiia V. Vozniak, Galyna M. Kryvenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

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ЗНИЖЕННЯ ВИКИДІВ ВУГЛЕКИСЛОГО ГАЗУ НА ТОРФОБРИКЕТНИХ ЗАВОДАХ Л.Я. Кулаковський . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

DETERMINING OF STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF THE CASING STRING ACCORDING TO THE DIRECTIONAL SURVEY DATA DURING THE WELLBORE CONSTRUCTION Igor I. Paliychyk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

RESEARCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BIOGAS-POWERED CARS IN THE MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN T.V. Dykun, L.I. Haieva, F.V. Kozak, Ya.M. Demianchuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

RESEARCH OF POLLUTANTS EMISSIONS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE BY STATIONARY SOURCES Galyna M. Kryvenko, Lidiia V. Vozniak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

MAINTENANCE OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY O. Kofanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

ЗМІНА НАПРУЖЕНО-ДЕФОРМОВАНОГО СТАНУ ГРУНТОВОГО МАСИВУ В ПЕРІОД ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЇ БУДІВЕЛЬ Л.В. Шайдецька . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

MATHEMATICAL PREDICTION OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY COEFFICIENT OF A POROUS INSULATION MATERIAL WITH A KNOWN GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE А. Pavlenko, A. Cheilytko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК СТРУМЕНЕВО – НІШЕВОЇ СИСТЕМИ СПАЛЮВАННЯ ПАЛИВА М.З. Абдулін, О.А. Сірий, О.В. Баранюк, А.Ю Рачинский . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

ENVIRONMENTALLY ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOTOR TRANSPORT COMPLEX IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CLIMATE CHANGES PREVENTION O. Kofanova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD OF EXAMINATION OF FIRE RESISTANCE OF STEEL CONCRETE BEAM ELEMENTS WITH CONSIDERATION OF ACTUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS Ivan Dobrianskyy, Liubov Dobrianska, Oleksii Dovhanych, Andriy Hrytsevych . . . . . . . . 64

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИХ ТА ТЕПЛОТЕХНІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК БУДІВЛІ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ТЕПЛОПРОВІДНИХ ВКЛЮЧЕНЬ ТА ОЦІНКОЮ ДОТРИМАННЯ САНІТАРНИХ ВИМОГ М.М. Шовкалюк . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

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HEAT EXCHANGE WITH THE SURFACES OF ENVELOPE STRUCTURES OF CYLINDRICAL SHAPES Marta Martynyak-Andrushko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

BIOTESTING OF THE ANTHROPOGENIC LOAD CAUSED BY MOTOR TRANSPORT COMPLEX ON URBAN ECOSYSTEMS І. Rabosh, O. Kofanova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES OF THE MASS-EXCHANGE PROCESSES DYNAMICS IN THE PROPANE HYDRATE SYNTHESIS B. Kutnyi, А. Pavlenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

MODELING OF TRAUMATIC AND HAZARD SITUATIONS AT CONSTRUCTION WORKS ON BUILDING SITES Ivan Horodetskyy, Vasyl Tymochko, Natalia Horodetska, Ihor Mazur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE GAS IN SMALL SPACE Anastasiia Pavlenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

MODELING TRANSITIONAL PROCESSES IN ELECTRIC MOTORS Alexander M. Syanov, Elena S. Kosuhina, Roman M. Polyakov, Alexey V. Kosuhin . . . . 71

CYCLIC INFLUENCE OF FREEZE-SAW TEMPERATURE ON THE METAL SHEET SHEAR BETWEEN CONCRETE IN STEEL-CONCRETE BEAMS Andriy Hrytsevych, Ivan Dobryanskyy, Ljubov Dobryanska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

МЕТОДИКА АКТУАЛІЗАЦІ СКЛАДОВИХ ДВОСТАВКОВОГО ТАРИФУ НА ПОСЛУГИ ТЕПЛОПОСТАЧАННЯ А.А. Маліновський, В.Г. Турковський, А.З. Музичак . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

INFLUENCE OF OPERATIONAL FACTORS ON FUEL CONSUMPITION SAVING BY MOBILE STEAM AND GAS INSTALLATIONS OF THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY I.M. Bogatchuk, I.B. Prunko, M.I. Bogatchuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC FUEL WITH AIR WITH INCREASED OXYGEN CONTENT Taras Kravets, Marta Kuznetsova, Igor Galyanchuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

ВУГІЛЬНІ ТЕС В УМОВАХ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ Hanna Koshlak, Iryna Dmytrenko, Vasyl Nesplyak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

THERMAL STATE OF BUILDING WITH A SYSTEM OF ACTIVE THERMAL INSULATION R.V. Mordas, N.L. Lebed, A.Yu. Rachynnskyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

THE ANALYSIS OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE SPECIAL HOUSING ACT IN THE LIGHT OF AVAILABLE GEODETIC DATA Małgorzata Romanyszyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF THE PARK FOREST ECOSYSTEMS STATE N.V. Miroshnyk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

DEFINING THE GAS FLOWRATE THROUGH THE BURNERS OF BOILER FOR HEATING BITUMEN Fedir Matiko, Halyna Matiko, Rostyslav Sapeliuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

АНАЛІЗ ВПЛИВУ МАСШТАБУ ЛОКАЛЬНИХ РИНКІВ ТЕПЛОВОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ НА ЇХ ВІДНОСНУ ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ В.І. Дешко, Д.С. Карпенко . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕНЕРГОЕКОЛОГІЧНИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ БІОПАЛИВНОЇ КОТЕЛЬНІ І.О. Назарова . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

THERMOANEMOMETRIC MEASURING DEVICE OF PULSE FLOW OF THE TWO-PHASE MEDIUM Vasyl Dmytriv, Oleksiy Lanets, Ihor Dmytriv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE BIOFUEL’S GASIFICATIONS Anna Maria Slowak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

ПО СЛЕДАМ ОДНОЙ АВАРИИ В ГАЗОРАСПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЕ Мачей Котула, Александр Шкаровский . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ МАЛОЇ ГІДРОЕНЕРГЕТИКИ В УКРАЇНІ Мирослав Зінь . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНІ ДЖЕРЕЛА ЕНЕРГІЇ. ГРОЗОВА ЕНЕРГЕТИКА Лужний Станіслав, Ярослав Арсенич, Роман Арсенич, Ярослав Дем’янчук, Галина Стельмахович . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

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ENERGY EFFICIENT PROCESS OF DEHYDRATATION, DISPERSION OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS

A. PAVLENKO1, V. KUTOVYI2 1Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland 2National Science Center "Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology", 1, Akademicheskaya Str., Kharkov, 61108, Ukraine Thermophysical processes in thermovacuum plants for dehydration and dispersion of dispersed materials: zirconium hydroxide; brown coal; graphite; sawdust; agricultural products are considered in this paper. It is shown that the efficiency of thermovacuum plants depends on the efficiency of heat input to the wet material, the intensity of moisture transfer from the inner layers of the dried material to its surface, and the rate of moisture removal from the material to be dried into the surrounding space. The kinetics of moisture removal from dispersed materials, depending on the regime parameters of the thermovacuum installation, has been investigated. In particular: the continuous process of obtaining a fine powder of zirconium dioxide from zirconium hydroxide in the thermovacuum installation is considered. The thermovacuum method significantly reduces the technological process of obtaining zirconium dioxide from zirconium hydroxide, and the energy consumption decreases by more than three times in comparison with the existing heat engineering installations; dehydration and dispersion of brown coal in the thermovacuum plant reduces the sulfur and nitrogen content of coal, which leads to a reduction of harmful emissions volume to the atmosphere during its combustion. At the same time, the amount of electricity spent to produce finely divided brown coal with a moisture content of less than 5% from the raw material with an initial moisture content of 40% at a heating element temperature of 250°C and an average pressure in the heating element of 450 mm Hg is 600 MJh/t; the nanodispersed graphite with a size (10...40) nm in the thermovacuum installation has been obtained; the dehydration of woodworking industry waste allows to dry sawdust in a thermovacuum installation evenly and to a specified humidity. The duration of dehydration of sawdust is 20 seconds. The process is continuous. The amount of thermal energy expended for 1 kg of dried sawdust to a humidity of 1% of the initial humidity of 70% is 370 kJ. On the basis of conducted research on the kinetics of moisture removal from disperse materials in thermovacuum plants it is possible to create environmentally friendly, energy-efficient thermal installations and to determine the optimal heat exchange processes in them. The obtained results can be used for energy-efficient production of nanomaterials and drying of dispersed materials.

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ANALYSIS OF THE WORK OF SOLAR PHOTOELECTRIC INSTALLATIONS IN KIEV

V.I. SHKLYAR, V.V. DUBROVSKA, A.A. VYUKHOV National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Institute of Energy Saving and Energy Management Fuel and energy consumption can be reduced by installing solar photovoltaic installations.

The purpose of the work is to determine the effectiveness of the use of solar photovoltaic panels of different types to reduce dependence on the electrical grid.

Calculations and analysis of the incoming solar radiation on the surface of photovoltaic panels, located on the roof of the two-storey building of preschool institutions in Kiev were carried out. The building consumes 22000 kWh/year. Consumers are supplied with electricity from the electricity network and photovoltaic system. If the photovoltaic installation receives excess energy, it is sold to the electricity grid at the "Green Tariff" – 5.95 UAH/kWh, and in case of shortage – is purchased from the network at the rate of 1.8924 UAH/kWh.

Calculations were made on the basis of average monthly values of solar radiation intensity taking into account the angle of inclination of the solar battery surface to the horizon, the actual value of cloudiness for the city of Kiev.

The amount of average monthly solar radiation coming to the surface of the photovoltaic installation acquires its peak at an angle of 45°. As the angle of inclination increases, its value becomes more even during the year. In terms of cost savings, the optimal angle of inclination of the solar panel to the horizon for the city is 35° (increasing sales of electrical energy to the network), and for the production of electrical energy the angle is 45°.

A photovoltaic installation with an area of 62-65 m2 with an installation angle of 40° produces about 15000 kWh/year of electricity, which is 68% of total electricity consumption.

The payback period of the system ranges from 5.5 years to 7.5 years, depending on the type of panel.

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RESEARCH OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS FACTORS OF AN EMERGENCY RAILWAY SITUATION

WHEN A FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE BLEEDS Nikolaj ADAMENKO1, Mikhail KATZMAN2, Yevheniia BILETSKA3 1Kharkiv National University named after VN Karazin 2Main Department of Paramilitary Protection PJC «Ukrzaliznytsya» 3Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport The influence on the environment of the consequences of emergency situations during the transport of dangerous goods has been investigated. It has been revealed that there is an antagonistic contradiction between the natural and man-made factors of the emergency situation, which creates the ecological danger of resolving the contradiction, and the targeted actions of the liquidation units, the concentration and organization that still requires certain efforts and time by the management body. The method of estimating the time dependence on the emission intensity of flammable substances from the emergency rolling stock is proposed. It is is integrated into the modern model of atmospheric transport in order to take into account the time variation of the source of emissions and calculate the time dependence on the concentration of this substance in the atmosphere at different distances from the emergency rolling stock. In this work, it has been considered the environmentally hazardous factors contributing to the emergency railway situation associated with the flammability of the flammable substance (gasoline A through a damaged drain device (S0 = 78.5 cm) of a standard tank of Vz = 61.2 m3 at one of the railway stations Southwestern railway with a slope of less than 1% (f = 5). Other conditions of the research are the air temperature Tp = 28С, the air flow velocity Vp = 0 m/s. The area of the drain device S0 = 78.5 cm2, the internal diameter of the tank Н = 2.8 m, the degree of filling the tank e = 0.85. In order to simulate the propagation of gasoline vapor in certain conditions, Lagrangian-Euler models of atmospheric movement of hazardous substances, which in the world literature are also called models of Gaussian "clubs" ("puffs"), have been used. Models of such a class include such well-known models as DIPCOT and RIMPUFF, which are part of European Union Nuclear Emergency Response System (RODOS), the CALPUFF model, and some others. The CALPUFF model, adopted by the US Environmental Protection Agency, is recognized as the best among similar models for assessing the transport of pollutants and their environmental impact, and is well verified. The calculation of the long-term emission was made by calculating the sequence of instantaneous emissions – so-called Lagrangian-Euler particles, whose centers of mass move in the wind. The difference between the Lagrangian and Euler particles from ordinary Lagrangian particles of infinitesimal size is that in this case the particles are characterized by the size and distribution of the concentration in the particle.

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ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF HEAT PUMPS IN SCHOOL HEATING SYSTEMS

V.V. DUBROVSKA, V.I. SHKLУАR, A.S. KRIVUTSA National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Institute of Energy Saving and Energy Management Due to the high tariffs for heat energy, the use of renewable energy sources, such as heat pumps in heating systems, is becoming relevant.

The aim of the study is to analyze the operation of a heat pump in a school heating system.

The calculations were carried out for the school, which was built in 1955 and used 640.32 Gcal of heat energy in 2017. The heat loss of the building is 488 kW, the heat consumption for heating is 870 Gcal/year and the insufficient heating of the building is 26%.

After the proposed insulation of the building, the heat load decreased to 175 kW and the heat consumption – to 311 Gcal/year. This allowed to reduce the maximum temperature for heating from 90C to 35C, which allows the use of low-temperature heat pump without changing the area of heating devices.

Two heat pumps were compared: air-to-water (5 pumps with capacity of 31 kW, СОР-4,2) and brine-water (2 pumps with capacity of 71 kW СОР-4,2) at actual ambient temperatures for Kiev for different heating seasons. The system works in a bivalent parallel mode with – 14С bivalence temperature. As an additional source of heat, an electric boiler with a capacity of 30 kW was used, which produces about 250 kWh of heat in a warm year, and 3700 kWh in a standard year.

The payback period of the heat pump installation, taking into account the insulation of the school, will be: air-water – 7 years with the cost of UAH 6.3 million and brine-water with a ground vertical collector – 8.7 years and UAH 7.8 million.

In order to increase the efficiency of the use of the heat pump by reducing the frequency of starting and stopping the heat pump compressor and accumulating heat energy at night, when the "night tariff" for electricity is in effect, it is planned to install a tank-accumulator.

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DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR CREATING BIM MODELS USING UAV

Olha DMYTRIV, Serhiy TROKHYMETC Oleksandr YANCHUK, Ruslan YANCHUK National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine Building information models (BIM) at present become in fact standards while controlling the construction of new buildings and at the stages of building maintenance. This is a secure instrument for servicing building investments.

One of the efficient methods of collecting graphic three-dimensional information about geometric parameters of building constructions and communications in the process of building is an surveying from UAV. Unmanned aircraft vehicles permit to obtain video files and aerophoto surveys with high resolution ability which permits to carry out highly precise 3D-modelling and present data about the initial state of the building ground before the start of the works. At the stage of building unmanned aircraft vehicles are ideally suitable for implementing speedy surveys on the ground with the aim of collecting precise data for reports about the process of project realization.

The obtained data permit to control the process of works by way of imposing project plans on orthophotoplans with the image of real state of construction with possible discovery of discrepancies up to 1 cm and the check-up of information reports of contractors.

Technology of BIM permits in itself the necessary visualization in 3D-format of all elements and systems of a building, to calculate variants of their composition in correspondence with acting norms and regulations, the economic and exploitation analysis all characteristics of a future building.

Advantages of this method in comparison with the classic methods of on land surveying consist in the operative reception of materials, in their informativeness and comprehensiveness, in the possibility of surveying heavily accessible places.

At the example of building sport complex in Rivne (Ukraine) methods are carried out of processing materials from UAV with the aim of obtaining BIM models of a structure.

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GEOINFORMATION ANALYSIS AND MODELLING CONDITIONS FORMING GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

IN THE PRECARPATHIANS (UKRAINE) Lidiia DAVYBIDA Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine Groundwater is the most dynamic component of the geologic environment, which responds quickly to changes in their forming conditions and the impact of anthropogenic factors. It means that the condition of the underground hydrosphere may serve as an indicator of the ecological state of the geological environment as a whole.

The purpose of the research is to develop a methodology for the regional analysis, modelling and assessment of the conditions of groundwater resources formation using GIS. The studied area is the Ukrainian Precarpathians (Ivano-Frankivsk region).

In order to achieve the purpose, the materials on the conditions of the groundwater formation in the Ivano-Frankivsk region were analyzed, the structure of the appropriate geodatabase was developed and its filling was made in the GIS MapInfo environment, the geoinformation analysis of the hydrogeological parameters was carried out and the assessment of their interdependence was made.

It should be noted that the Ivano-Frankivsk region has one of the last places by the drinking water groundwater reserves in Ukraine. Its heterogeneous geological structure has resulted in a variety of hydrogeological conditions, uneven under the possibility of using groundwater. The problem of providing sufficient quality drinking water to the population is complex. Application of modern computer technologies, first of all, GIS, makes it possible to assets a large number of diverse information not only in the investigated object but also in the technical issues of cartographic modelling.

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UTYLIZACJA CIEPŁA ŚCIEKÓW POPRODUKCYJNYCH Łukasz JAWORSKI, Aleksander SZKAROWSKI Politechnika Koszalińska Odzysk ciepła ze ścieków poprodukcyjnych może stanowić istotne źródło oszczęd-ności dla zakładów przemysłowych, zwłaszcza w przypadku wysokiej temperatury odprowadzanego ośrodka. Dla niektórych branż stanowić to może do 60% bilansu cieplnego zakładu.

Celem badań było opracowanie koncepcji odzysku ciepła ze ścieków produk-cyjnych zakładu firmy Homanit w Karlinie, który produkuje uszlachetnione płyty pilśniowe o różnej gęstości i teksturze. Temperatura ścieków linii produkcyjnych wynosi 90C. Dodatkowym bodźcem w tym przypadku jest potrzeba obniżenia temperatury ścieków w celu zwiększenia sprawności wirówki, która zmniejsza zawartość szeregu szkodliwych substancji chemicznych przed odprowadzaniem do kanalizacji. Wymagany efekt wirowania osiągany jest przy temperaturze nie wyżej 40C. W chwili obecnej do schłodzenia ścieków stosuje się chłodnie wentylator-owe niezapewniające wymaganej temperatury. Ustalono, że strumień ścieków wynosi do 30 m3/h, natomiast średnią dobową wartość oszacowano na 8,3 m3/h. Dla zakładanego obniżenia temperatury o 50C średni strumień odzyskiwanego ciepła wynosi 467 kW. Należało opracować rozwiązania techniczne zapewniające wykorzystanie ciepła ścieków na cele grzewcze i produkcyjne.

Jako pierwszy wariant opracowano odzysk ciepła na cele ogrzewania hali produk-cyjnej przy pomocy wymiennika płaszczowo-rurowego. Wybrano wariant z pro-stymi rurami ze względu na łatwość okresowego czyszczenia przestrzeni między-rurowej, gdzie kierowane mają być ścieki. Natomiast woda schładzająca będąca następnie czynnikiem grzewczym płynąć ma w przestrzeni rurowej. Wymagana powierzchnia wymiennika wyniosła 18,5 m2. Konstrukcyjnie taką powierzchnię zapewnić mogą trzy oryginalne pięciometrowe sekcje połączone szeregowo. Kilka firm zaproponowały gotowe rozwiązania o odpowiednich charakterystykach.

Następnie rozpatrzono wariant odzysku ciepła ze ścieków na cele podgrzania po-wietrza wentylacyjnego. Obecnie na te cele wykorzystuje się olej podgrzewany w kotłowni zakładowej. Strumień ogrzewanego powietrza wynosi 485 000 m3/h, a średnią temperaturę przyjęto -10C. Opracowano oryginalną konstrukcję wymiennika krzyżowego dwurzędowego, z rurek ożebrowanych. Obliczenia wy-konano na maksymalny strumień ścieków 30 m3/h pozwalający odzyskać ok. 1690 kW mocy cieplnej. Przy takich założeniach wymiennik o przekroju 5x5 m i o po-wierzchni wymiany ciepła ok. 1500 m2 zapewniłby podgrzanie powietrza do tem-peratury 0C. O wyborze i dalszej realizacji wariantu zdecyduje analiza inwesty-cyjna, czynniki konstrukcyjne, łatwość i szybkość wykonania w warunkach przed-siębiorstwa o całodobowym cyklu produkcyjnym.

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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF ENERGY SOURCES IN THE AVIATION

E. LUKATSKY Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kiev Polytechnic Institute", Kyiv, Ukraine An important factor in developing of modern aircraft is to reduce harmful effects on the environment through pollution of soils, water objects, atmospheric air, noise effects and emissions of various pollutants. One of the ways to solve these problems is to optimize the choice of aircraft power sources.

In our study, we analyzed the possibilities of using different types of propulsion systems in aviation and their impact on the environment. A comparative analysis of power plants used in aviation has been carried out.

In recent years, electric motors are becoming increasingly popular in small aviation. There are two types of aviation electric power plants: electric motors powered by batteries and electric motors powered by hydrogen fuel cells.

The first type is the most common for electric planes, but has some significant issues, such as a large mass and size of batteries, the possibility of environmental impact after using, use of fossil fuels for charging.

The second type of electric motors are systems on hydrogen fuel cells. In our opinion, it is the best choice on mass-dimensional parameters and on environmental impact. However, at the moment, hydrogen fuel cells don't mass- produced, but only being developed in laboratories. So We can't use thay on serial aircraft now.

Electric motors don`t have a negative environmental impact during operation, with the exception of indirect effects due to battery recharging and environmental risks after the end of their use.

Thus, we can conclude that the most promising type of propulsion systems for aircraft in the environmental friendliness aspect are electric systems on hydrogen fuel cells. And design and implementation of these systems should be a priority in the development of electric transport, including aviation.

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GEODETIC ANALYSIS OF LAND RECLAMATION ON THE EXAMPLE EARTH EMBANKMENT

ON THE CAMPUS OF THE KIELCE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Marcin GIL1, Paweł FRĄCKIEWICZ1, Peter BLIŠŤAN2, Katarina PUKANSKÁ2, Rudolf URBAN3, Aleksandra PASEK1 1Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering 2Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering/Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 19, 04001 Košice 3Czech Technical University in Prague Restoring utility values to areas damaged as a result of human activity is one of the basic tasks of reclamation and revitalization of the area. Conducting appropriate measures to restore the natural and non-natural values requires the development of project documentation, which is increasingly an essential element of geodetic analysis. The use of appropriate measurement methods and data visualization algorithms supports the process of transforming degraded areas. The example of earth embankment on the campus of the Kielce University of Technology presents methods of graphical and statistical analysis of areas undergoing reclamation. The most advantageous interpolation algorithms and the possibilities of basic analysis applications are included. Attention was paid to the need to monitor all stages of reclamation in order to ensure the safety of facilities within the impact of the areas covered by the study. The presented methods of analysis should be considered as indicating the direction of studies. They present the desirability of developing appropriate measurement networks for various observation methods and modeling algorithms in order to obtain practical tips and studies for the protection of reclaimed areas.

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THE SELECTION OF OPTIMUM CONDITIONS OF RECEIVING CATALYST PROCESS OF THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE

CONVERSION OF CARBON (II) OXIDE Bohdan HARMASH, Lidiia KATKOVNIKOVA, Yevheniia BILETSKA Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport There is a question of providing the population with products of agricultural production, increasing its productivity associated with the use of chemical fertilizers. At present, the advantage is given to the use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers, for the production of whichtechnical hydrogen is used.

The subject of the study is the technological parameters of the process of preparation of the average-temperature catalyst by the co-precipitation of the active components, as well as the properties of the obtained stabilized and revised samples of catalysts. The scope is the production of ammonia for nitrogen-containing fertilizers. The solution to the problem of disposal of titanium (IV) oxide waste products has been proposed, in order to abandon the consumable stage of desulfurization of the average temperature catalyst.

At the present time, the conversion of carbon dioxide (II) oxide is one of the main processes for the production of hydrogen on an industrial scale, which is used as a raw material for the production of ammonia. Since this process is catalytic, its chemistry can be represented by the following equation of the reaction: СО + Н2О = Н2 + СО2 + 41.2 kJ. It has been established that the use of co-precipitation of all catalyst components differs favorably from the prevailing separation of precipitation. This solution allows to obtain a catalyst with an increased activity and thermal stability. The active component of the catalyst in the process is the restoration of Fe3O4. For a long time, using this type of catalysts, their base composition has not changed practically, although the technology and the method of preparation have undergone significant changes. The raw material for preparing the average-temperature catalyst for conversion of carbon (II) oxide is iron sulfate (FeSO4 · 7Н2О). It is obtained as a by-product in steel manufacture at metallurgical enterprises. Considering the possibility of using the specified raw material for the production of the average-temperature catalyst, a detailed analysis of the content of various micro-impurities was carried out. In this case, special attention was paid to components, which even in small quantities can significantly affect the properties of the catalyst. Since the properties of all catalysts depend on the conditions of the deposition process, therefore, in this work, the experimental studies are aimed at establishing technological parameters that allow contact with given physico-chemical characteristics. Consequently, such parameters of the deposition process as the chemical nature of the deposition agents, the optimal concentrations of the initial solutions, the temperature, the pH of the deposition, and the hydrodynamic conditions were determined.

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APARTMENT HOUSE HEAT SUPPLY ITELLIGENT SYSTEMS I.S. YEREMEYEV1, A.I. YESHCHENKO2 1Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University, Ukraine, Kiev 2National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine, Kiev Apartment house heat supply is examined as a rule in scope of energy saving along the traditional patterns with traditional energy sources and heat-transfer agents. But currently, from the one hand, the great attention attends to alternative sources, agents and heat supply structures and from another – to comfort conditioning by more complicated algorithms and optimization of air parameters in controlled premises. These measures assumed the intelligent systems elaboration. The fact of the matter is that external environment as the apartment houses and heat supply systems are the inertial objects as a rule with retarded arguments and distributed constants. Under these circumstances in the automatic control systems shall be used the accelerated models, alternative patterns, credible reasoning technique.

In private intelligent houses (IH) these principles are realized now. But cost of IH forbid spreading the derived experience on apartment houses (AH). That is why apartment house heat supply intelligent systems (AHHSIS) realization must be extended slowly, step-by-step by using of the easy solutions which ensure the fulfillment of appreciable energy saving (for example by alternative energy sources as a solar cells, wind or pyrolysis generators and so on) in order to using the saved costs for follow-up steps of AHHSIS realization.

In heat supply systems one of the main components is the automated heat supply unit (AHSU) outlined on Figure 1.

This AHSU may be step-by-step expanded appropriate equipment and information/software support. AHSU involve the programmable controller (PC) adjusted on the tracking of the temperature (τo), humidity (h) and wind velocity (v) on the outside of house and temperature (τi) in apartment being heated (with of accounting of day-time t

and calendar (Cl) as well as the current heat losses Q. The AHSU generates proper control actions (CA). In this event the system of parameters conditioning may be considered as a simple heat exchanger.

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MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF ISOLATION OF PIPELINES AND BUILDING ENVELOPE

WITH ACCOUNT OF THEIR ACTUAL CONDITION Anton GANZHA, Viktoriia KORNELIUK, Liudmyla Vasylivna SEMENENKO The National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute” One of the main problems in the municipal thermal power generation of Ukraine is the determination and forecasting of heat energy losses to the environment during the transport of the heat carrier to consumers. Most of the pipelines of heat networks and their isolation in many localities of Ukraine are worn out. In known works one-dimensional problems or the definition of a two-dimensional temperature field and actual heat fluxes in the cross-section to the axis of the characteristic damaged pipeline insulation area are mainly considered. But does not take into account the two-dimensional temperature field of the damaged layer of insulation along the length (along the axis) of the pipeline. During carrying out of inspection of pipelines (especially heating pipes, constructed in the open air) it is possible to find out the nature of damage to their thermal insulation. And so it is possible to construct a geometric model of a site with a damage of insulation. Another problem of the qualitative heat supply of Ukrainian consumers is the non-systematic insulation of the building envelope by laying a layer of insulation on separate sections of the wall of the building, and not on the entire wall. This leads to redistribution of heat flows on the wall and to the reduction of the planned thermal insulation efficiency. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to develop a methodology for determining the heat losses of pipelines of heating mains taking into account the actual state of their isolation and the distribution of damages along their length, and actual thermal efficiency of the building envelope considering the non-systematic application of insulation layers on them. To solve these problems, a particular mathematical modeling of the temperature state of the damaged insulation layer or a non-systematically insulated wall with the determination of the heat flow through them is carried out. The next step is determining of the coefficients of increasing the heat flow towards the uninjured area or insulated wall. In case of equal distribution of damage along the total length of the pipeline or insulated area on the wall if we know the limits of the impact of damage or insulation, the proportion and amount of damage (insulation) on the pipeline (wall), it becomes possible to determine the actual heat flow from the outer surface of the pipelines or wall, including the coefficient of increasing the heat loss toward the normative. Mathematical modeling is the solution of a two- or three-dimensional differential equation of thermal conductivity with corresponding boundary conditions and distribution of characteristics of a layer of building structures and insulation.

– 23 –

ANALYSIS OF REOURCE OPPORTUNITIES OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK REGION FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIALLY ORIENTED PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

IN THE SPHERE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Hanna KOSHLAK Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine The rational use of energy resources is a significant component of economic policy of Ukraine. The reform of the power decentralization, getting authority to use energy resources locally initiated system transformations and change of priorities in activities of associated territorial communities (ATC) facing issues of energy supply and consumption in conditions of sustainable balanced development. Currently, the housing-and-municipal and budget spheres obtained substantial state support regarding implementation of energy-efficient and energy-saving activities [1]. Due to a large portion of energy-consuming sectors and price of energy resources, Ukraine calls for optimization of its own energy consumption, that is why, the alternative energy sector projects of energy-saving technologies are significant for implementation in ATC to provide, primarily, their energy independence and saving of financial resources. Socially oriented management of renewable energy sources is considered to be one of the most important tools for rational and environmentally safe use of fuel and energy resources by consumers.

Promotion of economically attractive profitable projects of RES technology implementation, information about accessible renewable energy sources among ATC population will encourage small entrepreneurship development.

Implementation of renewable energy sources projects and their environmentally safe use for sustainable balanced development of associated territorial communities will allow obtaining social and economic effect of: investment promotion; reduction of unemployment rate, increase of local employment and profits; promotion of the state energy and environmental safety.

– 24 –

IDENTIFICATION OF LANDS BROKEN AS A RESULT OF ILLEGAL EXTRACTION OF AMBER BY EARTH REMOTE

SENSING SYSTEMS Serhiy TROKHYMETC, Andriy PROKOPCHUK National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine During recent years substantially increase the volumes of illegal extraction of amber on large areas of northern-western part of Ukrainian Polissya. The unauthorized extraction of amber leads to irreparable damage for economy and the nature of the region, in particular, causes the violation of the structure of relief and natural landscapes, worsens the ecological condition of soils, stipulates negative changes in regime of surface and underground waters and to the destruction of forests.

The aim of the work is the development of methods and of geoinformation system of identifying and monitoring of lands broken as a consequence of the illegal extraction of amber which could permit to carry out the evaluation of the scales of the illegal extraction of amber, to determine the area of broken lands and the necessary volumes of recultivation. The work is implemented by the order of Ministry of education and science of Ukraine, as such which is referred to priority directions of scientific researches.

During the implementation of research-technical work were used the data of satellite surveying systems and methods of their processing, modules of geoinformation systems with an open code QGIS + GRASS, the operating station with high speed and possibilities of processing substantial masses of data.

The analysis and singling out of areas of illegal extraction of amber were fulfilled on the basis of deciphering signs of the phenomenon, i.e. the availability of places of changing open sand heaps and digged pits which have the characteristic spectral image, small-cell texture of image and the temperature contrast with the surrounding vegetation, the presence of chaotic network of canals used for supplying water when using hydropump method of extraction.

The structure is substantiated and the modular geoinformation system is developed for identifying and time monitoring of broken lands as a result of the illegal extraction of amber using QGIS with added modules from open libraries of GDAL and GRASS. Considering the peculiarities of processed data from different types of surveyed systems block-schemes were created for using GIS modules for WorldView-2/3, Pleiades-1, Spot-6/7, Planet Scope, Sentinel-2B.

– 25 –

DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF WIND POWER ENGINEERING IN LVIV REGION

Tetiana P. KOVALENKO, Stepan S. LYS, Igor R. GALYANCHUK Lviv Polytechnic National University, Department of Heat Engineering, Thermal and Nuclear Power Plants The purpose of this work is to analyze key indicators and ways of development of wind energy in the Lviv region, its advantages, and disadvantages. Regarding the prospects of wind energy development in the Lviv region, it should be noted that recently the French companies Beten International and Valorem presented an investment project for the construction of a modern wind power plant with a capacity of 10.0 MW in the territory of the Drohobych district. In the future, such plants are planned to be built on the territory of Zhydachiv, Pustomyty and Skole districts of the Lviv region. For the region, this project is beneficial from the point of view of environmental safety, the production of environmentally friendly energy, improving the reliability of energy supply of the territory, attracting investment and new technologies [1].

The Lviv region has good prospects for wind energy development. In the mountainous part, the average annual wind speed at a height of 10 m is 5.5-6 m/s; technically achievable wind potential at an altitude of 30 m – 620 kW/h·m2, at an altitude of 100 m – 1150 kW/h·m2. This is also confirmed by the work of the Truskavets wind power plant which was built in 1997 on the Buhiv Mountain (Skhidnytska WPP) with a capacity of 750 kW. Perspective is also plain territories of Yavoriv, Mostyskogo and Zolochivsky districts (average annual wind speed at an altitude of 10 m – 4.5 m/s). The perspective for using RES in the Lviv region by 2020 will involve the construction of wind power plants with a total capacity of 400 MW [1]. The most powerful wind farm on right-bank Ukraine is the station "Old Sambir-1". The station began its operation in 2015 and consisted of two wind power stations with a capacity of 6.6 MW, and it has been fully started to operate in 2016 when two more windmills were put into operation. Thus, the total power of the station has become 13.2 MW.

The wind power is extremely promising, but it has both advantages and disadvantages in the implementation and use. The advantages are environmental cleanliness, ergonomics, inexhaustibility, simple maintenance, quick installation, low maintenance and maintenance costs. The disadvantages are instability, which consists in unsecured receipt of the required amount of electricity, wind turbines are ineffective at peak loads, high cost, noise pollution.

Thus, the development of the wind energy in the Lviv region is promising, cost-effective and cost-effective, which enables to reduce the import of energy resources, strengthen the economic independence of the state, create new jobs and ensure the proper environmental condition.

– 26 –

INTERMITTENT HEATING SYSTEM OPERATION MODES FOR RESIDENTIAL SPACES

Valerii DESHKO, Iryna SUKHODUB, Olena YATSENKO National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Department of Heat Engineering and Energy Saving One of the most effective ways to save heat in providing comfortable temperature conditions is the use of intermittent heating system operation mode. Such mode reduces the heating system temperature and load during non-working hours. The main reason for the lack of its wide distribution in buildings is the low level of disclosure in the literature, as well as a small number of practical results of the introduction. Scientifically substantiated recommendations that relate to rational choice of the intermittent heat mode with its specifics is clearly not enough. This work is aimed at presenting practical data on the analysis of intermittent heating mode for residential space and confirming its effectiveness.

The daily mode of the intermittent heating system is divided into three periods: the beginning of the heating system (heating-up period), during which the room

temperature rises from the minimum allowable to the required internal temperature;

period of steady mode, during which indoor air temperature is maintained; the termination of the heating system (cooling period), during which the indoor

temperature is reduced to the minimum allowable.

It is known that the speed of achieving of the comfort internal temperature at the beginning of the heating system is not regulated by norms. Therefore, the length of the transient processes in the intermittent heating mode can be calculated using a dynamic approach. This approach takes into account the heat transfer resistance of the building constructions as well as the dynamic characteristics of the external walls and internal partitions. In this paper, building model was created in DesignBuilder software that uses EnergyPlus engine to perform dynamic building energy simulation. The simulation results were compared with the actual data on the temperature and energy consumption in the apartment with the intermittent heating mode.

– 27 –

NEW DIRECTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY

OF NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

AND THEIR INTRODUCTION INTO ACADEMIC PROCESS Olha DMYTRIV, Oleh LAHODNIUK, Ruslan YANCHUK National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine The department of geodesy and cartography of National university of water and environmental engineering has over one hundred years history. At present the department is training bachelors in speciality "Geodesy and land management" and provides scientific consulting for implementing master's theses in the same speciality.

The department has a mighty staff potential which includes nine candidates of sciences in scientific specialities "Geodesy, photogrammetry and cartography" and "Cadastre and lands monitoring".

The department is provided with up-to-date devices and equipment, that is, total station (6 pieces), GNSS-systems (3 pieces), photogrammetric stations (4 pieces), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) DJI Phantom 4Pro, etc.

Such uniting of staff potential and material and technical base permits to complete extent to carry out both scientific research and qualitative training of students.

During last years the department became a leader in Volyn region concerning the implementation of research and industrial works in the direction of operative cartography and creation of orthophoto-plans of territories of residential settlements and 3D models, the use of Earth remote sensing systems with the aim of discovering and analyzing geo-space processes and phenomena, of scientific maintenance for forming geo-portals and cadastres, the creation of BIM-models fоr building objects.

New syllabi developed by the department with the aim of training bachelors in speciality "Geodesy and land management" are rather mobile and flexible. They permit operatively in the block of optional subjects to suggest students new academic courses and subjects based on results of research-development and practical works. Such present-day and practice-oriented subjects at present are the use of UAV in tasks of cartography, the processing of materials of lidar surveying the analysis and modelling of data of Earth remote sensing systems, 3D modelling of geo-space objects.

– 28 –

ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONS ON THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES EFFECTSIN TOURIST AREAS

Olena Volodymyrivna POBIGUN, Iuliia Ihorivna IURAS Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine The objects of RES activities influence will be the following: climate; surface and underground waters; geology and soils; landscapes and biodiversity; population and socio-economic situation; cultural heritage (UNESCO world heritage sites and sites on UNESCO world heritage tentative list, registered cultural heritage objects, unidentified and unregistered cultural heritage objects, intangible cultural heritage sites). All results should be justified by the additional detailed analysis of individual projects. The criteria for determining the impact on the tourist environment relate to the nature of the impacts associated with each scenario of renewable energy development. The following factors should be taken into account in the process of determining the nature of these effects: probability, duration, frequency and reversibility of the effects; possibility of cumulative effects taking into account future basic conditions and

other projects; possibility of transboundary effects; risks to public health and environment (e.g., accidents); strength and spatial coverage of effects (geographic area, number of population

that may be affected); valuability and vulnerability of the area that may be affected by the following

reasons: particular natural conditions or objects of cultural heritage, exceeding over the environment quality standards or regulatory levels of their impact, intensive land use, impacts on areas or landscapes that have a recognized protection status, given nationally or internationally.

A monitoring system should be developed for full observation. Determination of existing conditions of the environment and future ones without regard to RES, comparison with the conditions during construction and operation for possible changes trends determining will be important for monitoring. The stages of developing a system for monitoring the RES effect on the tourist environment will include the determination of the existing and future basic conditions of the area; values, vulnerability and sensitivity of influence objects; types of effects; degree of effect occurrence probability; stage of occurrence, duration and intensity of effect; spatial coverage.

– 29 –

МАТЕМАТИЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ СУМІЩЕНОЇ ТЕПЛОПРОВІДНОСТІ В МІКРОПОРАХ ПОРИСТИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ Anatoliy PAVLENKO1,2, Hanna KOSHLAK2 1Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering 2Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine Дослідження присвячено розв´язанню задачі узагальненого теплообміну в пористих матеріалах (ПМ) на основі золи Бурштинської ТЕС. Моделюється процес теплопереносу конвекцією, теплопровідністю і випромінюванням в газовій порожнині з урахуванням теплопровідності стінок. У даній моделі передбачається, що щільність газу залежить від температури. Така залежність враховується в рівнянні конвекції для масових сил. Систему рівнянь можна записати у вигляді [1]:

1VV V V P gT

(1); 0div (2)

TV T a T divq

(3);

q q qdivq

x y z

(4)

Рівняння теплопровідності стінки 2 2 2

2 2 2m m m mТ Т Т Т

аx y z

(5);

34

3xT T

qx

(6);

34

3xT T

qx

, (7);

34

3zT T

qz

(8).

Безрозмірні рівняння Буссінеска в змінних «вихор швидкості – функції струму – температура» для даної задачі в газовій порожнини:

Ω Pr θr Ψ Ω Ψ Ω Ω

τ Ra X X Y Y X

(9)

Розв´язок рівнянь виконано у вигляді керуючих функцій, які характеризують конвективний перенос енергії в виділеному обсязі і біля поверхні з урахуванням розмірів і температури осередку для суміщеного тепло переносу:

2

11 0 0 1 0

0 0

, , , ;0, ; 0, ,

X

Xcm

cm x y d x y y f y d y

(10)

4 4

01 0

0 0

0, , cmcm cm cm

cm cm

T Tf y Bi Sh

T T T T

(11)

Графічне відображення моделі спільної теплопровідності в мікропорах визначає сутність процесу перенесення енергії в замкненому просторі: графіки розподілу температури подібні для пор з однаковими розмірами незалежно від температури стінки; в порі не можуть бути досягнуті значні градієнти температур, збільшення градієнту можливе здебільшого за рахунок фізичних властивостей матеріалу; додавання золи в сировинну суміш дозволиляє створити ПМ з максимальним термічним опором (градієнтом температури); площа під кривими графіків відображує міру впливу методу передачі енергії (конвекція, або теплопровідність).

– 30 –

CREATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF EMISSION OF NITROGEN OXIDES OF DIESEL ENGINES CONVERSED TO GAS S. KRYSHTOPA, M. HNYP, L. KRYSHTOPA Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas

The purpose of this work is to develop mathematical model for calculating the emissions of nitrogen oxides in spent gases of diesel engines and engines converted to a propane-butane mixture. Calculation methodology is based on basic thermal theory principles: amount of nitrogen oxides is determined by maximum combustion temperature and concentrations of nitrogen and oxygen in combustion products; amount of nitrogen oxides depends on cooling rate of the combustion products; formation of nitrogen dioxide is more intense in conditions of poorer fuel-air mixture; oxidation of nitrogen occurs due to chain mechanism in zone of combustion products. In general mechanism of formation of nitrogen oxides consists of following reactions:

2N + O = NO + O + 136kJ/mol (1) 2N + O = NO + N 316kJ/mol (2); 2 2 2N + Н О = 2NO + Н (3);

2 2 2N + О = N O + О (4); 2N О + О = 2NO (5). The main oxides formed in the exhaust

gases of the ICE are NO and 2N O. The rate of formation of NO and 2N O proceeding

from (1-5) can be found from the following kinetic equations:

1 2 1 2 2 2

3 2 3 4 2 2 4

NON O NO O N O NO N

2 2N H O NO H N O O NO

r r r rV R V R

r r r rV R V R

drK r r K r r K r r K r r

d

K r r K r r K r r K r

(6)

We apply the principle of stationary concentration for diatomaceous oxide 2N O by

which we assume that the rate of its formation will be equal to zero 2N O0.

dr

d Then the

volume concentration of 2N O according to (7) will be equal 5 2 2 4

2

5 4

2N O NO

N OO ( )

r rV R

r rR V

K r r K rr

r K K

(8). Substituting (8) into (6) we get

1 2 1 2 2 2

5 2 2 4

3 2 3 4 2 4

5 4

NON O NO O N O NO N

2N O NO2 2

N H O NO H O NOO ( )

r r r rV R V R

r rV Rr r r r

V R V Rr rR V

drK r r K r r K r r K r r

dK r r K r

K r r K r r K r K rr K K

(9)

Constant velocities of chemical reactions are based on the analysis of the source [1, 2]. After a series of transformations we get:

2NO NO 22NO

NO NO

2 212

2 2

BC const

C constC

B Br rB C Cr e e

B BC r rC C

(10)

Developed mathematical model will allow carry out calculations of emissions of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases of diesel engines converted to gas at different operating modes.

– 31 –

STUDYING THE PROCESS OF FALLING PLUNGER IN THE WELL IN THE ASCENDING FLUID FLOW

Petro R. HIMER, Andrii V. UHRYNOVSKYI Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine One of the ways that will prolong the period of fountaining low-pressure oil wells by using its own energy or feeding part of the gas from the surface is a plunger lift of the type "flying valve", which consists of a sleeve in the form of a hollow cylinder and balls. The key issue when operating the wells with a plunger lift is to study the process of its fall in the ascending flow of fluid to determine the time of its fall in the tubing string.

To do this, consider the following problem. Let the hollow cylindrical body fall with some constant velocity 0 in the ascending flow of liquid in a well with a radius R. Suppose that the laminar flow of liquid has been established in the central channel of the cylinder and in the annular space between the cylinder and the tubing wall. The corresponding distribution of liquid velocities in the central and annular channels is shown in Figure 1.

The equilibrium equation of the forces acting on the plunger in the form of a hollow cylinder is written as:

2 20 1 1 0G T T p r r (1)

The equation of continuity at liquid flow around the plunger has the form:

2 21 2 0 1 0Q q q r r (2)

According to the results of the theoretical researches, it was obtained an analytical dependence for calculating the fall velocity 0 of the plunger in the ascending liquid flow. This formula takes into account the mass of the plunger and its geometric dimensions, as well as the velocity and rheological parameters of the ascending liquid flow.

Figure 1. Velocities diagram in the central and annular channels relative to the moving cylinder in the laminar flow of a homogeneous liquid

– 32 –

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES OF TOXICITY OF EMPLOYED GAS REPLACEMENT GAS FUEL DIESEL

ENGINES S. KRYSHTOPA, I. MYKYTII, F. KOZAK Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine

Conversion of diesel engines to gas fuels in terms of ecology in particular the reduction of emissions of nitrogen oxides is an important trend. Many works [1, 2] are devoted to the study of the processes of formation of nitrogen oxides during combustion of various fuels. But experimental studies of the change in emissions of nitrogen oxides when converting diesel engines to gas fuels are still limited. The purpose of experimental research is to check theoretical calculations of nitrogen oxide emissions in exhaust gases of diesel engines converted to gas fuels. To accomplish the task, diesel engine of the Opel Astra X17DTL model was re-equipped to work on a liquefied propane-butane mixture at the Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas.

To convert specified diesel engine to gas following were done: reduced compression ratio of the engine; mounted propane-butane gas equipment; installed original microprocessor DIS-system of inflammation of own development; optimized engine management system. Engine researches were carried out on the electric brake chamber KI-8964.

According to results of the experiments it can be noted that using of propane-butane mixture compared to diesel fuel X17DTL engine of the Opel Astra has significantly reduced the emissions of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases in entire loading mode. Therefore, working on diesel fuel at the power output of 10 kW emissions of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases of basic engine of model X17DTL amounted to 255 ppm, and with the work of the convertible engine on the propane-butane mixture – 135 ppm or reduction of emissions of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases was 47.1%. Working on diesel fuel at the power output of 50 kW emissions of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases of the base engine amounted to 945 ppm, and when converted engine on the propane-butane mixture – 570 ppm or reduction of emissions of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases was 39.7%. Obtained results of the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions in the exhaust gases of a diesel engine of the X17DTL model of Opel Astra vehicle while working on a propane-butane mixture in comparison with work of engine on diesel fuel depending on the load change are explained by the decrease in the combustion temperature of the gas-air mixture during the combustion process in the cylinders engine relative to the combustion temperature of diesel-air mixture. Obtained results allow to optimize designs of power systems of internal combustion engines and to reduce emissions of harmful substances in exhaust gases of automobile engines.

– 33 –

AUTOMATED COMPLEX FOR RESEARCH OF SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS OF SOLAR POWER

OF THE SECOND GENERATION M.P. MAZUR1, B.S. DZUNDZA2, T.M. MAZUR2, V.V. PROKOPIV2 1Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine 2Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine The problem of measuring electrical and photovoltaic parameters of semiconductor materials, in particular, II-VI compounds, is actual due to the prospect of their use for the manufacture of second-generation solar panels. The values of the resistivity of these materials varies widely and can reach 108-109 Ohm cm, and the study of the electrical parameters of such samples requires a precision and expensive electrometric equipment and is rather time-consuming. In recent decades, there is rapid development of microprocessor and computer technology, which opens up new opportunities for automation of technological processes and laboratory research.

The electric circuit and the computer program, which provides automation of measurements of conductivity, photoconductivity and volt-ampere characteristics of semiconductor films with an electrical resistance up to 500 GOhm, and load characteristics of photovoltaic cells are developed. Measurement of high-resistance samples is carried out at voltages of 300-1200 V, for other measurements the amplitude of the test signal does not exceed 0.5 V. Microcontroller STM32F152C8T6 was chosen as a controller, which is characterized by a well-developed periphery. Communication with the computer at the hardware level is carried out via the built-in USB microcontroller, and at the software level – with the help of the text command interpreter, which provides two-way data exchange between the control program on the computer and the microcontroller of the device. Lighting is provided by standard 3W LED light emission spectrum is set by selecting the appropriate LED. Turning on the LED and setting the required illumination are carried out by the DAC of the microcontroller via the current stabilizer on the operational amplifier. The feedback is carried out both via LED current, resulting from the shunt, and illumination of the alternating digital I2C light sensor, in particular VEML7700CT, VEML6075. The temperature is measured by the platinum thermistor PT100 and varies in the range of 77-450 K. A computer program is developed that provides registration and initial processing of the obtained data with the possibility of preliminary analysis already in the process of measurement.

– 34 –

PROSPECTS OF USING SURFACE-BARRIER CdTe-DIODES IN SOLAR ENERGY

V.P. MAKHNII1, M.P. MAZUR2, Т.М. MAZUR3, V.V. PROKOPIV3 1Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University 2, Kotsyubinsky Str., Chernivtsi, 58000, Ukraine 2Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine 3Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 57, Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine The optimal energy gap (1.5 eV at 300 K) and the direct structure of the allowed zones determine the prospects of cadmium telluride in solar energy. Among the various types of rectifying structures that are the basis of photovoltaic cells, one should single out the class of surface barrier diodes (SBD), which have a number of advantages compared to p-n-homo and heterojunctions. Improving the efficiency of photoconversion of SBD requires, first of all, the development and use of new technologies, one of which may be a change (modification) of the physicochemical properties of the surface layers of the substrates before the application of the rectifying contact. In that work discusses a number of methods for modifying the surface of CdTe substrates, which lead to an improvement in the basic electrical and photoelectric parameters of SBD.

The first one is based on low-temperature (~100С) processing of substrates in aqueous solutions of salts of elements I and II of the Periodic Table, leading to the formation of ultrathin surface layers, the type and amount of conductivity of which is determined by the ingredients of the solution. The second approach is to create a quantum-size surface structure (QSSS), which causes not only an increase in the height of the potential barrier of SBD, but also a significant decrease in the surface recombination rate. Creation of QSSS is possible by laser pulsed irradiation or by thermal annealing under conditions under which self-organization processes take place. A feature of the discussed methods is the possibility of modifying the surface of semiconductor substrates with prefabricated ohmic contacts. The efficiency η of photoconversion of SBD on the basis of modified n-CdTe substrates at 300 K in AM2 illumination conditions reaches 13%, which is noticeably lower than η Si photocells. At the same time, such high values of η in the absence of antireflection coatings, optimization of the parameters of base substrates and the design of CdTe diodes indicate potential opportunities for increasing the photoconversion efficiency.

– 35 –

TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR MEASUREMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL

AND HISTORICAL BUILDING OF CABLEWAY TATRZAŃSKA LOMNICA-SZCZYRBSKIE LAKE IN HIGH TATRAS

Katarína PUKANSKÁ1, Karol BARTOŠ2, Peter HANČIN2, Ľubomír KSEŇÁK2, Peter BLIŠŤAN1 1Kielce University of Technology, aleja Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce / Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 19, 04001 Košice 2Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 19, 04001 Košice Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a technique that allows users to directly and fully automated data collection. Over the last decade, TLS has become a standard method of measuring objects. Acquiring spatial data with high accuracy requires obtaining point clouds consisting of millions of points. The modern TLS method allows for quick measurement, but requires a laborious data filtration step. The aim of the article is to highlight a wide range of terrestrial laser scanning applications in the measurement of complex architectural objects. The object of the analysis was a historic, currently unused cable car building in the High Tatras. From the architectural point of view, it is not only a historical, but also an artistic object. The building is waiting for a complete reconstruction with the possibility of use for utility purposes. The main purpose of the work was to create a Slovak passport-metric, or a complete drawing documentation of the object, and the final effect was visualization in the form of a 3D model.

– 36 –

THE ACCURACY OF SATELLITE POSITIONING IN THE MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE DEFORMATION

Karol KRAWCZYK, Jacek SZEWCZYK Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland The paper presents the problem of the use of satellite observations for deformation measurement of in landslide areas and in mining areas. It was based primarily on measurements carried out in 2013-2018 in the landslide areas in Kielce (Kadzielnia) and in 1996-2015 on the former mining areas of the historic salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia. Based on the results of the observations, the accuracy of the positioning of the points using GNSS observations was analyzed and the analysis of the impact of these observations on the reliability of the observation network (including the values of precision parameters, especially unit error, average and maximum position error of the network points) was undertaken. The problem of determining (on the basis of the error of the average and limit observations determined independently) the statistical criterion of the significance of determining deformation was taken in account. Statistical analysis of the distribution of errors and the interpretation of their origins were also carried out. The usefulness of the use of satellite measurements in determining the size of surface deformation was demonstrated, provided that the accuracy requirements were met. Practical conclusions related to measurement technology were also formulated.

– 37 –

RESEARCH INTO PRECISION DETERMINATION OF COORDINATES BY MATERIALS OF AEROSURVEY

FROM UAV DJI PHANTOM 4 PRO Serhiy TROKHYMETC National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine UAV with each year take the more larger sector in geodetic works. Along with specialized unmanned aircraft vehicles during recent years still oftener are used budget unmanned aircraft vehicles of wide use and the actual is the issue about the precision of materials obtained by such devices. Of particular demanding research is the problem how is changed the precision of determining coordinates with the change of height surveying and with different number of datum marks used for connection with photos.

The aim of the research is the evaluation of the precision determination of planned and altitude coordinates by materials of surveying by unmanned aircraft vehicles by way of comparing with controlling values of coordinates determined by earth satellite observations.

The research was carried out at the training geodetic polygon of NUWEE during carrying out geodetic practical training. For surveying was used UAV DJI Phantom 4 Pro, for determining coordinates – GNSS-receiver Leica 1200.

In correspondence with the set aim the following tasks were implemented: the research into the precision determination with different height of surveying

(100 and 200 meters); the research into the precision determination of coordinates with different

number of control ground points used for connection with photos (18 and 5 marks);

research into the precision determination of coordinates on plain and broken country.

Research results showed that with the sufficient number of control ground points the precision determination of coordinates by data of surveying from different heights both on plain and broken ground differs not substantially and RMS does not exceed 10 cm. With the minimum number of control ground points and surveying height of 100 m RMS of height position increased to 12 cm on plain and to 25 cm on broken country. The rest of indices did not exceed 10 cm.

– 38 –

RESULTS OF MONITORING THE SIZE OF HORIZONTAL DEFORMATIONS OF THE URBAN MINING AREA WITH USE

THE GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF THE CENTRAL ROSETTE Łukasz KAPUSTA Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Poland The paper presents the results of monitoring the size of horizontal deformations of the mining area with the use of classical tacheometric measurements by applying the geometric design of the central rosette. The aim of the work was to monitor the changes in the value of the ε [mm/m] index describing the extent of horizontal deformation of the area during the transition of the exploitation front in the areas where the cave-in exploitation was conducted. The measurements were carried out in two research zones: in Bytom – inside the exploited field and in Marklowice – in the area of the commencement of the operation. The obtained results allowed to: determine the maximum horizontal deformations, visualize the pace and nature of their changes and assess the risk of horizontal deformations for existing buildings.

– 39 –

SOURCES FOR RECEIVING ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

B.V. DOLISHNII Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine Nowadays most motor cars and special vehicles use oil products as fuel – gasoline and diesel fuel. If the number of cars increases with the current pace, the explored oil reserves (according to British Petroleum) will be enough for about 40 years. In Ukraine today there are such major prospective sources of alternative fuels for ICEs: biomethane, biodiesel fuel, hydrogen, alcohols [1-7].

At the same time scientific staff of the department of oil and gas technological transport (Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas) researched the possibility of using fusel oils (FO) – waste alcohol industry, as an addition to traditional commodity fuels. At the first stage, there were studied the basic physical and technical characteristics of fusel oils blends with gasoline A-92 and diesel fuel, such as: octane and cetane number, density, viscosity [6]. According to the results of our research of octane number, there was established the optimal compositions of fuel mixtures of FO with gasoline A-92: - A-92 + 5% FO – octane number is increasing to its value for gasoline A-95; - А-92 + 10% FO – octane number is increasing to its value for gasoline А-98. For mixtures of FO with diesel fuel for cetane number optimum content of FO in diesel fuel is within 5…10%. But according to the trends in diesel engines development the degree of its compression increases, thus it allows the use of diesel fuel with a higher cetane number. Therefore it is possible to raise the content of FO in diesel fuel up to 12% [7]. Artichoke may be used as a raw material for ethanol production. The culture of artichoke has several advantages over others that can be used to produce ethanol [8]: high adaptability and unpretentiousness to growing conditions; high potential productivity of bulbous and above ground mass and concentration of carbohydrates in them; insignificant costs of cultivation. Basing on the research of laboratory of the oil and gas technological transport department there was produced fuel from the artichoke. To the crushed mass of artichoke there was added grape yeast and all that was acidified with sulfuric acid to pH = 2. Subsequently, this mixture was periodically stirring while heating to 96-96°C and maintained in these conditions until the end of the process. Distillation of alcohol from the fermented mass was carried out by direct distillation. Therefore, perspective alternative fuels for our region are biogas and alcohols derived from biological raw materials which also can be used in ICEs mixturing with commercial fuels without significant changes in the design of the power system.

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SPATIAL DATA CONCERNING BOUNDARIES PRESENTED IN GEOPORTALS

Agnieszka CIENCIAŁA Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland Geographic information systems (GIS) are designed to serve for various disciplines of life making the spatial information easy to present, analyze and share. One of the interesting issues concerning Spatial Data Infrastructures is the matter of presentation of boundaries of plots, showing the scope of property rights, as well as borders of each land use.

Spatial information concerning the extent of the entity's rights to immovable property (boundaries) play an important role in society. Specific requirements concerning land tenure types differ in various countries, but they definitely determine land use practices and regulate the efficiency of agriculture. Property rights to real estate, including the strongest of them – ownership, require specification of the scope of rights, that is, determining the boundaries. They define the possibility of having agricultural land, collecting benefits from them, affect the value of tax paid and the amount of direct payments.

Boundaries are the key spatial information of national spatial information infrastructures. Among the presented data on their course there can be cadastral data of geodetic accuracy, but also data of cadastral character distinguished. The latter can be used only in terms of approximate dentification and spatial location, as well as estimation of the area of plots. They do not provide sufficient accuracy for formal procedures, as they are not the data of cadastre.

For the purpose of this publication, the quality and credibility of data concerning boundaries of parcels and land use accessible in the spatial data infrastructures have been analyzed. Moreover, practical rules for the application of the above data in the current real estate management processes in Poland have been indicated. Factors that would increase the usefulness of the published data have also been specified.

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ENHANCEMENT OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF METAL FRAMED WALLS

Olena KUZNIETSOVA Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design (Ukraine) The task of the work consisted in evaluation and comparison of thermal insulation performance of various types of metal stud walls. For that purpose various types of metal stud walls were simulated, and different levels of insulation were included in the models for each type of wall. The thermal properties of the materials were assumed to be uniform for all simulated walls. The following boundary conditions were set for external and internal environment: an external temperature equal to 0C and a convective surface heat transfer coefficient he = 25 W/(m2·K); the internal temperature was defined at 20C and a convective surface heat transfer coefficient hi = 7.69 W/(m2·K). Thermal transmittance of steel framed walls was analyzed using heat-transfer simulation program THERM 7.6. Thermal insulation performance of various configurations of metal stud walls has been evaluated. Installing additional exterior sheathing insulation is an effective way to improve the thermal insulation performance of the metal framed walls. Changing stud spacing as well decreased U-value of the walls. The efficiency of this change decreases for walls with additional exterior insulation sheathing. Changing the distance between metal studs from 40 to 60 cm o.c. reduced the value of the framing effect (caused by steel studs) by about 9.4%. However, the framing effect can also be lowered by the addition of expanded polystyrene sheathing. Methods to enhance thermal insulation performance of metal framed walls were determined. The work results can be used in designing new energy efficient buildings.

– 42 –

THE QUASI-PERPETUAL ELECTRICITY GENERATING DEVICE BASED ON CERAMIC FUEL CELL FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS

Yurii BASARABA1, Mykolay BRYCHEVSKYI2, Yehor BRODNIKOVSKYI2, Oleksandr VASYLYEV2, Ivan PEREKOPSKYI3 1Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ukraine 2Institute for Problems of Materials Science, Ukraine 3Design Bureau «Pivdenne», Ukraine Ceramic fuel cell (CFC), named traditionally as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), is proposing the highest amount of electric energy released at reactions between chemical elements. As the most impressive are zirconia ones, those may generate electric energy using hydrogen as a fuel and oxygen from air at ~95% efficiency. They may operate at 600°C and for above 70 000 hours [1].

Fuel cell is able principally to operate in reverse manner. Being as electrolyzer, reversible ceramic fuel cell (RCFC) may efficiently produce gaseous hydrogen and oxygen being supplied by water and electricity [2, 3].

An imagination is painting some quasi-perpetual energy system, which could be launched with energy produced by CFC from some initial amount of hydrogen and oxygen. The CFC by-product, water steam, is decomposed for H2 and O2 with the CFC electrolyzer to be supplied by electricity produced by solar or thermoelectric cells. H2 and O2 gases will be stored and further re-used for production of electricity with no any water losses in the closed system. In such a way, the accumulation and the storage of electric power will be solved via gaseous way. Energy losses would be compensated by Sun, which might gift the required energy and would do the CFC energy system as quasi-perpetual one.

The cell voltage, Eq, relevant to the thermal effect is Eq = H/(F), where H is the thermal effect of water decomposition, – number of electrons, F – Faraday’s constant, at a hypothetic isobaric isothermal reversible process with no any heat and mass exchange between the cell and environment, and all energy required for the decomposition process is electrical one. H is weakly depending on temperature, Eq const, but for water Eqw 1.48 V and for water steam Eqs 1.25 V. Obviously, the high-temperature electrolysis is favorable thermodynamically and requires lower voltage. As result, at high-temperature electrolysis, the considerable economy of electric power occurs and its efficiency to increase. Expenses of energy diminishes from 4.5 kW·h to 3 kW·h per 1 m3 hydrogen.

The quasi-perpetual energy system based on reversible ceramic fuel cells for closed systems like planes, vehicles and buildings looks as possible both thermodynamically and technically thanks to the suitable R&D achievements in zirconia CFC.

– 43 –

THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE TANK CONSTRUCTION OF LABORATORY SETUP FOR THE INVESTIGATION

OF FORMATION AND COMBUSTION OF FUEL EMULSIONS Victor O. MELNYK Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical Univesity of Oil and Gas, Ukraine In most countries of the world nowadays there are many problems with ensuring their energy security. They are caused by depletion of deposits, rising costs of extraction and transportation of oil, as well as related environmental problems. It forces to constantly search for new ways to increase energy efficiency of using hydrocarbons and petroleum products. One of these ways is the usage of water-based fuels (WBF).

The significant contribution to the study of the processes occurring in the emulsification and combustion of WBF was made by S.Ya. Kornytskyi, I.A. Tuv [1], V.M. Ivanov, I. Cornet, A.T. Abdelfattch, Y. Ishii, F.L. Dryer [2], etc. Since the known theories of WBF combustion are controversial, the study of the features of WBF combustion is an urgent task and it is impossible to be solved without the special laboratory equipment.When designing such equipment it is necessary to minimize energy and material costs for its manufacturing, expenses for operation and maintenance. It can be achieved by preliminary analysis of the work conditions with the further development and optimization of each element of laboratory equipment. One of the setup elements, on which the efficiency of its operation depends, is the

tank for heating the oil product (Fig. 1). Due to the fact that this tank will be heated by an induction cooker, its design, namely the bottom, requires a deformation under pressure (up to 0.5 MPa) and temperature (within 60-100°C). As it is known, the peculiarity of the operation of the induction cooker is the need for contact of its glass-ceramic surface with the bottom of the heated container. However, when heating the container, its bottom will be deformed, i.e., there will be a convexity that will not ensure compliance with the initial parameters during the study. Therefore, to determine the necessary parameters of the tank bottom in accordance with the above conditions, its 3D model (Fig. 1) was developed in the software environment SolidWorks [3] and optimization was carried out. As a result of the carried research of the tank with an external diameter – 159 mm and wall thickness – 4 mm, the optimal thickness of the bottom is determined, which is equal to 6 mm.

Figure 1. Tank: 1 – bottom, 2 – body, 3, 4 – flanges, 5 – gasket, 6 – plug, δ – bottom thickness, Т – temperature, Р – pressure

– 44 –

PECULIARITIES OF OPERATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF THE SOLAR POWER PLANT IN THE CONDITIONS

OF THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF UKRAINE AND THE CARPATHIAN REGIONS OF POLAND

Mykola SOTNIK, Anna CHERNOBROVA, Oleksandr STROKIN Sumy State University 2, Rymskogo-Korsakova st., 40007, Sumy, Ukraine The paper presents the results of conducted research on the functioning of a solar power plant in the conditions of the northern climatic zone of Ukraine, which is similar to the climate of the Carpathian region of the Republic of Poland. Research is based on the scientific foundations of electrical engineering, geography, and the usage and processing of statistical data.

The efficiency of functioning of the power plant, when the location of solar panels is on the roof of the building, with the usage of tracing of the angle of inclination, azimuth, and without them is considered. To determine the efficiency of electric power generation, the coefficient of power generation kг, which is determined by the ratio of the power of the actual generation Рф to the nominal power of the panel Ру is used, kг = Рф / Ру. The dependence of the change in the coefficient of power generation kг from the angle of the panel is determined.

The possibilities of arrangement of solar panels on the walls of the building are explored. The efficiency of generation of electric energy by solar panels at different angles of inclination is determined. The estimation of the efficiency of the usage of the area of the location of the solar panels is carried out with the definition of the coefficient Ks, which is calculated as the ratio of the area of the placed solar panels Sp to the total area of the site of their placement S, Ks = Sp/S.

The usage of solar panels in the northern regions has features that are associated with the conditions of the winter season of the year. The expediency of using trackers is estimated applying coefficients Ks and kг. An increase in the generation of electricity does not compensate for the loss of generation capacity by reducing the installed capacity of the power plant located on the roof of the building.

– 45 –

TO THE QUESTION OF THE ACCURACY INVESTIGATION OF POINT COORDINATES DETERMINATION USING

A FIXED BASIS FOR HIGH-PRECISION GEODESY BINDING A. VIVAT, O. SMIRNOVA Department of Applied Geodesy, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine Today, for example, modern scanners can perform terrestrial topographic survey of terrain with a resolution of 1 cm and an accuracy of 2 mm in a few minutes at a distance of up to 200 m. But for terrestrial topographical survey of large territories or complex industrial objects, it is necessary to lay geodesic traverses and to carry out their binding to the points of the geodetic basis. One method of coordinate transfer during scanning is using the method of inverse linear-angular intersection, which involves measuring the corresponding sides S1, S2 and the angle β between them. This method is more precise than the classic, which contains the errors of centering and reduction. The method of linear-angular intersection can also be used for many applications in engineering geodesy, for laying geodetic traverses, and also for attaching to points of wall polygonometry. In previous work we solved the direct problem – "Calculation of optimal values of measured lengths for accurate determination of small segments", which allowed the electronic tacheometers ( 2Sm mm, 5m ) to receive lengths of small segments

with an accuracy of 0.2 mm. In the proposed work, the inverse problem is solved: "Optimization of determining the coordinates of an unknown point on a fixed base to provide high-precision geodetic binding". This allows one to design a network of control points to obtain the highest accuracy of the position of the desired point. Depending on the selected distance between the control points, the accuracy of the position determination of the point can vary considerably for the same measurement of the accuracy of lines and angles. To date, there are several methods for evaluating the accuracy of an inverse linear-angular intersection. We have proposed a method for determining the position of an unknown point P, which provides an opportunity to predict the accuracy of determining its coordinates depending on the distance between the control points, the distance to the desired point and the accuracy of the device used.

– 46 –

STUDY ON STRENGTH OF A TWO-LAYER COLUMN, CONSTRUCTED WITH POLYMER-FILLED CONCRETE

Оlha МALYSHEVSKA1, Andrii VELYCHKOVYCH2 1Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Halytska 2, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine 2Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Department of Constructuion, Karpatska 15, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine The authors have proposed to use pre-prepared polymer waste as fillers for cement-sand mixtures in order to improve the environmental situation, in particular regarding the household polymer waste accumulation. Previous studies showed expediency of polymeric waste introducing into concrete mixtures to improve their physical and mechanical properties. The mechanical recycling technology of polymeric household waste utilization has been developed. Polymer filler optimal sizes, its amount, the required mixing time and the vibration compaction of the concrete mixture [1] have been stated.

This paper considers a two-layer concrete column, which consists of a concrete core and a shell of light PET-concrete. The column was presented by a piecewise homogeneous calculation model to carry out the planned studies. A cylindrical body with a through hole smoothly stubborn into a rigid obstacle (the shell of light PET-concrete) was considered. Cavity of the shell is densely filled with an elastic deformable cylinder (a concrete core of the column). Bilateral ties are established between the outer surface of the cylinder and the inner surface of the shell [2]. The light PET-concrete shell was simulated by a continuous isotropic medium with averaged constants of elasticity and strength. The upper end of the columns was presented as a flat smooth surface. The external load was considered applied to the upper end of the column through a rigid stamp. The cylindrical coordinate system were used to describe system’s stress-strain state and the final strength assessment was carried out according to the energy criterion. The developed mechanical and mathematical two-layer column model made possible to take into account influence of the all elasticity and strength significant parameters on the studied object behavior; and thus boundary contact problem was formulated in a form suitable for analytical solving. The obtained analytical results were tested by the two-layer column with concrete core of M 300 (C 18/22.5). There were specified three variants for the light PET-concrete shells with differ amount of reinforcing filler – polyethylene terephthalate (4%, 10%, 15% by weight of sand). The axial, contact, ring, and equivalent stresses in the column material were determined. Their bearing capacity were evaluated and recommendations for layered composing were developed.

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APPLICATION UAS AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR MAPPING NATURAL HAZARDS

Peter BLIŠŤAN1, Monika BLIŠŤANOVÁ2, Katarína PUKANSKÁ1, Ľudovit KOVANIČ2, Matej PATERA2 1Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland /Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 19, 04001 Košice 2Technical University of Košice, Park Komenského 19, 04001 Košice Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is a modern technology used in recent years to map the surface of objects, including landslide hazard. The obtained data allow to generate orthophotomaps, topographic maps or 3D terrain models. The article discusses the use of UAS for documenting geo-hazards and photogrammetric data collection and data processing methods.

Aerial Photogrammetry from UAS and monitoring of dangerous geological areas by means of UAS is a new technology for monitoring surface objects and phenomena, which is gradually being used to monitor natural threats which include the most common ones – floods and landslides. Floods and landslides are a phenomena whose incidence in Slovakia is significant. These phenomena have a significant impact on urbanization and landscape use.

The main impact on their occurrence is: loss of vegetation, changes in climatic conditions and negative human activity. There are several sites in Slovakia where these phenomena occur and thus limit the urban use of the landscape.

– 48 –

ДИНАМІКА ВПЛИВУ ТЕПЛОІЗОЛЯЦІЙНОЇ ОБОЛОНКИ БУДІВЛІ НА ЕНЕРГОПОТРЕБУ ТА УМОВИ

КОМФОРТНОСТІ Valerii DESHKO, Inna BILOUS, Nadia BUYAK National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” Метою роботи є аналіз застосування динамічного ВЕМ моделювання при розрахунку найбільш поширених заходів з термосанації будівель різної масивності та коефіцієнту засклення при забезпечені комфортних умов. На основі динамічного моделювання в програмному продукті EnergyPlus досліджено енергетичні характеристик будівлі при встановлені енергозберігаючих склопакетів та утеплені зовнішніх стін. Встановлено, що двокамерний склопакет з аргоновим заповненням з селективним покриттям на зовнішньому та внутрішньому склі дозволяє зменшити енергопотребу в середньому для будівлі на 8-10% в порівняні з двокамерним склопакетом без селективного покриття та заповнення камер повітрям для опору огороджувальних конструкцій характерного масовій забудові. Проаналізовано зменшення енергоспоживання при утепленні зовнішніх стін за різної початкової масивності при постійному підтриманні нормативної температури та при понижені в неробочі години. Максимально можливий економічний ефект для кліматичних умов Києва становить 25%, з врахуванням періодів міжсезоння (осінь/весна), де опалення працює менше (вмикається/вимикається пізніше) за умови збільшення коефіцієнту засклення на Пд. Проведено аналіз зміни середньої радіаційної температури та PMV (показника теплової комфортності) для динамічної зміни параметрів довкілля та різних варіантів огороджень будівлі. Встановлено діапазон зміни trна протязі року для різних варіантів огороджень знаходиться в межах 18‒28,8°С, а PMV, як основного показника теплового комфорту від -0,6‒1,2. Даний аналіз показує широкий діапазон зміни об’єктивних параметрів та показників теплового комфорту, та можливості щодо зниження енергоспоживання за рахунок зниження температури повітря у приміщенні у період високих значень середньої радіаційної температури.

Також проаналізовано вплив огороджень на зміну PMV, встановлено, що за рахунок зміни параметрів огороджень можна змінити PMVпрактично вдвічі, що вказує на необхідність комплексного підходу до оцінки теплового комфорту. А саме на важливість врахування динамічної зміни параметрів довкілля та можливої термомодернізації.

– 49 –

ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНА СТРАТЕГІЯ ДЛЯ РЕАЛІЗАЦІ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ОБ’ЄДНАНИХ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД

Людмила Миколаївна АРХИПОВА Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine Відповідно до Енергетичної стратегії України до 2035 р., затвердженої постановою Кабінету Міністрів України від 18 серпня 2017 р. 605-р. «Декарбонізація енергетики набуває більшого впливу з точки зору запобігання зміні клімату, що вливає на формування балансу енергогенеруючих потужностей. Важливу роль у виконанні цього завдання будуть відігравати …відновлювані джерела енергії з найменшим рівнем викидів парникових газів». Однак, широке впровадження зазначених джерел енергії в Карпатському регіоні на рівні ОТГ стримується відсутнім інформаційним забезпеченням впровадження ВДЕ. Для досягнення поставленої мети планується вирішення наступних завдань: розроблення науково-методологічних засад стратегії використання ВДЕ в межах ОТГ; деталізація обмежень використання ВДЕ по параметрам ресурсного потенціалу, екологічної безпеки, рекреаційно-туристичного використання території, сталого збалансованого розвитку регіону для трьох сформованих ОТГ в межах Івано-Франківської області; створення ГІС-карт результатів моделювання, прогнозування і моніторингу обмежень, пов’язаних з проектами розвитку відновлюваної енергетики, враховуючи природно-заповідний фонд (в т.ч. місцевого значення), цінні грунти та екосистеми, небезпечні геологічні процеси, території, що підлягають затопленню паводками 1% забезпеченості, туристичні зони (в т.ч. перспективні), рекреаційні комплекси, розташування ліній електропередач тощо; обґрунтування найкращих доступних для використання технологій використання двох-трьох видів відновлюваної енергетики різного рівня потужності від використання в індивідуальних господарствах до інвестиційної пропозиції промислової потужності в стратегію економічного розвитку ОТГ. Передбачається розробка програмного продукту екологічного менеджменту відновлюваних джерел енергії яке базуватиметься на врахуванні обмежень показників екобезпеки та передбачатиме обрання ділянки розташування ВДЕ в межах ОТГ, екобезпечної потужності використання джерела ВДЕ; тестування програмного продукту для трьох сформованих ОТГ в межах Івано-Франківської області. Реалізація завдань підтвердиться позитивними результатами підвищення рівня використання екологічно чистих технологій прогнозно на 30% в наступні 5 років.

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HYBRID SYSTEMS OF ELECTRIC AND HEAT SUPPLY OF MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS

N. FIALKO, N. TIMCHENKO, Ju. SHERENKOVSKII, N. MERANOVA, O. MALETSKA Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of NAS of Ukraine, 2a, Zhelyabova Str., Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine The features of the hybrid systems of electric and heat supply of multi-storey buildings based on the sharing of electricity and traditional energy resources and/or alternative and renewable energy sources are considered.

Use these systems as active consumers of intelligent electrical networks is aimed at combining the advantages of the two heat supply subsystems. This will lead to a certain synergistic effect in all links of the infrastructure chain: generation – transmission – consumption of electrical energy.

The considered hybrid systems include two basic circuits, the first of which is the electric heating circuit, the second one – the heat supply. These circuits in a certain way interact with each other, providing high-quality and comfortable heating and hot water supply. In heating systems, thanks to the second circuit, as a rule, the necessary temperature condition of the room is ensured, at which its standard technical condition is maintained. Further heating of the room to a comfortable temperature is carried out at the expense of the first circuit in accordance with the requirements of the user.

Different configurations of hybrid systems are determined by the specifics of the construction of their basic contours. There are two main options for the realization of the electric heating circuit. The first circuit assumes the existence of the electric heating circuit in each apartment. In the second option, the electric heating circuit is general house. Various combinations of these options form a variety of basic modifications of these systems.

Hybrid systems, as active consumers, can provide a seal for the daily load pattern of power systems by maintaining its nightly dip. Along with this, the functioning of hybrid systems in the respective modes allows to increase the energy efficiency of heat supply and its quality and comfort.

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ВПЛИВ ЗАРЯДНИХ ПРИСТРОЇВ ЕЛЕКТРОМОБІЛІВ НА ЗАГАЛЬНІ ГАРМОНІЧНІ СПОТВОРЕННЯ

В РОЗПОДІЛЬНІЙ МЕРЕЖІ А.В. БОСАК Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського» Електричні батареї заряджаються бортовими зарядними пристроями, які підключаються до розподільчої мережі через зарядні пристрої (слоти). Територіальним об'єднанням слотів для підключення до єдиної мережі з загальним підключенням до сітки є зарядний пункт. Потужність з'єднання обмежена вимогами електричної мережі.

Основна мета даних досліджень полягає в тому, щоб показати вплив гармонік напруги та струму на мережу низької напруги під час заряджання ЕМ. Як відомо, акумулятор ЕМ потребує постійний струм для заряджання. Інвертори та DC-DC перетворювачі (нелінійне навантаження) перетворюють і регулюють постійний струм зі змінного. Саме топологія схеми зарядного пристрою викликає нелінійність споживаного струму. Експериментальний зарядний пристрій є найпростішим неконтрольованим однофазним випрямлячем, і тому наявні великі гармоніки струму та низький коефіцієнт потужності.

Висока нелінійна частка призводить до нелінійних падінь напруги та спотворення напруги. Це призводить до таких негативних речей, як зниження ефективності пристроїв, перенапруги або перевантаження.

Сигнал струму та напруги може бути представлений як сума синусоїдальних форм на різних гармонійних частотах. Загальний рівень спотворень – загальний коефіцієнт гармонійних спотворень (Total Harmonic Distortion, THD).

Для зменшення гармоніки струму можна використовувати різні методи. Найбільш поширеними є лінійні фільтри (використовуючи пасивні компоненти: індуктори та конденсатори) та активні електронні схеми. Зменшення з допомогою пасивних компонентів забезпечує високий імпеданс для гармонік і вирівнює криву вхідного струму. Що стосується активної електронної схеми, то зменшення гармонічного струму здійснюється шляхом зміни вхідного струму електронного обладнання пропорційно лінійній напрузі. Це призводить до видачі синусоїдального вхідного струму у фазі з напругою лінії. Виявлено вплив зарядного пристрою на якість електроенергії. Встановлено, що коефіцієнт ефективності становить близько 55%.

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OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF BIOMETHANE IN UKRAINE

M.V. PANCHUK, I. MANDRYK, А.М. PANCHUK Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine Biomethane is the biogas that has passed purification and enrichment in accordance with the technical requirements for motor fuel or gas in the transmission network. Recently, the world practice has seen the significant increase in the number of projects aimed at producing and pumping biomethane into natural gas transmission networks, which opens up new opportunities for biogas technologies. Ukraine is located at the intersection of gas and oil transportation systems of the European and Asian continents and thus plays a specific role in the fuel and energy markets of Europe. The total length of gas distribution networks is about 246 thousand kilometers, and more than 70% of Ukraine’s population has access to natural gas. Thus, in most regions of Ukraine there is the technical capability to connect biomethane producers to medium and low pressure gas distribution networks for the local consumption of biomethane, and the existing unique system of main gas pipelines raises the possibility of exporting the biomethane, produced in Ukraine, to Western European countries. The use of biomethane as a motor fuel provides significant saving of fuel and energy resources. The experience of filling cars with biogas as motor fuel proves that it can be used in traditional car designs. Due to a simple, reliable and proven technology, biogas has all necessary characteristics to become one of the most efficient and economically viable fuels from renewable resources. Ukraine is the country with the conventional use of compressed natural gas as motor fuel. In 2011, there were 200 thousand cars running on compressed natural gas and about 300 gas filling stations in the country. The use of biomethane as motor fuel is practically unlimited. Since the properties of biomethane are close to the properties of natural gas, it is possible to use biomethane as motor fuel in all proportions with natural gas.

The peculiar feature of biomethane producing technologies is that they are not purely energy based, but are the complex that helps to solve energy, agrochemical and environmental problems. Thus, the state can increase its level of economic and environmental security by means of solving energy problems, stimulating the production of electricity from biogas, the production of biomethane, pumping it into the natural gas transmission network and using it to fuel motor vehicles.

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ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНИХ РЕЖИМІВ РОБОТИ БІОТЕПЛОГЕНЕРАТОРА ЗЕРНОСУШАРКИ ШЛЯХОМ

ІМІТАЦІЙНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ В.С. ФЕДОРЕЙКО, Р.І. ЗАГОРОДНІЙ, І.С. ІСКЕРСЬКИЙ, І.Б. ЛУЦИК, М.І. РУТИЛО Тернопільський національний педагогічний університет ім. В. Гнатюка Забезпечення енергоефективних режимів роботи стаціонарної сушарки базується на визначенні оптимальної потужності електроприводів біотеплогенератора, які б змогли підтримувати температуру в сушарці із врахуванням вологості зерна і забезпечити необхідні продуктивності вентилятора подачі повітря в котел та шнека-дозатора біопалива в залежності від вмісту кисню в димових газах.

Одним із методів зниження витрат є впровадження частотно-регульованих асинхронних електроприводів для оптимізації енергоспоживання.

З метою визначення енергоефективних режимів функціонування системи розроблено імітаційну модель, яка дозволяє відтворити алгоритм роботи в часі при різноманітних поєднаннях значень параметрів системи і зовнішнього середовища. Комплексна імітаційна модель реалізована засобами Simulink з використанням елементів вбудованих бібліотек і містить сконструйовані підсистеми сушарки та біотеплогенератора з системою керування. Також, до складу цієї моделі входять наступні модулі: модель шнека-дозатора палива, вентилятори та відповідних до них моделі асинхронних двигунів і підсистем частотних перетворювачів.

Технологія визначення енергоефективних режимів роботи є наступною: в залежності від вологості палива, температури та вологості повітря розраховується продуктивність вентилятора подачі повітря у камеру горіння та продуктивність шнека подачі палива. Частотно-регульований електропривід шнека дозатора загрузки зерна у сушарку забезпечує контрольовану регульовану загрузку зерна у сушильні шахти, шляхом зміни частоти струму живлення асинхронних двигунів у межах 5-50 Гц. Розроблена модель дає змогу дослідити параметри сушарки у різних режимах роботи та при сушінні різних видів зернових, а також перевірити роботу системи у нормальних та критичних умовах.

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FEATURES OF TRANSPORTATION OF HYDRATES IN A FLUID FLOW

Lidiia V. VOZNIAK, Galyna M. KRYVENKO Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Karpatska Str., 15, Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine76019 Transportation of hydrates in a fluid flow is one of the options for a possible solution to the problem. Temperature and pressure influence the stability of crystalline hydrates, that is, their presence in a solid state. The influence of solid particles during the flow of liquid on the loss of pressure was investigated at the Ivano-Frankivsk Institute of Oil and Gas. These research results had been used to analyze the influence of natural gas hydrates on pressure losses in the pipeline. The rubber crumb was used for experiments. The influence of crumb of different concentrations and granulometric composition on the loss of head was investigated. The dependence of the friction factor on the Reynolds number for different concentration and granulometric composition of the rubber crumb was constructed. Reduction of hydraulic resistance is observed at a certain concentration of crumb and granulometric composition. The results allow us to predict the distribution of pressure along the pipeline and to provide a stable state of crystalline hydrates in the flow of liquid. Studies of the results showed that solid particles of longitudinal shape, the concentration of which is equal to 0.25% and 0.5%, in the size from 2 mm to 3.5 mm, are moving in a straight line. Solid particles break the vortices and reduce the loss of head in friction. Reduction of hydraulic resistance is not observed, if the concentration of solid particles increases to 1% and above. The analysis of influence of hydrates of natural gases on hydraulic losses are carried out. The results are confirmed experiments conducted by Yu.P. Korotayev with the flow of air with a small amount of liquid in vertical pipes, that impurities in the turbulent flow can significantly affect its structure. Investigations with solid particles are coincided with the results obtained by Yu.P. Korotayev for a small amount of fluid in the air flow. Studies are confirmed the decrease of the friction factor of air at a certain concentration of fluid in the flow. Toms and Yu.P. Korotayev were one of the first researchers of this phenomenon. This is called the Toms effect. The Toms effect has caused great scientific and practical interest. Many hypotheses are proposed in which attempts are made to explain the effects, but there is no generally accepted theory of resistance reduction by impurities. This is due to the complexity of studying a phenomenon, which, from the standpoint of hydrodynamics, has a number of anomalies. At certain concentrations, hydrates can move in a straight line, breaking the vortices, which leads to a reduction in hydraulic losses, and, accordingly, a reduction in energy costs for transportation.

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ЗНИЖЕННЯ ВИКИДІВ ВУГЛЕКИСЛОГО ГАЗУ НА ТОРФОБРИКЕТНИХ ЗАВОДАХ

Л.Я. КУЛАКОВСЬКИЙ Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського» В багатьох державах створенні Національні енергетичні стратегії в яких описується важливість підвищення обсягів виробництва місцевого палива, зокрема торфу. Однак нарощуванню обсягів виробництва торфобрикетів в багатьох країнах заважає, зокрема, значне забруднення атмосфери торфозаводами. Пошук шляхів зниження забруднення навколишнього середовища в результаті роботи торфобрикетних заводів є досить актуальною задачею. Виробничі дані виробництва заводу Дерінлоу надані компанією Борд на Мона (Ірландія) вказують, що в годину на заводі з пневмоводяною сушаркою виробляється лише близько 18 тон брикетів із 45 тон торфу. Значна частина торфу втрачається у соковому парі, що направляється в циклони і в подальшому викидається в атмосферу (понад 5300 кг/год). Дослідження проведені на заводі Туотсі (Естонія) показали також значну кількість шламової води – 36 м3/год, а концентрація торфу в них – 9,3 м3/год [2]. Хімічний аналіз торфу різних родовищ показав високий вміст кисню, вуглецю і лігніну [3]. Наявний хімічний склад торфу дозволяє проявити високу реакційну здатність торфу під впливом вільних радикалів плазми. Тому вода, що направляється в каналізацію і сокова пара може використовуватися як суспензія для отримання синтетичних газів в результаті плазмо-каталітичної газифікації. Тому для зменшення забруднення торфобрикетними заводами необхідно на виробництві створити додатковий модуль з плазмо-каталітичним реактором здатним переробляти технічну воду у вигляді суспензії (води і торфу) і вуглекислого газу після додаткової очистки в корисні енергетичні продукти – синтез газ, метан, метанол. Виявлено, що існують можливості зменшення забруднення довкілля торфобрикетними заводами шляхом проведення газифікації торфу та використання плазмо-каталітичного реактора для розкладання вуглекислого газу в електричному розряді та виробництві нових енергетичних продуктів, таких як синтетичний газ, метан, метанол.

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DETERMINING OF STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF THE CASING STRING ACCORDING TO THE DIRECTIONAL SURVEY DATA

DURING THE WELLBORE CONSTRUCTION Igor I. PALIYCHYK Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine The casing string in the curvilinear borehole is represented as a long elastic rod, for which a non-uniform system of differential equations is constructed and integrated taking into account its own weight and friction. Formulas for the distribution of axial forces and bending moments in the body of the column, as well as the reactions of the walls leading the column to the actual well profile are obtained. To calculate these force factors, a method for numerical integration of inclinometric measurements data and software for numerical analysis of a real well are developed. This technique allows to detect the areas of local increase of the curvature and difficult passage of the curvilinear well and calculate the parameters of the stress-strain state of the casing column in it.

The stress-strain state of the casing in the curved well can be determined by the non-uniform system of differential equations, which describes the bending of a long elastic rod under the action of distributed forces of its own weight, the reaction of supports and friction. Having the shape of the well with a known function of the zenith angle, we can find the solutions of the system in the form of functions of the distribution of axial forces and bending moments in the body of the column, as well as the reactions of the walls, which lead the column to the actual well profile.

Parameters of the stress-strain state of the casing in an actually drilled well can be determined by the developed methods of numerical integration of the data of inclinometric measurements of the well and the software of their numerical analysis. This allows us to identify areas of local increase in curvature and obstructed passability of the curved well.

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RESEARCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BIOGAS-POWERED CARS

IN THE MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN T.V. DYKUN, L.I. HAIEVA, F.V. KOZAK, Ya.M. DEMIANCHUK Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine In the world structure of alternative energy, biomass energy makes up to 13%. Scientists predict that by 2040, the share of renewable energy and biomass will rise to 47.7% and 23.8%, respectively. The potential of low-calorie gases, in particular, biogas, which Ukrainian agriculture and industry produce in significant quantities, is almost never used here. The number of available domestic facilities for recycling such gases is scanty, although, in most developed countries, the significant number of such factories is operating. Landfill biogas is one of the promising energy sources, still, today, it is either emitted into the atmosphere, polluting it, or burned in flares. The use of biogas as fuel in automotive internal combustion engines is not sufficiently studied. However, the substitution of gasoline for biogas reduces engine power and increases fuel consumption. Especially this should be taken into account when operating vehicles in mountainous terrain under the conditions of reduced atmospheric pressure and temperature. Nevertheless researching how mountain conditions can influence the performance of biogas-powered automobile engines is not given enough attention yet in Ukraine and in the world. Operation of cars on the mountain roads of the Carpathian region at the altitudes of 1000-2000 m above sea level with rises and descents up to 12% and the section length up to 10-15 km is difficult. The higher is the level of the terrain above the sea, the lower become the atmospheric pressure, air density and temperature, which deteriorates the filling of the car engine cylinders. The engine cooling rate decreases because of the air dilution and small speeds on steep slopes. Simultaneously, running engines on an excessively enriched fuel-air mixture and moving mainly in lower gears lead to engine overheating. Under the mountainous terrain conditions, Air to Boil temperature decreases. As we know the blend composition of biogas, it is possible to calculate its combustion value as well as the combustion value of the gas-air mixtures. Based on analytical research, we have plotted some graphs that reflect the dependence of the changes in the effective power and effective specific biogas consumption on the changes in ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.

Adding natural gas to biogas can reduce the impact of these factors. As a result of adding 20-50% of natural gas to biogas, the specific effective fuel consumption of engines grows by 2.5-3.5%, compared to gasoline.

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RESEARCH OF POLLUTANTS EMISSIONS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE BY STATIONARY SOURCES

Galyna M. KRYVENKO, Lidiia V. VOZNIAK Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Karpatska Str., 15, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine, 76019 Based on the urgency of the issues of reducing pollutant emissions and minimizing their impact on the environment, it is necessary to analyze the change of emissions for a certain period of time. This will allow to predict emissions of pollutants and take measures to minimize them. To assess the emission of harmful substances into the air, one of the regions of Ukraine, where there is a considerable amount of recreational resources, was taken. According to statistics, in 2017, 198.3 thousand tons of pollutants got into the atmosphere of the region. This is by 0.8% more than in 2016. Ukraine is a member of the Energy Community. Therefore, Ukraine is obliged to abide by the terms of the Treaty Establishing Energy Community and its annexes. Due to non-compliance with the requirements of Ukrainian environmental legislation, the vast majority of large combustion plants should be decommissioned, which will reduce existing capacities in the national energy system and reduce production of electric and thermal energy. To analyze the existing emissions of thermal power plants (TPPs) and compare them with the maximum permissible concentration (MPC), ground-level concentrations of pollutants at the boundary of the sanitary protection zone are calculated in accordance with the methodology set forth in the regulatory document OND-86. Investigating TPP belongs to the second category of danger with a standard width of the sanitary protection zone of 500 m. A forecast estimation of further emissions of pollutants has been constructed without taking into account the measures for installation and reconstruction of the flue gas cleaning systems for TPP. Ground-level concentrations of pollutants at the boundary of the sanitary protection zone have been calculated to analyze the existing emissions of the TPP and compare them with the maximum permissible concentrations. The results indicate an excess of the MPC for some pollutants. By defining an index of toxicity that takes into account both the hazard class of a substance and the degree of exceeding the MPC, it is possible to make recommendations for reducing of certain substances emissions, as well as for choosing of fuel with less content of such substances.

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MAINTENANCE OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

O. KOFANOV National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Energy Saving and Energy Management Development of renewable energy technologies currently is one of the most promising scientific and entrepreneurial directions. In particular, biofuel and bio-additives production are of special interest because of the growing anthropogenic influence of the automobile sector on ecosystems.

However, even considering the importance of this direction in terms of the environmental problems solution and ensuring sustainable development of society, economy and biosphere, funding levels remain relatively low. This can be explained by the high risks bound up with the quite low success levels of such projects, especially when they are based on radical innovations with the high complexity of implementation.

The creators of the innovative projects need to understand, what key marketing and management activities and tools at each stage of the development process they have to use. They should take into account the relationships with investors and potential customers; define ways to attract the most suitable resources, as well as measures for product commercialization and business expansion. It is also important to consider joining to the accelerator or incubator for innovative projects, connecting with the venture-capital and angel investors and launching crowdfunding campaigns.

The correct entrepreneurial maintenance of the innovative projects and activities in the field of renewable energy can make the development process more structured and clear and, in turn, reduce risks and encourage the creation of such projects. At the same time, the more rapid development of the eco-friendly technologies will increase the environmental safety.

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ЗМІНА НАПРУЖЕНО-ДЕФОРМОВАНОГО СТАНУ ГРУНТОВОГО МАСИВУ В ПЕРІОД ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЇ

БУДІВЕЛЬ Л.В. ШАЙДЕЦЬКА Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського» В умовах щільної міської забудови з часом у грунтовому масиві в зоні впливу будівлі відбуваються деформації, які з часом можуть загаснути або навпаки розвинутися. Для забезпечення безаварійної експлуатації будівель на разі застосовується безліч конструктивних рішень, одним із поширених методів захисту є влаштування огороджуючих конструкцій у вигляді паль, або шпунтів.

В першу чергу можна використовувати вертикальну захисну стінку, яка влаштовується із залізобетону. Розташування такої конструкції незначним чином впливає на осадку підземної споруди, але змінює напружено-деформований стан ґрунтового масиву навколо підземної споруди приймаючи впливи горизонтальних навантажень не допускаючи їх до споруди і у той самий час стабілізує тиск від стін підвального приміщення на оточуючі ґрунти основ.

На основі зібраних даних виникла ідея проведення розрахунку залізобетонного шпунтового огородження під кутом нахилу у 30°.

В цьому випадку розрахункові зусилля, збільшуються, але їх концентрація була спрямована у глибину масиву, що дає можливість за рахунок підбору кута нахилу захисної стінки урівноважувати навантаження сформовані бічним тиском.

Беручи до уваги суттєві недоліки залізобетонне шпунтове огородження замінимо його умовним сталевим шпунтовим.

В порівнянні з усіма попередніми видами конструкцій захисту демонструється, що підібравши правильний кут нахилу, матеріал і довжину шпунтового огородження можна контролювати напружено-деформований стан території під час будівництва чи експлуатації об’єкта залежно від початкових умов, а також суттєво зменшувати матеріалоємності як конструкції підземної споруди, так і захисних елементів за рахунок вірного перерозподілу горизонтальних навантажень у тих випадках, де рішення подібного типу буде відповідати усім поставленим умовам.

– 61 –

MATHEMATICAL PREDICTION OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY COEFFICIENT OF A POROUS INSULATION

MATERIAL WITH A KNOWN GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE А. PAVLENKO1, A. CHEILYTKO2 1Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland 2Zaporozhye State Engineering Academy, Zaporozhye, Ukraine In the article the mathematical description of heat transfer through the body with a closed porous structure was given. Effective thermal conductivity for closed porous structure was retrieved by analytical method. For the first time the coefficient of thermal permeability for porous structures was mathematically found. The authors have proved, that in the porous material thermal conductivity reduction, by the pores, depends on the thermal permeability coefficient and porous structure geometric characteristics. It is also proved in the article that knowing the geometrical characteristic of the porous structure of heat insulating materials, one can calculate the thermal conductivity of this material. Thermal permeability of porous material

bi

b

П

n

The dimensionless value i is a thermal permeability of thermal channel.

Еquals to the ratio of pore cross section line length to material surface area in the context of the pore

2i

dГ

S

So

ef Г

The effective thermal conductivity coefficient for closed porous structure

2

2

(d )

(d )b S

ef mb

S

f dSП

n S f dS

– 62 –

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК СТРУМЕНЕВО-НІШЕВОЇ СИСТЕМИ СПАЛЮВАННЯ

ПАЛИВА М.З. АБДУЛІН, О.А. СІРИЙ, О.В. БАРАНЮК, А.Ю. РАЧИНСКИЙ Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського» Завданням дослідження є прогнозування утворення окислів азоту (NOx) при спалюванні газів в струменево-нішевому стабілізаторі полум'я (СНС), який являє собою систему перпендикулярних до потоку окислювача струменів палива, розташованих перед поглибленням у каналі – нішевій порожнині різних конфігурацій [1, 2]. Актуальність роботи пов’язана з негативним впливом продуктів спалювання органічних палив на навколишнє середовище, а також на здоров'я людини в глобальному масштабі.

Дослідження виконувалось за допомогою чисельних методів при використанні пакета прикладних програм Ansys-Fluent. Предметом досліджень обрано СНС з газорозподілом палива круглими струменями, які подаються у потік окислювача перпендикулярною системою струменів. Моделювалися процеси гідродинаміки і теплообміну, на підставі аналізу яких отримана модель генерації NOx в СНС.

Максимальна теплова потужність лабораторної установки 200 кВт. Розрахункова область являла собою прямокутний канал з СНС де відбувається початкова стадія горіння палива та стабілізація факелу. Друга частина розрахункової області – це вогнетривка ділянка для дослідження температур процесу та проведення газового аналізу продуктів спалювання. Математична модель досліджуваного процесу містить системи диференціальних рівнянь руху, нерозривності і переносу і-го компонента суміші та вирішується за допомогою чисельних методів в середовищі Ansys-Fluent.

Аналіз проведених досліджень підтверджує наявність циркуляційної течії в нішевій порожнині під струменями газового потоку, а також автомодельність процесу сумішоутворення, тобто стабільність концентраційного поля пальної суміші у широких межах режимних параметрів СНС. Слід зазначити, що комп'ютерне моделювання дозволяє проводити досить точну оцінку емісійних характеристик паливо споживаючого обладнання. Дані чисельних розрахунків використовуються при проектуванні енергоефективного газопальникового обладнання.

– 63 –

ENVIRONMENTALLY ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOTOR TRANSPORT COMPLEX IN THE CONTEXT

OF THE CLIMATE CHANGES PREVENTION O. KOFANOVA National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" In the contemporary world the environment changes because of the rapid development of the industrial and motor transport complexes, which leads to the growing anthropogenic influence on the climate of the planet. So these changes cause irreversible and dangerous impacts both for natural and urban ecosystems. According to the scientists’ estimations, increasing of the average annual temperature for the value greater than 2°C will amplify many natural hazards, for example, extreme temperatures, floods, storms, etc.

This is especially true for the large metropolitan areas, such as Kyiv city. So, it is important for Ukraine to develop strong national decarbonization strategy that will take into account the necessity of eliminating the pollution problems caused by motor transport complex.

The research was focused at the long-term prediction of the climate changes in Kyiv city region with the help of the IPSL-CM5A and bcc-csm1-1 AR 5 climate models and Climate Time Series Browser software complex. It was found that the average annual temperature in this region will reach the value up to 23.8°C according to the RCP 8.5 high-emission future scenario.

So, the widening of the Ukrainian decarbonization strategy with green motor fuel additives is the perspective way of national economy development. Depending on the fuel type, the additives of biological and non-biological origin can significantly reduce carbon monoxide, smoke, nitrogen oxides, and other emissions. As the result, the proposed measures will improve the environmental safety of the metropolitan areas and will prevent dangerous climate changes.

– 64 –

DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD OF EXAMINATION OF FIRE RESISTANCE OF STEEL CONCRETE BEAM

ELEMENTS WITH CONSIDERATION OF ACTUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS

Ivan DOBRIANSKYY1, Liubov DOBRIANSKA1, Oleksii DOVHANYCH1, Andriy HRYTSEVYCH2 1Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Department of Construction, Karpatska 15, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine 2Lviv National Agrarian University, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 80381,V. Velykyy Str., Dublyany, Zhovkva district, Lviv region, Ukraine Temperature impact, forced by fire under conditions of a fire accident, is caused by heating of concrete and stripped armature in sections of steel reinforced beam. Such conditions create a front of evaporation, an area with considerable temperature gradients, pressure, moisture, and force thermal and excessive stresses. Taking of a stretched stripped armature on external heated edge of a beam also makes some corrections in a thermal engineering design. Such design should be done with consideration of a variable position of the line of separation of dry and humid layer of concrete under conditions of continuous emission and absorption of hidden heat of vapor generation and condensation. It provokes non-linear problems, aiming to detect dependences for distribution of temperature in phases (solid and liquid), and speed of moving of the boundaries of phase distribution (melting and evaporation) [1-4]. Thus, there is a problem of development and application of a combined, experimental-theoretical method of determination of a thermal field. To determine a free temperature curve it is necessary to concern actual distribution of temperatures, particularly with consideration of a curvilinear profile, as well as physical and mechanical characteristics of constituents of the system under conditions of actual exploitation thermal stresses. Accuracy of such calculations depends on segmentation of a beam into parts by the height and width of section; it is assumed that minimum it is divided into 4 parts. Contrary to the existing recommendations concerning design of fire-resistance limits, the work develops methods, which secure more precise figures of stresses in concrete and armature, as well as beam deflections in total. According to the developed methods, precision of the calculations considerably depends on adequacy of identification of physical and mechanical characteristics under effect of excessive levels of temperature, i.e. consideration of thermal sensitivity of construction materials, as well as limits of application of the model of heat and mass conductivity.

– 65 –

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИХ ТА ТЕПЛОТЕХНІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК БУДІВЛІ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ТЕПЛОПРОВІДНИХ ВКЛЮЧЕНЬ ТА ОЦІНКОЮ ДОТРИМАННЯ САНІТАРНИХ ВИМОГ

М.М. ШОВКАЛЮК Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського» В ході дослідження проведено моделювання енергоспоживання житлової серійної будівлі у м.Києві 1974 року на 112 квартир за допомогою ENSI EAB та програмного продукту на базі EXEL, а також уточнено теплотехнічні характеристики вузла огородження.

Вихідні дані для програмного забезпечення: геометричні характеристики будівлі; попередньо розраховані за стандартом [1] параметри оболонки будівлі (з урахуванням теплопровідних включень); графік присутності людей, умови внутрішнього мікроклімату; потужність та кількість годин роботи електрообладнання та освітлення; параметри роботи системи механічної вентиляції; потреба у гарячій воді і параметри теплоносія; попередньо визначені значення ефективності систем генерації, розподілу, автоматичного управління та тепловіддачі за рекомендованими методиками. В результаті моделювання за методикою [2] отримано складові втрат; розрахункову енергопотребу для фактичного, базового рівня; визначено ефект від впроваджених комплексу заходів та ЕТ-криву. Порівняльний аналіз показав відмінність у результатах за двома програмними продуктами в межах 7%.

Теплотехнічні характеристики з урахуванням різних способів утеплення огороджень складної форми було попередньо розраховано за допомогою програми THERM, призначеної для моделювання процесів теплообміну. При цьому визначалися наступні параметри: теплові потоки з зовнішньої та внутрішньої сторони конструкції; температура поверхні огородження зсередини та ззовні; опори теплопередачі огороджень та виконувалася оцінка дотримання існуючих санітарно-гігієнічних вимог [3].

Модель, розроблена в середовищі EXEL, включає технічну, фінансову і екологічну оцінку та дозволяє швидко створювати віти з енергоаудиту для різних типів будівель. Фінансовий аналіз заходів для об’єкту дослідження включав визначення наступних показників: первинні інвестиції, чиста економія енергії, простий та дисконтований термін окупності, NPV, NPVQ.

– 66 –

HEAT EXCHANGE WITH THE SURFACES OF ENVELOPE STRUCTURES OF CYLINDRICAL SHAPES

Marta MARTYNYAK-ANDRUSHKO Lviv Polytechnic National university, Department of Heat Engineering and Thermal and Nuclear Power Plants The mathematical model was suggested whose task was to measure the temperature of external envelopes and the environmental heat loss provided that the air temperature inside the facility was constant. The model suggested can be used for the investigation of the heat-mass exchange, and comfortable conditions for various structures and facilities with different heating systems.

Today, the modes of the release of heat energy by functioning systems are not flexible enough and give no way to the maneuvering; these fail to take into account different external factors that influence their operation. The proposed mathematical model to solve the problem in which provided the air temperature is constant within the object (premises), it would be possible to determine the temperature of the external fences and the loss of heat to the environment, depending on the set of external factors. The aim of the work was to show the features of heat exchange on cylindrical insulating constructions of the thermal consumer in non-stationary conditions that arise as a result of daily changes in the temperature of the environment. a) b)

Fig. 1.а) Schematic representation of the temperature during the heat exchange with the environment for cylindrical tube; b) The section of an insulated cylindrical tube Taking into account heat transfer to the environment according to the equation.

– 67 –

BIOTESTING OF THE ANTHROPOGENIC LOAD CAUSED BY MOTOR TRANSPORT COMPLEX ON URBAN ECOSYSTEMS

І. RABOSH, O. KOFANOVA Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute Influence of industrial enterprises and motor transport complex causes degradation of natural ecosystems. Consequently, anthropogenically transformed zones and technogenic geochemical anomalies are formed. Moreover, not only ecosystems that are located near the motor transport complex objects but also territories that are located at distant distances from the pollution sources, suffer from the increased anthropogenic load. Thus, using bioindication methods in terms of the urban ecosystems, it is possible to conduct an effective comprehensive assessment of the impact of the motor transport infrastructure on the environment.

The purpose of the study was to conduct the bioindicative assessment of the ecosystems state in the park areas of the Kyiv city using lichen bioindication.

So, the following tasks were accomplished: the state and diversity of lichen flora in the park areas of the Kyiv city were studied, the number of lichen species, the frequency of their occurrence, as well as the projective coverage of tree trunks in each experimental area were determined.

Many lichen species not only have an ability to accumulate harmful substances but also can react to relatively low concentrations of such pollutants as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, fluorides and others. In particular, the species diversity of epiphytic lichens can be considered as an indicator of pollution by nitrogen compounds.

It was found that with the decrease of the distance to highways on the experimental sites, the number of nitrophilous lichens and their projective coverage is increasing. On the basis of the index of the relative air purity, it was determined that the level of pollution of the park areas in Kyiv is medium and high.

– 68 –

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES OF THE MASS-EXCHANGE PROCESSES DYNAMICS IN THE PROPANE HYDRATE

SYNTHESIS B. KUTNYI1, А. PAVLENKO2 1Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine 2Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland

The work is devoted to the experimental studies analysis of various factors influencing the rate of mass transfer processes under the propane hydrate synthesis conditions. For research, the experimental facility has been built (Fig. 1.) that enables to control thermobaric conditions both in the field of hydrate formation and beyond. The working pressure range was 0.1 ÷ 0.5 Maps and the working temperature range was 0 ÷ +12°C.

Fig. 1. Installation for the mass transfer during hydrate formation study: 1 – insulated housing; 2 – capacity for high pressure stainless steel; 3 – manometer; 4 – cylinder with compressed (or liquefied) gas; 5 – electronic temperature sensor; 6, 7 – electrodes; 8 – thermometer; 9 – electronic scales; 10 – water displacement tank; 11 – dimensional capacity; 12 – capacity for refueling water; 13 – electronic thermometer

Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the work is in obtaining quantitative dependences of mass transfer intensity on the interfacial surface in the presence of GH. Based on the experimental studies results, a comparison of a low-speed mechanical agitator work and a high-speed agitator has been performed. SAS action mechanism on the hydrate formation rate is determined.

The investigation results practical importance is in determining the gas handler operation quantitative dependencies of various designs on the mass transfer processes speed in the presence of propane hydrate formation. Prospects for further scientific developments in this direction are the gas handler design optimization to obtain smaller gas bubbles.

– 69 –

MODELING OF TRAUMATIC AND HAZARD SITUATIONS AT CONSTRUCTION WORKS ON BUILDING SITES

Ivan HORODETSKYY, Vasyl TYMOCHKO, Natalia HORODETSKA, Ihor MAZUR Lviv National Agrarian University, Department of Occupational Safety and Project Management, 1, V.Velykoho str., Lviv-Dubliany, Ukraine A prerequisite for graphical and logic simulation of traumatic and hazard situations at construction works on building sites is the analysis of the schemes for the development of dangerous processes, namely, the probability of admitting the dangerous actions, the entry of workers into dangerous circumstances at construction site, and in such circumstances, the impact on the worker of hazardous factors under different hazardous conditions. This creates another event called a dangerous situation. All phenomena forming a dangerous situation have certain reliability of occurrence, i.e. dangerous conditions, dangerous actions, dangerous situations, as well as the consequences of such situations: an accident (damage to the mechanism, construction site hoist, construction etc), injury (damage to the anatomical integrity of the human body) and a favorable event belong to random phenomena [1, 2].

During the graphical and logical simulation modelling of the formation of dangerous situations in the construction the safety status of working places and jobs are analyzed and the compliance with standards, safety, installation of disagreement with the project specifications, requirements instructions, building legislation, operating conditions, etc are assessed. At the same time the existence and nature of hazardous factors (availability conditions, sources of dangerous substances, etc.) are determined and recorded including also those that may arise in the process, during the emergency and other traumatic situations. In this case, the dangerous levels of factors are determined. After that, for each manufacturing hazardous factor, the hazards are determined by the conditions under which it can act on the employee. Such conditions are fixed in tables. For each hazardous conditions using the logical relationships a possible dangerous actions of the operator are found (the one that has taken place, or what might happen), and other conditions that may have some connection with the first condition. Then, the factors which form the dangerous situation are set and analysed. This allows constructing a graphic diagrams and logic models of processes of formation and occurrence of possible dangers on a building site. The models consist of basic (initial), intermediate and main events that are related with logical information and material connections. The main event of the model is injury or accident. If one determines the probability of basic and intermediate events, then the probability of the main event could be calculated.

– 70 –

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE GAS IN SMALL SPACE

Anastasiia PAVLENKO Dnieperovskii State University, Ukraine Convective heat exchange arising in the pores of the material dominates the elementary components of heat exchange in porous materials. That is why theoretical analysis of convective heat transfer is the actual problem, which comes to development a methodology for quantitative evaluation of convective heat transfer in the pores of heterogeneous systems.

Traditional methodology of evaluation the nature of heat transfer in enclosed space is based on the calculated Grashof number (Gr) and Prandtl (Pr) for particular environment.

Correlation of these numbers in a given range of values makes it possible to establish the presence of convection currents in the heated surface. One may judge about the accuracy of such assessment from the change of intensity of heat transfer under the conditions of heat conditions change. Such qualitative characteristic of heat transport process in our view does not reflect real physical processes occurring in confined space. The intensity of gravitational convection current is determined not only by thermophysical characteristics of contacting media, scaling factors, but also by orientation of the heating surface in space. Heat is transferred from the surface in the near-wall region, the thickness of which is sufficiently small. If one takes it as a scale factor for Grashof’s equation, the number of Gr will not exceed the critical value corresponding to a heat transfer conduction. But when heating the space through the side surfaces the convection currents are always present. And the question of what they contribute to the heat transfer remains relevant.

The figure shows that along the walls of the layers with relatively high flow rate are forming. Isolines in the center tend to a horizontal position. Such current distribution was more typical for all calculated cases. When large numbers Gr gasflow from the heated surface is formed. It is for these cases in the literature critical numbers Gr are shown, which formalize the heat transfer process in closed area.

– 71 –

MODELING TRANSITIONAL PROCESSES IN ELECTRIC MOTORS

Alexander M. SYANOV, Elena S. KOSUHINA, Roman M. POLYAKOV, Alexey V. KOSUHIN Dnieperovskii State University, Ukraine The mathematical model of direct current electric motor in the field setting was provided in the paper, taking into account the circuit diagrams for conducting research of dynamic and quasi-static conditions of engine mode. When designing a mathematical model, assumptions were made: the engine model is considered to be flat; the current density in the winding is distributed evenly across the intersection of the groove; simplified design details; anchor and excitation windings are powered by a constant current source of infinite power. Then the mathematical model in a rectangular two-dimensional coordinate system can be represented as

0, air gap

0, bed

0, main poles

, pole winding

А А

x x y y

А А

x x y y

А А

x x y y

N iА А в вx x y y Sв

А А А

x x y y

, anchor core

, anchor winding

, shaft

x x

x

А

x y

N iА А А А

x x y y x y S

А А А А А

x x y y t x y

The magnetic potential graphs and the DC motor characteristics in the triggering mode were obtained and based on a numerical calculation.

– 72 –

CYCLIC INFLUENCE OF FREEZE-SAW TEMPERATURE ON THE METAL SHEET SHEAR BETWEEN CONCRETE

IN STEEL-CONCRETE BEAMS Andriy HRYTSEVYCH1, Ivan DOBRYANSKYY2, Ljubov DOBRYANSKA2 1Lviv National Agrarian University, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 80381, V.Velykoho Str., Dublyany, Zhovkva district, Lviv region, Ukraine 2Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Department of Construction, Karpatska 15, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine The main reason of the material destruction under the influence of low temperatures is expansion of water filling the material pores during freezing, corrosion processes and cracks formation in the area of adhesion of metal sheet and concrete in steel-concrete beams. The concrete stability to the influence of freeze-saw temperature depends on the material structure: the higher is the relative volume of pores available for water penetration, the lower is the stability. According to recently conducted researches concrete load bearing capacity changes under the temperature influence. In addition, the freeze-saw temperature affects elastic-plastic properties of concrete [1]. The ratio of change in physical and mechanical properties of concrete depends on the value of temperature influence, the concrete composition, filler, water-cement ratio, the rate of freezing-thawing. The reasons causing changes in physical and mechanical properties of concrete under the influence of freeze-saw temperatures have been studied sufficiently and the processes occurring in steel-concrete beams (as an element in general) have been studied little. According to many researches the change in physical and mechanical properties of concrete is due to microcracking caused by the difference in temperature deformation [2], but under conditions of cyclic influence of freeze-saw temperature on a steel-concrete or reinforced concrete beam it is necessary to take into account the presence of reinforcement with different modules of heat conduction as well as the number of reinforcement in the beam (its percentage of reinforcement),and the loss of adhesion of reinforcement with concrete as a result of changing physical and mechanical properties of concrete. Testing of concrete cubes, cylinders, prisms does not precisely determine the negative influence of freeze-saw temperature on the bearing capacity and deformation of steel-concrete beams.

The researches carried out on testing of steel-concrete beams as a structure in general on the influence of freeze-saw temperature determined the negative influence of freeze-saw temperature on the shearing processes in the steel-concrete beam and described the processes occurring in it more accurately [3].

– 73 –

МЕТОДИКА АКТУАЛІЗАЦІ СКЛАДОВИХ ДВОСТАВКОВОГО ТАРИФУ НА ПОСЛУГИ

ТЕПЛОПОСТАЧАННЯ А.А. МАЛІНОВСЬКИЙ, В.Г. ТУРКОВСЬКИЙ, А.З. МУЗИЧАК Національний Університет «Львівська політехніка», Україна Національна комісія, що здійснює державне регулювання у сферах енергетики та комунальних послуг (НКРЕКП), пропонує повсюдно запровадити двоставковий тариф на теплову енергію, який забезпечує рівномірніше надходження коштів підприємству та більш прогнозовану роботу підприємств теплопостачання.

Початково передбачалося, що сумарна оплата за отримані послуги в кінці кожного року буде коригуватися за показами лічильника теплової енергії, чим буде забезпечено справедливий принцип оплати. Проте від моменту впровадження й досі умовно-постійна та змінні складові тарифу є незалежними.

Метою цієї роботи є розроблення методики уточнення теплового навантаження абонентів теплопостачальної організації. Уточнення теплового навантаження однієї будівлі вирішується виконанням енергетичного аудиту для неї. Щодо всієї системи теплопостачання, виконання енергетичного аудиту для усіх її абонентів вимагає великих обсягів вхідної інформації та її опрацювання із залученням значних людських ресурсів. Зазвичай у теплопостачальних організаціях за розрахункові значення прийнято величини актуальні на час спорудження будівель ще 30-50 років тому. З того часу мешканцями було внесено значні зміни у зовнішню оболонку будівлі, а отже потрібен механізм, який би дозволяв з мінімальними затратами ресурсів та часу актуалізувати теплове навантаження абонентів.

Нами опрацьована методика з використанням критеріїв подібності, яка передбачає поділ усіх будівель абонентів на групи за основними характеристиками: поверховість, об’єм, рік спорудження та матеріал виконання стін. З кожної групи будівель слід вибрати репрезентативну кількість, експрес-аудит якої дозволить оцінити зміни в огороджувальних конструкціях будівель та їх наслідки.

Згідно із цією методикою абоненти не переплачуватимуть за отримувані послуги, а підприємства теплопостачання обґрунтовано визначатимуть тарифи на надавані послуги.

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INFLUENCE OF OPERATIONAL FACTORS ON FUEL CONSUMPITION SAVING BY MOBILE STEAM AND GAS

INSTALLATIONS OF THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY I.M. BOGATCHUK1, I.B. PRUNKO1, M.I. BOGATCHUK2 1Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas 2Open Joint Stock Compani "Ukrnafta", Ivano-Frankivsk city The preparation of feed water for steam generating units in technological and technical terms is quite complicated and financially expensive, due to which some operating organizations neglect the rules of steam generating units operation (preparation of feed water) and use technical water that is used at facilities of the oil and gas industry [1]. The operating instructions do not regulat the time of determining the need to eliminate (clean) scale from the coil of the steam generator, there was a need to set the moment of acidizing the coil of the steam generator according to the available physical parameters of the steam generator installation.

It is established that at 1.5 mm discale layer thickness (Fig. 1) fuel over overconsumption is increased up to 20%, which will be 22 kg/h for installation of PPUA 1600/100. This creates an additional ecological impuct thet is applied on the environment.

Fig. 1. Dependence of fuel consumption on the thickness of the scale At the thickness of the scale layer up to 1 mm in the hydraulic system of the boiler, the pressure difference at the inlet and outlet of it will be 0.04 MPa.

Guided by these calculations, the operator of the installation will receive information on the need for intervention into hydraulic system of the boiler steam generator and, if necessary, stops or continues the work of the steam generator.

0 0.5 1 1.5110

120

130

140

Bnhr

kg

d2 d1

2 mm

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IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC FUEL WITH AIR WITH INCREASED OXYGEN

CONTENT Taras KRAVETS, Marta KUZNETSOVA, Igor GALYANCHUK Lviv Politechnic National University Department of Heat Engineering and Thermal and Nuclear Power Plants Environmental problems of energy generating facilities of thermal power in Ukraine can be solved not only by using value dust and gas cleaning equipment, but also by improving the efficiency of combustion processes of organic fuel in boiler plants. This paper describes the combustion of solid milled coal with air, which contains an increased oxygen content compared to atmosphere (21% O2 /79% N2) up to combustion in pure oxygen (100% O2). As a result of such combustion process, the temperature in the burning area increases, and accordingly, the amount of heat transferred to the working medium. This is due to the reduction or complete exclusion from the combustion process of the ballast component – nitrogen contained in the atmosphere. As a result of such combustion, there is an increase in the efficiency of solid fuels combustion, and therefore increasing the efficiency of the boiler unit. It should be noted that combustion in the air with high oxygen content will lead to a corresponding decrease in the mass flow of the air and, consequently, to mass flow reduction of waste flue gases. Reduction of the mass flow of flue gases (2-3 times) with respect to stoichiometric ratios relative to the main oxidant, also leads to a decrease in the required power of dust-cleaning systems, and therefore to reduction of power consumption for the company's requirements. Enrichment of atmospheric air with oxygen is proposed to be conducted by extraction at the enterprise itself or by procurements from an external supplier. On the basis of the analysis of currently available methods for obtaining oxygen in significant quantities, it is appropriate to allocate the use of membrane technologies. Such technologies for oxygen allocation from the air provide the formation of a mixture with the content of oxygen in the air of 28-50% vol. and even a bit higher. Also, the electrolysis process is used in powerful power plants to obtain hydrogen from water for the purpose of its further use in cooling systems of electric generators. During this process, oxygen is obtained which is released into the atmosphere. The oxygen thus obtained can also be used during combustion of fuel in boiler units. Currently, the considered methods for obtaining oxygen with its further use for combustion of organic fuels are quite expensive, however, in the future, with the growing environmental problems, in particular, when the payment for emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere will increase, this option will become more and more economically viable.

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ВУГІЛЬНІ ТЕС В УМОВАХ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ Hanna KOSHLAK, Iryna DMYTRENKO, Vasyl NESPLYAK Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine З невпинним зростанням енергопотреб людства однією з глобальних проблем XXI століття є надійне енерго- та ресурсозабеспечення. На сьогоднішній день модель сталого розвитку суспільства є передумовою збалансованого розвитку цивілізації, коли поряд з інтенсивним економічним розвитком країн позитивно вирішуються питання збереження довкілля та соціальної справедливості. Розвиток цивілізації неможливий без надійного забезпечення енергетичних потреб суспільства. Пріоритетним завданням Стратегії сталого розвитку «Україна – 2020», яка схвалена Указом Президента України від 12 січня 2015 року 5/2015, є реалізація Програми енергонезалежності. За даними іноземних експертів з енергетики [1] використання вугілля в якості енергетичного ресурсу для виробництва енергії є збитковим та екологічно ненебезпечним. Українські вугільні ТЕС споживають більше 35 млн. тон вугілля. Спалювання значних кількостей низькоякісного вугілля має негативні наслідки: відбуваються стаціонарні процеси теплового та хімічного забруднення довкілля викидами ТЕС, що вкрай негативно позначається на здоров´ї населення прилеглих територій. В останні роки для українських ТЕС дуже гостро постала проблема скорочення викидів. Покращення екологічної ситуації в зонах впливу ТЕС та збереження довкілля можливе при умові дотримання і виконання національного плану скорочення викидів основних забруднювальних речовин в Україні від великих установок спалювання відповідно до рішення Енергетичного співтовариства D/2013/05/MC-EnC від 24 жовтня 2013 року, директив 2001/80/ЄС та 2010/75/ЄС. Основними заходами для роботи вугільних ТЕС в контексті сталого розвитку: ‒ проведення модернізації теплосилових установок, обмеження годин

роботи морально застарілих енергоблоків з подальшим їх виведенням з експлуатації, оснащення модернізованих потужностей з продовженим робочим ресурсом більш ніж 15-20 років високоефективним газоочисним обладнанням;

‒ залучення інвестицій впровадження сучасних енергетичних та ресурсозберігаючих технологій, які здатні забезпечити сталий розвиток і енергетичну незалежність країни;

‒ масштабне застосування поновлюваних джерел енергії та енергоефективних технологій, відмова від будівництва ТЕС на вугіллі.

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THERMAL STATE OF BUILDING WITH A SYSTEM OF ACTIVE THERMAL INSULATION

R.V. MORDAS, N.L. LEBED, A.Yu. RACHYNNSKYI National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute named after Igor Sikorsky", Ukraine, Kyiv Since a system of active insulation-heating compensates for heat losses, it is necessary to estimate the temperature state of premises when applying such systems. Results of solving this task are given in this work. The object that was investigated is acting part of a building at "KPI named after Igor Sikorsky" with a system of heat supply. The building's heating system that employs a system of active insulation includes a low-potential heat source, an evaporating-condensing cycle, solar collectors, a buffer heat accumulator, which offsets the operating mode of the heat pump at night time. A compulsory node of the circuit is the reverse unit, which makes it possible to align a temperature gradient at the façade of the building. A system of active thermal insulation is mounted onto the non-insulated façade of the building and is covered with a layer of thermal insulation outside. The heat exchange circuit is a plastic pipe, laid at a certain step on the aluminum thermosetting grid. These circuits are hydraulically connected according to Tichhelmann's scheme to main pipelines, which ensured the same consumption in each of them. In order to study the thermal state of the building that used the system of thermally-active insulation, we employed the software module EnergyPlus with a DesignBuilder interface [2]. With respect to recommendations from [3], we set permanent boundary condition of the second kind at surfaces. The key point of simulation is an "operational mode" of the building, which was limited by work of the thermal stabilization system of from 8:00 to 18:00 5 days a week. During remaining hours, temperature inside the premises was lowered to +12°C in winter and +28°C in summer. We accepted as input parameters the annual distributions of temperature, solar insolation, wind speed, barometric pressure over 2016 [4]. An analysis of the acquired data shows that the lowest air temperature was observed in the region of translucent fencing structures. Medium temperature integral in the premises where people stay permanently is maintained within the permissible limits of 20°C. In the premises where people stay temporarily (corridors, hall) the temperature is set to 17.35°C, which is permissible according to acting norms [3]. In addition, the result of our study is the determined energy costs on heating for the two systems (standard and proposed); the result shows that the system of thermally-active insulation consumes 8 times less energy in comparison with the standard system. Thus, the system with a thermally-active insulation is the optimal solution for the renovation of heating systems that have exhausted their resource because it does not require the intervention in the "life activity" of the building and provides comfortable conditions in the premises throughout the year.

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THE ANALYSIS OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE SPECIAL HOUSING ACT IN THE LIGHT OF AVAILABLE GEODETIC

DATA Małgorzata ROMANYSZYN University of Agriculture in Krakow Spatial planning, which constitutes the starting point of a variety of endeavours, is of a foundational nature in relation to real estate management and building processes. In previous legal order, only the assignations within the Local Spatial Development Plan of the Commune or, in the absence thereof, the decision on building conditions, were binding for the authorities issuing the building permit.

However, the long-standing discussions on the reform of the investment and construction process, which would enable its acceleration, have contributed to legislative changes in this area. The Act on the facilitation of the preparation and implementation of housing investments and accompanying investments (hereinafter referred to as the Special Housing Act), that has been in force since 22 August 2018, is another tool for space management in the commune, while enabling acceleration of the construction process in the area of housing and accompanying investments.

The standards of localization and investment implementation introduced in the Special Housing Act make the possibility of constructing multi-family buildings contingent upon the fulfilment of many conditions. A detailed analysis of these conditions revealed a number of inaccuracies related to their imprecise definition. The attempted interpretation the provisions of the Special Housing Act made possible the selection of geodetic data that will be essential in performing spatial analysis, which constitute the basis for the optimization of the location of newly designed objects.

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INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF THE PARK FOREST ECOSYSTEMS STATE

N.V. MIROSHNYK Institute for Evolutionary Ecology NAS Ukraine 37, Lebedeva str., 03143, Kiev, Ukraine Park forest ecosystems are complex in structure natural and semi-natural ecosystems characterized by simple (additive) and complex (non-additive) properties. Their condition is an indicator of the ecological balance of the urban environment. Its evaluation requires a systematic and multi-factor analyses.

The structural diversity index of Hstr indicates the variability of forest ecosystem structure as an indirect indicator of forest species diversity and environment conservation (Bednova, 2012) and the direction of processes in it. Forest stand status index (Voron, 2010, 2011) is an integral indicator of forest ecosystem assessment, which reflects the resistance to a certain impact, the productivity of the forest stand (with an increase in diameter and height). As a characteristic of the abiotic component of ecosystems determine the levels of acoustic and aerotechnogenic pollution (Monitoring and improving stability..., 2011; Bednova, 2012).

An important place in the analysis of large data sets is occupied by integral indices of the state of the studied objects or systems. The integral index is a way of informative hierarchical convolution of the set of initial indicators into one, which allows to simplify the work with the data by accelerating the calculation and simplifying the interpretation and improve the quality of analysis, evaluation, comparison of complex systems on a set of initial indicators, both individually and together (Kostina et al., 2014). In comparative ecology for comparison of different characteristics of ecological objects systems of integral and complex indicators characterizing various structural components of natural ecosystems are used (Gelashvili, Zaznobina, 2003; Didukh, 2011, 2012). This allows us to characterize the development of processes in time and space, to identify changes in the structure of intra-and inter-system relationships and the role of certain factors in the dynamics of complex systems (Kostina et al., 2014). Indicators of integrated assessment of the state of Park forest ecosystems must meet the following requirements: content – to describe the essence of the phenomena, to be not difficult to define, logically understandable; versatility – should be suitable for the evaluation of different parks within any urban ecosystem, suitable for automated accumulation and processing; informative – the minimum number of indicators should provide the most complete and reliable description of the park state; comparability – all characteristics of the park must be comparable.

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DEFINING THE GAS FLOWRATE THROUGH THE BURNERS OF BOILER FOR HEATING BITUMEN

Fedir MATIKO, Halyna MATIKO, Rostyslav SAPELIUK Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 Bandera street, Lviv, 79013, Ukraine The purpose of this paper is to define the flowrate of natural gas through nonstandard burners of boilers for heating bitumen for one of the enterprises for the next certification of the gas equipment of this enterprise. In order to define the gas flowrate through a nonstandard burner a flowrate equation based on Saint-Venant-Wantzel’s dependence has been developed taking into account the conditions of the subcritical and critical modes of gas flow. This equation includes a flowrate coefficient, the value of which is known only for individual design of the nozzle. In particular, the results of research on gas leakage through conical and profiled nozzles are presented in scientific and technical sources. From these sources one can see that the flowrate of the nozzles depends on the angle of the nozzle inlet, the nozzle shape, the ratio of the downstream and upstream pressures of the nozzle and other parameters. Therefore, it is impossible to calculate the flowrate coefficient with high accuracy using the theoretical dependencies. In order to define accurately the flowrate through the nonstandard nozzle it is necessary to define the flowrate coefficient experimentally. The authors have developed the experimental facility and have carried out the experimental research to determine the air flowrate through the burner. The measuring complex CWR-1 is the basis of the facility. It includes a rotary gas meter and a microprocessor corrector of gas volume which makes it possible to record the parameters of the gas during the measuring and to transfer the archives of parameter values to the computer for their further processing. Based on the results of experimental research the flowrate coefficient of the burner nozzle was defined for the range of the ratio of downstream and upstream pressures of the burner from 0.51 to 0.77. An analytical dependence of the flowrate coefficient of a jet on the ratio of pressures has been developed. The expanded uncertainty of calculating the flowrate coefficient by this dependence does not exceed 1.5%. An analysis of the operating conditions of boilers burners for heating bitumen has been carried out in this paper. The ranges of gas parameters during burners operation have been determined. The gas flowrate for all modes and operating conditions of the burner is calculated using the developed equation for gas flowrate and the obtained equation for the flowrate coefficient of the burner nozzle. Applying the research results make it possible to define accurately the gas flowrate during the operation of boilers for heating bitumen, to make conclusions on the correctness of the technological regime of the equipment as well as on the choice of metering equipment for natural gas.

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АНАЛІЗ ВПЛИВУ МАСШТАБУ ЛОКАЛЬНИХ РИНКІВ ТЕПЛОВОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ НА ЇХ ВІДНОСНУ ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ

В.І. ДЕШКО, Д.С. КАРПЕНКО Національний технічний університет України «КПІ ім. І. Сікорського» Розрахункова ефективність локальних ринків теплової енергії перед їх впровадженням в існуючих системах централізованого теплопостачання міст напряму залежить від масштабу ринку, де основними його характеристиками є об’єм споживання теплової енергії та загальна довжина теплових мереж [1].

Метою роботи є визначення характеру впливу масштабу локального ринку теплової енергії на його ефективність.

В авторському програмному забезпеченні «Thermal Energy Market» [2], в основі якого лежить модель локального ринку теплової енергії [3], було проведено розрахунок рівня ефективності локального ринку теплової енергії в м. Ірпінь при різних умовах масштабу ринку. Схеми систем теплопостачання при різних масштабах ринку представлено на рис. 1.

Рисунок 1. Схеми систем теплопостачання при різних масштабах ринку: 1 – об’єм споживання дорівнює 42000 Гкал/рік, 2 – об’єм споживання дорівнює 84000 Гкал/рік За результатами моделювання визначено, що при збільшенні об’єму споживання теплової енергії на локальному ринку, питома відносна ефективність ринку теплової енергії підвищується з 27% до 33%. Таким чином, існуючі системи централізованого теплопостачання з більш високою густиною теплових навантажень мають більш привабливі умови для створення локальних ринків теплової енергії.

1 2

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ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕНЕРГОЕКОЛОГІЧНИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ БІОПАЛИВНОЇ КОТЕЛЬНІ

І.О. НАЗАРОВА Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського» Згідно Енергетичної стратегії України до 2035 року [1], Україна має намір скоротити споживання викопного палива та збільшити частку відновлюваних джерел енергії з 6% (у 2018 р.) до 25% (у 2035 р.) від загального обсягу постачання первинної енергії. В Україні, в останні роки, частка біомаси від усіх відновлюваних джерел енергії становить 81%, і згідно [2], ця частка залишиться основною і в майбутньому. Отже, проекти, що заміщують викопне паливо (вугілля, природний газ) біомасою є актуальними для Україні. При впровадженні таких проектів виникають питання покращення екологічності котельних установок та підвищення ефективності використання в них палива. Ці питання досліджені на прикладі аналізу енергетичної і екологічної ефективності роботи біопаливної опалювальної котельні, в якій встановлено водогрійний твердопаливний котел. Визначені показники енергетичної ефективності котла та системи «котел-економайзер». Встановлені залежності ККД котла, ККД системи «котел-економайзер» та витрати палива від різної вологості палива. Отримано, що за рахунок встановлення економайзера: втрати теплоти з димовими газами зменшуються на 14,6%; ККД котельні збільшується на 13,6%. Встановлені залежності потужності економайзера від потужності котла, температури вхідної води в економайзер, різниці температур води на вході та виході з економайзера; залежності температури у прямому та зворотному трубопроводах від температури навколишнього середовища.

Розрахунковими та експериментальними методами, визначені валові викиди забруднюючих речовин та їх концентрації. Запропоновані шляхи зменшення гранично допустимих концентрацій викидів твердих частинок.

На базі програмного забезпечення Solid Works побудована геометрична модель економайзера, перевірена коректність комп’ютерного моделювання, досліджений процес теплообміну між потоками рідини в економайзері виявлені частини економайзера, в яких інтенсивність теплообміну може бути збільшена, виконана конструктивна зміна в економайзері для збільшення інтенсивності теплообміну та оцінені результати моделювання.

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THERMOANEMOMETRIC MEASURING DEVICE OF PULSE FLOW OF THE TWO-PHASE MEDIUM

Vasyl DMYTRIV, Oleksiy LANETS, Ihor DMYTRIV Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine Primary converters of thermoanomometric type are widely used in measuring the consumption of one-component media. The principle of thermoanemometric measurement of the mass flow of the medium is based on the influence of the flow of the liquid (in most cases, the gas flow) on the heat transfer of the heating element. The thermal flow sensor typically contains a thermoresistant element which is heated by an electric current, which provides a temperature rise of the sensing element in relation to the measuring medium. A constant temperature difference between the perceiving element and the measured medium (flow of liquid or gas) is supported by the bridging scheme of activating the sensor, which provides a change in the heating power depending on the mass output of the measured medium.

The construction of the thermoanemometric measuring device of the pulsating flow of a two-phase medium contains a bridge circuit for measuring the voltage change and transforming it into a discrete-time digital signal. Thermistors operate in the mode of the given voltage imbalance of the bridge circuit. The imbalance in the voltage resulting from the heat removal is measured and the resistance of the elements due to changes in the quantity and velocity of the pulsating flow of a two-phase medium is changed.

The results of the research showed that when the bridge scheme of the thermistor sensors with a voltage of 4 V is powered, the duration of the heating mode is 49.6 ms for one work cycle of the scheme at the intensity of 0.39 kg·min-1 flow, and with the intensity flow of 3.042 kg·min-1, the 215.8 ms accordingly. The nature of the change in power consumption of the measurement scheme of the intensity of flow is nonlinear at the 4 V supply voltage of the bridge circuit.

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MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE BIOFUEL’S GASIFICATIONS

Anna Maria SLOWAK Kielce University of Technology aleja Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce The article presents the results of experimental studies of biomass heat treatment. The method of mathematical modelling of the biomass gasification process is improved on the basis of the thermodynamic model of Gibbs free energy minimization. In most countries, their energy strategies involve an increase in the share of renewable energy sources, including using a sufficiently large biomass potential. One of the most effective technologies for using biomass is its thermochemical processing and the production of combustible gas (generator gas). The use of biomass through gasification has several advantages over direct combustion, such as: the possibility of using a wide range of biomass and combustible waste,

including those with a high moisture content; a significant reduction in atmospheric pollution; the possibility of increasing the efficiency of equipment for this process.

The solution of the Lagrangian function made it possible to determine the composition of the generator gas and the efficiency of the process. The accuracy of the proposed mathematical model is estimated. The obtained results can be used to determine the optimal conditions for gasification in the development of biomass gasification technologies.

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ПО СЛЕДАМ ОДНОЙ АВАРИИ В ГАЗОРАСПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЕ

Магистр Мачей КОТУЛА, Александр ШКАРОВСКИЙ Польская Газовая Компания, Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Архитектурно-строительный Университет Концепция и основные элементы систем газоснабжения в большинстве стран похожи. Поэтому похожи и аварии – их причины, протекание и последствия. Анализируемая авария произошла вечером 30 ноября 2010 г. в польском городе Zielona Góra. Взрывы газа вызвали пожары в трех зданиях. Один человек погиб, более 6 тысяч жителей эвакуировано. Для специалистов было очевидно, что в газораспреде-лительную систему низкого давления от газорегуляторного пункта (ГРП) в уличную сеть, а затем во внутренние системы зданий начал поступать газ среднего давления. Но для точного установления причин был необходим научный анализ. Следствие установило, что в ГРП произошла авария регулятора давления. Недопустимо высокое давление газа вызвало разгерметизацию внутренних систем и неконтролируемые утечки газа. Но в любой стране конструкция ГРП предусматривает, чтобы газ среднего давления в принципе не мог оказаться в выпускном газопроводе. Как минимум три устройства не допускают этого: сам регулятор давления и два клапана безопасности – предохранительно-запорный (ПЗК) и предохранительно-сбросной (ПСК). Более того, ГРП был скомпонован по схеме с двумя редукционными линиями.

Проблемы в работе ГРП появились в процессе модернизации оборудования, выполнявшейся собственными силами. Оказалось, что на главной редукционной линии не действует ПЗК. Он был снят и отправлен в наладку. Работа ГРП была на длительное время переведена на резервную линию. Именно на этой линии произошла авария регулятора давления. Но почему не сработали оба клапана безопасности? Оказалось, что после перевода ГРП на резервную линию она часто выключалась – срабатывал ПЗК, и подача газа прекращалась. Чтобы избежать необоснованных перерывов в газоснабжении, спускной механизм ПЗК был заблокирован в надежде на достаточную безопасность, обеспечиваемую ПСК. Причина несрабатывания ПСК также была установлена. Это объясняет информация о U-образной прокладке сбросного трубопровода, незащищенного от атмосферных осадков. Сифон служил конденсатосборником, защища-ющим оборудование от попадания влаги. Расчет был на то, что при срабатывании клапана вода будет просто вытолкнута в «свечу», но темпе-ратура при аварии составляла –11ºС. Так замыкается цепочка причин «человеческого» фактора, приведших к аварии: эксплуатация ГРП на резервной линии – блокировка ПЗК резервной линии – незаконное «сифонное» выполнение сбросной линии – попадание влаги в сифон – ее замерзание в результате низкой температуры. И только инициирующим фактором аварии стала по настоящему техническая причина – авария регулятора давления резервной линии ГРП.

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ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ МАЛОЇ ГІДРОЕНЕРГЕТИКИ В УКРАЇНІ

Мирослав ЗІНЬ Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя, Україна В Україні є великі можливості для розвитку однієї з галузей відновлюваної енергетики – малої гідроенергетики. Держава дає виробникам «чистої» енергії за допомогою малих ГЕС пільговий «зелений» тариф на вироблену ними енергію, а також інші переваги. В Україні є велика кількість створів на середніх і малих річках, де можуть бути відновлені старі або споруджені нові малі ГЕС. Крім того, ми маємо весь необхідний для розвитку цієї галузі науково-технічний та інженерний персонал, відповідні промислові ресурси. Вітчизняна промисловість може випускати на замовлення гідротурбінне та інше обладнання для малих ГЕС з будь якими напорами та витратами води.

У Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя сформувалася наукова школа, яка займається вирішенням актуальних проблем малої гідроенергетики. Ми вивчаємо гідроенергетичний потенціал середніх і малих річок Західного регіону України та Поділля, беремо участь у проектуванні малих ГЕС і гідротурбін, надаємо консультації з наукових, технічних та економічних питань підприємствам, які займаються спорудженням і/або експлуатацією малих ГЕС. Один з проектів, який ми розробили і який впровадило одне з приватних малих підприємств – мікроГЕС потужності 105 кВт на р. Золота Липа в м. Бережани Тернопільської області. Наразі це ж саме підприємство впроваджує наступний наш проект – мікроГЕС потужності 70 кВт на р. Серет в с. Мишковичі Тернопільського р-ну Тернопільської обл. (станом на кінець 2018 року виконано приблизно 50% необхідного обсягу робіт).

Основне наше завдання полягає у підвищенні енергетичної й економічної ефективності малих ГЕС з напорами до 5 метрів і витратами води до 5÷10 м3/с. Переважно доводиться працювати зі створами, де напір – до 3÷4 метрів, а витрата – до 2÷3 м3/с.

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АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНІ ДЖЕРЕЛА ЕНЕРГІЇ. ГРОЗОВА ЕНЕРГЕТИКА

Станіслав ЛУЖНИЙ1, Ярослав АРСЕНИЧ1, Роман АРСЕНИЧ2, Ярослав ДЕМ’ЯНЧУК1, Галина СТЕЛЬМАХОВИЧ1 1Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76019, Ukraine 2Вищє художнє професійне училищє 3 м. Івано-Франківська Статтю присвячено вивченню відновлювальних джерел енергії, що можуть стати альтернативою традиційним джерелам енергії. Перспектива даного питання полягає у невичерпності джерел енергії, що представлені, а також їх відносній екологічній чистоті. Даний напрямок є перспективним в сферах відновлювальної енергетики та екології.

Основна ціль статті – викорінення енергії, що забруднює навколишнє середовище та заохочення науковців до більш поглибленого вивчення та дослідження альтернативних джерел енергії з метою їх подальшого використання.

Зроблено порівняльну характеристику альтернативних джерел енергії та запропоновано основні підходи щодо відловлювання чистої енергії з блискавок.

Дане питання розглядалося багатьма науковцями, але вперше запропоновано запасати енергію блискавки в момент, близький до її утворення. Завдяки новій технології, відловлювання блискавок може стати провідною течією сучасної відновлювальної енергетики, оскільки за вдалого розміщення грозової електростанції одна така станція здатна буде забезпечувати електроенергією цілу планету, а конкурентоздатна ціна енергії здатна буде витіснити з ринку традиційне викопне паливо Для накопичення даної енергії можна використовувати конденсатори. Залишається питання знаходження шляхів її транспортування, що знаходиться на стадії розробки.