book front matter

12
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/265710516 Ship Design - Methodologies of Preliminary Design BOOK · SEPTEMBER 2014 DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3857.3768 CITATIONS 2 DOWNLOADS 554 VIEWS 561 1 AUTHOR: Apostolos Papanikolaou National Technical Universit… 353 PUBLICATIONS 668 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Apostolos Papanikolaou Retrieved on: 27 July 2015

Upload: maria-gabriela-bustelo

Post on 05-Sep-2015

227 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

descripcion de contenido del libro

TRANSCRIPT

  • Seediscussions,stats,andauthorprofilesforthispublicationat:http://www.researchgate.net/publication/265710516

    ShipDesign-MethodologiesofPreliminaryDesignBOOKSEPTEMBER2014DOI:10.13140/2.1.3857.3768

    CITATIONS2

    DOWNLOADS554

    VIEWS561

    1AUTHOR:

    ApostolosPapanikolaouNationalTechnicalUniversit353PUBLICATIONS668CITATIONS

    SEEPROFILE

    Availablefrom:ApostolosPapanikolaouRetrievedon:27July2015

  • Ship Design

  • Apostolos Papanikolaou

    Ship Design

    Methodologies of Preliminary Design

    1 3

  • ISBN 978-94-017-8750-5 ISBN 978-94-017-8751-2 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8751-2Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London

    Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947529

    Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dis-similar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the pur-pose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publishers location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

    Printed on acid-free paper

    Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

    Apostolos PapanikolaouSchool of Naval Architecture & Marine EngineeringShip Design LaboratoryNational Technical University of AthensZografouAthensAttiki Greece

    Originally published in the Greek language by SYMEON Publishers, Athens, Greece, as Papanikolaou, Apostolos; 1 &2.

  • vPreface

    This book elaborates on theoretical approaches and practices of the preliminary design of ships. It is intended to support introductory courses to ship design as a text book. In this respect, it may be useful to university or college students of naval architecture and related disciplines; it may also serve, more generally, as a refer-ence book for naval architects, practicing engineers of related disciplines and ship officers, who like to enter the ship design field systematically or to use practical methodologies for the estimation of ships main dimensions and of other ship main properties and elements of ship design.

    The book is based on the authors lecture notes, which were developed over the past two and a half decades (19852012) for the needs of teaching the undergradu-ate course on Ship Design and Outfitting I at the School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering of National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). For the understanding of the material presented in this book, the reader is assumed to have basic knowledge of certain fundamental disciplines of ship design, in particular, of Hydrostatics & Stability of Ships, Ship Resistance and Propulsion and Ship Strength, which are commonly taught in prerequisite courses in Schools of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, as at NTUA.

    The present book is a thoroughly updated and enhanced, new edition of a book published originally in Greek language by the author (Papanikolaou, A., Ship De-signMethodologies of Preliminary Ship Design, in Greek: ,SYMEONPublisher,Athens,October2009).The Greek version of the book is supplemented by a Handbook of Ship Design of the author (Volume II, SYMEON Publisher, Athens, 1989) and the Collection of Ship Design Supportive Materials (A. Papanikolaou, K. Anastassopoulos, NTUA publications, Athens, 2002), which cover specific elements, methods and examples of application of ship design and are being used by students of NTUA for the elabo-ration of the assigned Ship Design Project work. Elements of the detailed design of ships are presented in the authors lecture notes on Ship Design and Outfitting IIGeneral Arrangements, Accommodation, Outfitting and Design of Special Ship Types (A. Papanikolaou, NTUA publication, 2002), which supplement the teaching material of the Ship Design module of the School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering of NTUA.

  • vi Preface

    The methodology adopted in the writing of this book has been greatly influenced by the teaching experience of the author and the curriculum of NTUA, particularly in view of the requirement for the elaboration of the Ship Design project by final year NTUA students of naval architecture. An inexperienced student needs to be introduced gradually to ship design, until he is capable of developing by himself (under certain guidance, in the preliminary design stage) the design of a ship, which is assigned to him by a hypothetical ship-owner, specifying a merchant ships main owners requirements (in terms of ship type, transport capacity and speed).

    The book consists of six (6) main chapters and five (5) appendices with sup-portive materials.

    Chapter 1 gives an introduction to maritime transport and to marine vehicles in general, defines the objectives and elaborates on the basic methods of ship design. Chapter 2 deals with the selection of ships main dimensions and elaborates on the preliminary calculation and approximation of the fundamental characteristics and properties of the ship. Chapter 3 covers the criteria of forming ships hull form and elaborates on the characteristics of alternative ship sectional forms, the form of ships bow and stern. Chapter 4 deals with methods of developing ships lines and also elaborates on the development of the other main drawing plans of ship design (general arrangements and capacity plan). Chapter 5 covers the criteria for selecting the engine installation, the propulsion plant and steering devices of the ship. Finally, Chapter 6 deals with the estimation of ships construction cost and related uncer-tainties. The book is complemented by a basic bibliography and five appendices with useful updated design charts for the selection of the main dimensions and other basic values of different types of ships (Appendix A), the determination of ships hull form from the data of systematic series (Appendix B), the detailed description of the relational method for the estimation of ships weight components and dis-placement from the data of similar/parent ships (Appendix C), a brief review of the historical evolution of shipbuilding from the prehistoric era to date (Appendix D) and finally a historical review of regulatory developments of ships damage stability to date (Appendix E).

    The author used in the development of the original form of this book material of classical ship design, as he was taught it in the early 70ties by the memorable Professor Erwin Strohbusch at the Technical University of Berlin. This material was later complemented by valuable elements from the lecture notes of Professors H. Schneekluth(echnischeHochschuleAachen)andH. Linde (Technical Univer-sity of Berlin), who happened to be both also students and associates of the late Prof. Strohbusch, and A. FriisP. AndersonJJ Jensen (Technical University of Denmark). Also, the classical naval architectural books of the Society of Naval Ar-chitects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) of USA, namely The Principles of Naval Architecture (EV Lewis, ed.) and Ship Design and Construction (R Taggart and T Lamb, eds.), were frequently used as references. However, the synthetic nature of the subject, the rapid developments of shipbuilding science and technology, the frequent amendment of relevant maritime safety regulations and the rapid develop-ment of modern design methods and tools, which to a large extent were coded in specialized computer software, as well as the peculiarity of educating students in a

  • viiPreface

    synthetic discipline like ship design demanded a thoroughly thought new structure/presentation of the books material, apart from the continuous enrichment with con-temporary design data.

    A major objective of this book and of the associated supportive material is to cover, as a self-contained information source, the necessary knowledge for students of naval architecture to approach satisfactorily a ship design project. To some ex-tent, this applies also to young professionals of naval architecture and related dis-ciplines, for whom the access to the necessary technical knowledge and required data for the study and design of a ship are often limited. Certainly, the rapid growth of internet in recent years has improved significantly the accessibility to a large amount of information relevant to the design of ships by search in the www.

    A useful State of the Art report on the status of the international marine de-sign education can be found in the following reference: Papanikolaou, A., Kaklis, P., Andersen, P., Birmingham, R., Sortland, B., Wright, P., State of the Art Report on Marine Design Education, Proc. 9th International Marine Design Conference-IMDC06, Ann Arbor-Michigan, May 2006.

    The author likes to thank SPRINGER for the efficient cooperation in publish-ing this work. He is also indebted to his associates MSc Dipl.-Eng. Naval Arch. & Marine Eng. Aimilia Alisafaki, MSc Dipl.-Eng. Naval Arch. & Marine Eng. George Papatzanakis, Dr.-Eng. Shukui Liu, Dr.-Eng Eleftheria Eliopoulou and Assoc. Prof. George Zaraphonitis for their help in the thorough update and translation of this book into English, and also in checking the final manuscript.

    June 2014 Apostolos PapanikolaouProfessor of NTUA

    Director of Ship Design Laboratoryhttp://www.naval.ntua.gr/sdl

  • ix

    Contents

    1 General on Ship Design ........................................................................... 11.1 Conventional and Advanced Marine Vehicles .................................. 11.2 Maritime TransportInnovative Design Concepts, Energy

    Efficiency and Environmental Impact .............................................. 41.3 Introduction to Ship Design .............................................................. 14

    1.3.1 Main Approach to Ship Design ............................................. 141.3.2 Main Phases of Ship Design ................................................. 161.3.3 Objectives of Preliminary Design ......................................... 171.3.4 Design Procedure: Design Spiral .......................................... 191.3.5 Owners Requirements: Statement of Work .......................... 271.3.6 Preliminary Ship Design Methods ........................................ 341.3.7 Basic Design Procedures for Main Ship Categories ............. 59

    References .................................................................................................. 66

    2 Selection of Main Dimensions and Calculation of Basic Ship Design Values ............................................................................................ 692.1 Preliminary Estimation of Displacement .......................................... 692.2 Selection of the Main Dimensions and Form Coefficients ............... 732.3 Selection of Length ........................................................................... 76

    2.3.1 Effect of Length on Resistance ............................................. 772.3.2 Effect of Length on the Ships Strength and

    Structural Weight ................................................................... 902.3.3 Effect of Length on the Outfitting Weight ............................ 982.3.4 Effect of Length on the Weight of Propulsion

    System and Fuel Consumption.............................................. 982.3.5 Effect of Length on the Exploitation of Spaces and

    General Arrangement ............................................................ 992.3.6 Other Factors Affecting the Selection of Length .................. 1002.3.7 Ship Length Estimation Using Empirical Formulas ............. 100

    2.4 Slenderness Coefficient L/1/3 ......................................................... 1142.4.1 Influence on the Ships Resistance ........................................ 1142.4.2 Effect on the Ships Structure ............................................... 1152.4.3 Approximate Values .............................................................. 115

  • x Contents

    2.5 Selection of Other Main Dimensions ................................................ 1152.6 Selection of Beam ............................................................................. 119

    2.6.1 Effect of Beam on the Ships Stability .................................. 1212.6.2 Effect of Beam on the Ships Resistance .............................. 1242.6.3 Effect of Beam on the Ships Structural Weight ................... 1272.6.4 Other Factors Affecting the Selection of the Beam............... 129

    2.7 Selection of the Side Depth ............................................................... 1322.7.1 Effect of Safety Regulations on Side Depth ......................... 1322.7.2 Effect of Side Depth on Hold Volume and Arrangement ...... 1332.7.3 Effect of Side Depth on the Ships Stability ......................... 1332.7.4 Effect of Side Depth on the Ships Structural Weight ........... 134

    2.8 Selection of the Draft ........................................................................ 1362.8.1 Effect of Draft on Resistance and Propulsion ....................... 1362.8.2 Effect of Draft on Stability .................................................... 1362.8.3 Influence of Draft on Seakeeping and Maneuverability ....... 1372.8.4 Influence of Draft on Strength .............................................. 1382.8.5 Effect of Route Limits ........................................................... 138

    2.9 Selection of Hull Form Coefficients ................................................. 1402.10 Selection of Block Coefficient CB and Prismatic Coefficient CP ...... 142

    2.10.1 Effect of CP and CB on the Ships Resistance ..................... 1442.10.2 Effect on the Seakeeping Performance ............................... 1462.10.3 Effect on the Construction Cost .......................................... 1472.10.4 Effect on the Exploitation of Spaces ................................... 1482.10.5 Effect on the Stability .......................................................... 1492.10.6 Approximate/Semiempirical Formulas ............................... 150

    2.11 Midship Section Coefficient C ....................................................... 1512.11.1 Effect on Resistance ............................................................ 1522.11.2 Effect on Construction Cost ................................................ 1542.11.3 Effect on Space Exploitation ............................................... 1552.11.4 Effect on Stability ................................................................ 1552.11.5 Effect on Seakeeping Performance ..................................... 1562.11.6 Approximation Formulas ..................................................... 158

    2.12 Waterplane Area Coefficient CWP ...................................................... 1602.12.1 Effect on Stability ............................................................... 1602.12.2 Effect on Resistance, Propulsion, and Seakeeping

    Performance ........................................................................ 1622.12.3 Approximation Formulas .................................................... 1632.12.4 Conclusions ......................................................................... 164

    2.13 Determination of the Main Dimensions Through the Ship Design Equation ................................................................................ 164

    2.14 Preliminary Estimation of Propulsive Power .................................... 1652.15 Estimation of Ship Weights ............................................................... 175

    2.15.1 Definitions of Ship Weight Components ............................ 1752.15.2 Initial Estimation of Weights and Their Centroids .............. 1772.15.3 Factors That Affect the Values of the Weight Coefficients ...... 178

  • xiContents

    2.15.4 Structural Weight ................................................................. 1852.15.5 Weight of Equipment and Outfit ......................................... 2142.15.6 Weight of Machinery Installation ........................................ 2312.15.7 Analysis of Deadweight DWT ............................................ 239

    2.16 Verification of Displacement ............................................................ 2452.17 Verification of Holds Capacity ......................................................... 246

    2.17.1 Definitions ........................................................................... 2462.17.2 Calculation of Hold Volume ................................................ 251

    2.18 Verification of Stability and Trim ..................................................... 2552.18.1 Vertical Position of Buoyancy Center ................................. 2562.18.2 Metacentric Radius.............................................................. 2572.18.3 Vertical Position of Metacenter ........................................... 2582.18.4 Approximation of Stability at Large Inclination Angles ..... 2592.18.5 Using the Hydrostatic Data of Similar Ships ...................... 2602.18.6 Effect of Changing the Main Dimensions ........................... 2602.18.7 Typical Values of Metacentric Height ................................. 2622.18.8 Verification of Stability ....................................................... 2642.18.9 Verification of Trim and Bow Height .................................. 271

    2.19 Freeboard and Sheer ......................................................................... 2732.19.1 Factors Affecting the Freeboard .......................................... 2732.19.2 Verification of Freeboard .................................................... 2752.19.3 Sheer .................................................................................... 2802.19.4 Critical Review of the Load Line Regulations .................... 289

    References .................................................................................................. 291

    3 Ships Hull Form ...................................................................................... 2933.1 Distribution of Displacement ............................................................ 295

    3.1.1 Shape of Sectional Area Curve ............................................. 2953.1.2 Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy (LCB) ............................. 2973.1.3 Parallel Body Length (LP) .................................................... 3013.1.4 Length of Entrance (LE) and Length of Run (LR) of

    the Sectional Area Curve ....................................................... 3033.1.5 Angle of Entrance/Run of Sectional Area Curve .................. 305

    3.2 Form of Waterlines ............................................................................ 3073.3 Form of Sections ............................................................................... 312

    3.3.1 Types of Sections .................................................................. 3123.3.2 Midship Section Form ........................................................... 3123.3.3 Form of Bow and Stern Sections .......................................... 3143.3.4 Bow Sections Below Waterline ............................................. 3163.3.5 Stern Sections Below Waterline ............................................ 3173.3.6 Form of Sections Above Waterline ....................................... 321

    3.4 Form of Bow ..................................................................................... 3233.4.1 Types of Bow ........................................................................ 3233.4.2 Bulbous Bow ........................................................................ 3313.4.3 Parabolic Bow ....................................................................... 345

  • xii

    3.5 Form of Stern .................................................................................... 3473.5.1 Forms of Stern ....................................................................... 3473.5.2 Elliptic or Elevated Stern ...................................................... 3493.5.3 Cruiser Stern.......................................................................... 3493.5.4 Transom Stern ....................................................................... 353

    References .................................................................................................. 357

    4 Naval Architectural Drawings and Plans............................................... 3594.1 General .............................................................................................. 3594.2 Ship Lines Plan ................................................................................. 3604.3 Introduction to the Development of Ship Lines Plan ........................ 3704.4 Design Based on Data of Systematic Ship Hull Form Series ........... 3774.5 General Arrangement Plan ................................................................ 3794.6 Capacity Plan .................................................................................... 389References .................................................................................................. 391

    5 Machinery Installation, Propulsion and Steering Devices ................... 3935.1 Selection of Main Machinery ............................................................ 3935.2 Selection of Propeller ........................................................................ 4075.3 Selection of Rudder ........................................................................... 425References .................................................................................................. 437

    6 Estimation of Building Cost .................................................................... 4396.1 Statement of the Optimization Problem ............................................ 4396.2 Building Cost Analysis ..................................................................... 4406.3 Cost of Built/Processed Steel ........................................................... 4426.4 Cost of Machinery and Propulsive Installation ................................. 4456.5 Accommodation/Equipment/Outfitting Cost .................................... 446References .................................................................................................. 447

    Appendix ......................................................................................................... 449Appendix A: Diagrams of Regression Analysis of Basic Design Values for Merchant Ships ......................................................................... 449

    Bulk Carriers ..................................................................................... 450OBO Carriers ..................................................................................... 459Containerships ................................................................................... 462Tankers .............................................................................................. 472Product Carriers ................................................................................ 476Chemical Carriers ............................................................................. 482General Cargo Carriers ..................................................................... 485RORO Cargo Ships ......................................................................... 488RORO Passenger Ferries................................................................. 493Single-Hull Fast Ferries .................................................................... 496Car Carrying Catamarans ................................................................. 499

    Contents

  • xiii

    Reefer Ships ...................................................................................... 501Passenger/Cruise Ships ..................................................................... 505Offshore Tug/Supply Ships ............................................................... 508Fishing Vessels .................................................................................. 511References ......................................................................................... 516

    Appendix B: Systematic Hull FormModel Series ................................. 517Wageningen-Lap Series..................................................................... 518Series 60 Hull FormTodd et al. ..................................................... 519FORMDATA Series........................................................................... 525MARAD Series ................................................................................. 547References ......................................................................................... 560

    Appendix C: Determination of Ships Displacement with the Relational Method of Normand ................................................................. 561

    Equation of Displacement for Small Deviations ............................... 562Displacement Equation for Larger Deviations .................................. 565Normands Number ........................................................................... 575Accuracy of the Displacement Equation ........................................... 580References ......................................................................................... 581

    Appendix D: Historical Evolution of Shipbuilding ................................... 582Before Christ Era............................................................................... 583Middle AgesRenaissance .............................................................. 586Industrial Revolution ......................................................................... 587First Half of the Twentieth Century .................................................. 593Second Half of the Twentieth Century .............................................. 595Contemporary Period ........................................................................ 598

    Appendix E: Subdivision and Damage Stability of Ships Historical Developments and the Way Ahead ............................................ 610

    The Evolution of Deterministic Damage Stability Standards ........... 610Present Status: Probabilistic Assessment .......................................... 613Future Developments of International Regulations and Concepts: Risk and Goal based standards ......................................... 616Conclusions ....................................................................................... 617References ......................................................................................... 620

    Index ................................................................................................................ 623

    Contents

    PrefaceContents