book: an introduction to scientific research methods in geography (montello & sutton) 2006...
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Book: An Introduction to Scientific Research Methods in Geography (Montello & Sutton) 2006
GEOG4020-Research MethodsInstructor: Paul C. Sutton University of Denver, Dept. of Geography Prepared by: Katie Williams February 2, 2010
Chapter 7: Experimental & Nonexperimental Research Designs
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Chapter 7 Overview
Empirical Control in Research Laboratory vs. Field Settings
Basic Research Designs Specific Research Designs Developmental Designs (Change over
Time) Single-Case & Multiple-Case Designs
Computational Modeling Steps of Computational Modeling
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Learning Objectives
Understand the three forms of empirical control Physical, assignment, statistical
Distinguish between laboratory & field setting for research
Understands the differences between research designs & their implications for research
Compare computational modeling with traditional experimental research
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Experimental vs. Nonexperimental Studies
Empirical control: Physical control—physically modified or
restricted data collection
Assignment control—creation and control of at least one variable
Statistical control—explicit analysis of main variables of interest
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Experimental Variables
Independent Variable Manipulated, created Potential causal variable
Dependent Variable Not manipulated, measured Potential effect variable
Confounding Variable Sheds doubt on validity of casual conclusions
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Laboratory vs. Field
Lab Man-made, controlled setting Not necessarily the “chem lab”
Field Natural, uncontrolled setting
Affects validity of conclusions that general about other settings
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Basic Research Designs
Design choice: Level of variables Difference of variables between or within cases
Between-case design Comparing data between different cases
Within-case (repeated measures) design Comparing data within the same cases More efficient, higher precision, reduction of
confounds
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Specific Research DesignsNon-Experimental
Single Measurement
Multiple Measurement
Posttest-only Design-Single measurement after an event
Pretest-posttest Design-Before and after measurements for comparison
Multiple Pretest-Posttest
Two Group Single Measurement
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Specific Research DesignsExperimental
One Group, Manipulated Within
Two Group, Manipulated Within
Two Group, Manipulated Between Posttest Only
Factorial Four Group, Manipulated Posttest Only Factorial: Manipulating two or more factors
(2x2)
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Developmental Designs
Developmental process, change over time
First approach: Cross-sectional (synchronic) Compare two or more groups of cases at different
development stages
Second approach: Longitudinal (diachronic) Group of cases at same developmental stage
compared against itself over time
Hybrid approach: Sequential Design Compare between and within two or more groups of
cases at different development stages over time
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Single-case vs. Multiple-case
Single-case Repeated-measure design with one case Studies of single variable effects
Multiple-case Generalize variance in cases Reduces potential for error See causal relationships
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Computational Modeling
Simplified representations of reality
Advantage of whole system representation
Detailed studies of causality, forcing, and feedbacks
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Computational Modeling Steps
1. Create conceptual model
2. Create computational model
3. Run the program
4. Compare model output to empirical data
5. Accept, use, and communicate model
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Discussion
How would you study demographic distribution How would you ensure empirical control? What type of experiment would be best? What experimental design is most
practical/cost effective? Would a computational model be useful in
this case?
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Discussion
How would you design an experiment to test: Urban growth? Regional occupational gradients? Species habitat preferences? Point source contamination? Other examples?
How would you ensure empirical control? What type of experiment would be best? What experimental design is most practical/cost
effective? Would a computational model be useful in this
case?