Book 1 Grammar notes!

Stage 1: You met the familyYou learn that est= is, and other verbs end in t

e.g canis est in via= the dog is in the streetcanis in via dormit= the dog sleeps in the street

Stage 2:

Nouns (peoples, animals, places, things) take different cases:

The nominative does the verb.The accusative has the verb done to it. (this often ends in m)

NOM ACCe.g Metella Grumionem laudat.= Metella praises Grumio

Grumio Metellam laudat= Grumio praises Metella

Stage 3: (P32)

Nouns have different declensions (the way that nouns behave)

Declension How it behaves Nominative AccusativeFirst Often has ‘a’ in it ancilla ancillamSecond Spotted by ‘u’ servus servumThird Irregular (but em

in acc)mercator mercatorem

N.B Most accusatives often have end in ‘m’.

Stage 4: (P44)You learnt in Stage 1 (see above) that verbs end in t. You now have met I, you, and he/she/it parts of a verb

Person Rule Example 1 Example2I Ends in ‘o’ sedeo= I sit ambulo= I walkYou Ends in ‘s’ sedes= you sit ambulas= you walkHe/She/It Ends in ‘t’ sedet= he/she /it sits ambulat= he/she/it

walksSometimes ego= I, or tu= are used for emphasis. Person Verb: to be Meaning

I sum I amYou es You areHe/She/It est He/She/It is

Stage 5:In Stages 1-4 you met the singular (where only one person is doing something) of nouns and verbs. In Stage 5 you meet the plural.

e.g Singular Pluralpuella laborat puellae laborantservus ridet servi ridentleo currit leones curruntMercator dormit mercatores dormiuntMercator est in via mercatores sunt in via

Verbs: The singular ends in t, the plural in ‘nt’.Nouns: The above also show the nominative plural of different nouns.

Declension Nom s. How nom pl Nominative pl.behaves

First ancilla Ends ‘ae’ ancillaeSecond servus Ends ‘i’ serviThird mercator Ends ‘es’ mercatores

Stage 6 and 7:All the stories so far in CLC have been in the present tense ie they are happening now.

In Stage 6 you meet The Imperfect tense which is an unfinished action in the past e.g He was doing somethingThe perfect tense which is a finished action in the past e.g they did something

In Stage 7 you meet more forms of the perfect.

Tense How it behaves Meaning Singular (t) Plural (nt)Present ‘Normal’ He carries portat portantImperfect Has ‘BA’ in it

(sheep)He/She was carrying portabat portabant

Perfect Has letter VDSUX + it/erunt.

He/She carried deditportavitmisitapparuitduxit

dederuntportaveruntmiseruntapparueruntduxerunt

Stage 8: Case= what a noun is doing in a sentence. (Nom/Acc).

You have already nouns (peoples, animals, places, things) which are: Stage 2: singular (one person/thing) of the nominative case (does verb) Stage 2: singular (one person/thing) of the accusative case (has verb done to it) Stage 5: plural (more than one) of the nominative case (does verb)

In Stage 8 you meet the accusative plural:

First declension Second declension Third declensionNom. singular puella servus mercatorAcc. singular puellam servum mercatoremNom. plural puellae servi mercatoresAcc. plural puellas servos mercatores

You also meet the superlative of words, which makes an ordinary word mean the most, very, or -est. and which is spotted by issim (us)on the end of a word.

e.g Normal: Pompeani erant irati The Pompeians were angrySuperlative: Pompeani erant iratissimi The Pompeains were very angry.

most angryangriest.

Stage 9:In Stage 9 you meet a new case, the dative, which means ‘to’ or ‘for’ something/somebody

e.g Clemens puellae vinum offerebatClemens was offering wine to the girl.

Grumio ancillis cenam paravitGrumio prepared food for the slavegirls.

First declension Second Declension Third declensionNom. sing (subject) puella servus mercatorAcc. sing(object) puellam servum mercatoremDative sing (to, for) puellae servo mercatori

Nom. pl (subject) puellae servi mercatoresAcc. plural (object) puellas servos mercatoresDative plural (to,for) puellis servis mercatoribus

You also meet the Latin words for you and me in their different cases:

Case I You

Nominative (subject) ego tuAccusative (object) me teDative (to, for) mihi tibi

Stage 10:

You have already met the different part of the present tense. In Stage 10 you meet all 6 parts together.

ego porto I carrytu portas you carry portat he/she/it carriesnos portamus we carryvos portatis you carry

portant they carry

You also meet the full part of the verb to be together:

ego sum I amtu es you are est he/she/it isnos sumus we arevos estis you are

sunt they are

You also meet the comparative of words which means ‘more’, or- ‘er’. It is shown in Latin by ‘ior’ (the comparative donkey!)

MORE= IOR!

e.g laetus= happy laetior= happier

e.g nos Romani sumus laetiWe Romans are happy

nos Romani sumus laetiores quam vos GraeciWe Romans are more happy/happier than you Greeks

Stage 11:In Stage 9 you met the dative case. In Stage 11 you meet particular verbs that take the dative

e.g credo +dative= I believe (literally I give belief to someone) faveo + dative= I favour ( literally I give favour to someone) placet + dative= It pleases…. (literally it is pleasing to someone)

e.g nos pistori credimus= we trust the bakermihi placet= it pleases me, ie I like it

You also met the dative forms of nos and vos:

nobis= to usvobis= to you

Questions in Latin:In Latin, questions can be shown by:

a. A question mark at the end (!)b. A questioning word e.g quis=who, quid=what, ubi,=where, cur=whyc. By adding –ne to the end of a word

e.g a. tu pecuniam habes?= do you owe money? b. quis est Quintus?= who is Quintus? cur tu lacrimas?= why are you crying c. vosne estis contenti?= Are you happy?

Stage 12:You have meet all 6 parts of the present, imperfect, and perfect of verbs. Remember also the ways we spot them in brackets.

Person Present= I carry Imp.= I was carrying (BA!) Perfect= I carried (DVSUX +endings )I (ego) porto portabam portaviYou (tu) portas portabas portavistiHe/She/It portat portabat portavitWe (nos) portamus portabamus portavimusYou (pl) (vos) portatis portabatis portavistisThey portant portabant portaverunt

You also meet the imperfect of the verb to be:

Person I wasI (ego) eramYou (tu) erasHe/She/It eratWe (nos) eramusYou (pl) (vos) eratisThey erant

CLC Book 2

Grammar Notes

Stage 13:

In Stage 13, you meet what is called the infinitive. This means when you wish to do something and is spotted by ‘re’ on the end of a verb.

e.g Loquax cantare vult. Loquax likes to singpueri celeriter currere possunt= the boys can run quickly

You also meet all present parts of the verb volo= I wish, nolo= I do not wish, possum= I can

Person I wish I do not wish I canI (ego) volo nolo possumYou (tu) vis non vis potesHe/She/It vult non vult potestWe (nos) volumus nolumus possumusYou (pl) (vos)

vultis non vultis potestis

They volunt nolunt possunt

If you learn volo, nolo is similar with some exceptions. possum is very similar to sum written below.

ego sum I amtu es you are est he/she/it isnos sumus we arevos estis you (pl) are

sunt they are

Use of the word ‘que’You also meet the word –que which means ‘and’ and is used to link words and sentences together.

e.g pueri puellaeque= boys and girlsdominus ex equo descendit villamque intravit= the master got off his horse and went into the house.

Stage 14:Here you meet adjectives. We need to look at our noun table here.

First declension Second Declension Third declensionNom. sing (subject) puella servus mercatorAcc. sing(object) puellam servum mercatoremDative sing (to, for) puellae servo mercatori

Nom. pl (subject) puellae servi mercatoresAcc. plural (object) puellas servos mercatoresDative plural (to,for)

puellis servis mercatoribus

An adjective is a word that is used to describe a noun in Latin

e.g a. servus stultus non laborabat. The stupid slave was not working. b. agricola servum ignavum punivit= the farmer punished the cowardly slavec. dominus servis fessis praemium dedit= the master gave a reward to the tired

slaves

An adjective will always agree with its noun. That means it will follow what case (nominative, accusative, dative) the noun is in, and whether the noun is singular or plural.

In example a servus is nominative and singular, and so stultus is also nominative and singular.In example b servum is accusative and singular, and so ignavum is also accusative and singularIn example c servis is dative and plural, so fessis is also dative and plural.

When endings aren’t the sameAs you can see in the examples above, the endings were the same. This isn’t always true though.

If the noun or adjectives are different declension, then the nouns and adjective will still agree but they will have different ending.

e.g civis servum tristem salutavit= The citizen greeted the sad slave.

servum is accusative and singular, and so tristem must be accusative and singular. However, servum is second declension and tristem is third declension so they have different endings.