bonneville environmental foundation. wind energy workshop
TRANSCRIPT
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Bonneville Environmental Bonneville Environmental FoundationFoundation
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Wind Energy WorkshopWind Energy Workshop
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Why Wind?Why Wind?
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Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the WorldSource in the World
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1979: 40 cents/kWh
• Increased Turbine Size
• R&D Advances
• Manufacturing Improvements
NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm
4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized)
2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh
2000:4 - 6 cents/kWh
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Wind PowerWind Power
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Early “WINDMILL” in Afghanistan Early “WINDMILL” in Afghanistan (900AD)(900AD)
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Jacobs Turbine – 1920 - 1960Jacobs Turbine – 1920 - 1960
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Smith-Putnam Turbine
Vermont, 1940's
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Modern WindmillsModern Windmills
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OrientationOrientationTurbines can be categorized into two overarching Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotorclasses based on the orientation of the rotor
Vertical AxisVertical Axis Horizontal AxisHorizontal Axis
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Vertical Axis Vertical Axis TurbinesTurbines
AdvantagesAdvantages• OmnidirectionalOmnidirectional
– Accepts wind from Accepts wind from any angleany angle
• Components can be Components can be mounted at ground mounted at ground levellevel– Ease of serviceEase of service– Lighter weight towersLighter weight towers
• Can theoretically use Can theoretically use less materials to less materials to capture the same capture the same amount of windamount of wind
DisadvantagesDisadvantages• Rotors generally near Rotors generally near
ground where wind poorerground where wind poorer• Centrifugal force stresses Centrifugal force stresses
bladesblades• Poor self-starting Poor self-starting
capabilitiescapabilities• Requires support at top of Requires support at top of
turbine rotorturbine rotor• Requires entire rotor to be Requires entire rotor to be
removed to replace removed to replace bearingsbearings
• Overall poor performance Overall poor performance and reliabilityand reliability
• Have never been Have never been commercially successfulcommercially successful
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Lift vs Drag Lift vs Drag VAWTsVAWTs
Lift Device Lift Device ““DarrieusDarrieus””– Low solidity, Low solidity,
aerofoil bladesaerofoil blades– More efficient More efficient
than drag devicethan drag device
Drag Device Drag Device ““SavoniusSavonius””– High solidity, cup High solidity, cup
shapes are shapes are pushed by the pushed by the windwind
– At best can At best can capture only capture only 15% of wind 15% of wind energyenergy
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VAWT’s have not been VAWT’s have not been commercially successful, commercially successful, yet…yet…Every few years a new Every few years a new company comes along company comes along promising a promising a revolutionary revolutionary breakthrough in wind breakthrough in wind turbine design that is low turbine design that is low cost, outperforms cost, outperforms anything else on the anything else on the market, and overcomes market, and overcomes all of the previous all of the previous problems with VAWT’s. problems with VAWT’s. They can also usually be They can also usually be installed on a roof or in a installed on a roof or in a city where wind is poor.city where wind is poor.
WindStorMag-Wind
WindTree Wind Wandler
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Horizontal Axis Horizontal Axis Wind TurbinesWind Turbines
• Rotors are Rotors are usually Up-wind usually Up-wind of towerof tower
• Some machines Some machines have down-wind have down-wind rotors, but only rotors, but only commercially commercially available ones available ones are small are small turbinesturbines
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Types of Electricity Generating WindmillsTypes of Electricity Generating Windmills
Small (10 kW)•Homes•Farms•Remote Applications (e.g. water
pumping, telecom sites, icemaking)
Large (250 kW - 2+MW)
•Central Station Wind Farms
•Distributed Power
Intermediate (10-250 kW)•Village Power•Hybrid Systems•Distributed
Power
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Modern Small Wind Turbines:Modern Small Wind Turbines:High Tech, High Reliability, Low MaintenanceHigh Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance
• Technically AdvancedTechnically Advanced• Only 2-3 Moving PartsOnly 2-3 Moving Parts• Very Low Maintenance Very Low Maintenance
RequirementsRequirements• Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Proven: ~ 5,000 On-
Grid Grid • American Companies American Companies
are the Market and are the Market and Technology LeadersTechnology Leaders
10 kW50 kW
400 W
900 W(Not to scale)
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SouthWest WindPower Sky SouthWest WindPower Sky StreamStream
Rated Capacity:Rated Capacity: 1.8 KW 1.8 KW
Rotor:Rotor: 12 feet (3.72 m); 50-325 12 feet (3.72 m); 50-325 RPMRPM
Estimated Energy Estimated Energy Production:Production: 400 KWh/month 400 KWh/month at 12 MPH at 12 MPH
Tower:Tower: Towers from 34-70 feet Towers from 34-70 feet
COST:COST: 8 - 12K Installed 8 - 12K Installed
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Net MeteringNet Metering
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10 kW Wind Turbine
24 m (80 ft) GuyedTower
Safety Switch
Power Processing
Unit (Inverter)
Cummulative Production
Meter
AC Load Center
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Large Wind TurbinesLarge Wind Turbines
• 328’ base to blade328’ base to blade
• Each blade 112’Each blade 112’
• Span greater than 747Span greater than 747
• 163.3 tons total163.3 tons total
• Foundation 20’ deepFoundation 20’ deep
• Rated at 1.5 megawattRated at 1.5 megawatt
• Supply at least 350 Supply at least 350 homeshomes
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Wind Power Today: Wind Power Today: RelativeRelative HeightHeight
Empire Eiffel Umass 1.5 MW Medium Farm State Tower Library Turbine Turbine Turbine1250’ 986’ 297’ 356’ 212’ 142’ 381 m 301 m 90 m 109 m 65 m 43 m
28 stories --------------examples -------------------
Relative height of tall human
structures
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Wind FarmsWind Farms
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Windfarm 2Windfarm 2
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Off-Shore WindfarmsOff-Shore Windfarms
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Middelgrunden Middelgrunden
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Wind Turbine PerspectiveWind Turbine Perspective
Nacelle56 tons
Tower3 sections
Workers Blade112’ long
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Calculation of Wind PowerCalculation of Wind Power
•Power in the wind Power in the wind Effect of air density, Effect of air density,
– Effect of swept area, AEffect of swept area, A
– Effect of wind speed, VEffect of wind speed, VR
Swept Area: A = πR2 Area of the circle swept by the rotor (m2).
Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3
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Why do windmills need to be high in the Why do windmills need to be high in the sky??sky??
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North Wind HR3rating: 3 kWrotor: 5 m hub height: 15 m
North Wind 100rating 100 kWrotor: 19.1 mhub height: 25 m
Lagerwey LW58 rating: 750 kWrotor: 58 mhub height: 65 m
Enercon E-66rating: 1800 kW rotor: 70 mhub height: 85 m
Boeing 747wing span: 69.8mlength: 73.5 m
Enercon E-112rating: 4000 kWrotor: 112 mhub height: 100 m
Comparative Scale for a Range of Wind Turbines
Wind Turbine Technology
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Potential of Wind Potential of Wind EnergyEnergy
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Importance of Wind SpeedImportance of Wind Speed• No other factor is more No other factor is more
important to the important to the amount of power amount of power available in the wind available in the wind than the speed of the than the speed of the windwind
• Power is a cubic Power is a cubic function of wind speedfunction of wind speed– VV X X VV X X VV
• 20% increase in wind 20% increase in wind speed means 73% speed means 73% more powermore power
• Doubling wind speed Doubling wind speed means 8 times more means 8 times more powerpower
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Source: U.S. DOE
Wind Potential
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Key Issues facing Key Issues facing Wind PowerWind Power
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Tax CreditsTax Credits No Federal Incentives for Small Wind Since No Federal Incentives for Small Wind Since
19851985 Large Wind Supported with Production Tax Large Wind Supported with Production Tax
Credit – Recently Passed – 3 Yr. Renewal Credit – Recently Passed – 3 Yr. Renewal in the latest Energy Bill (Summer 05)in the latest Energy Bill (Summer 05)
State have varying levels of supportState have varying levels of supportNY 50%-75% SupportNY 50%-75% SupportME 0%ME 0%MA 20%-50%MA 20%-50%
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May 1, 2002
Tax Incentives & Buydown
Local Option Tax Incentives**
Net Metering & Local Option Tax Incentives**
Tax Incentives & Net Metering
Tax Incentives, Net Metering & Buydown
Net Metering & Buydown
*Contact your utility to see if you qualify for the Renewable Energy Resources Program.
** Contact your city or county to see if they offer tax incentives for small wind systems.
Tax Incentives Net Metering Only
Buydown*
Residential Small Wind IncentivesResidential Small Wind Incentives
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•6.5 million customers
• 330+ generating units
• Over 8,000 miles of transmission lines
• 11 Interconnections
• 28,100 MW of capacity
• Peak demand: 22,544MW
Transmission Problems
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Northeast – Siting!Northeast – Siting!
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Photosimulationof Wind Plant
ActualWind Plant
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Impacts of Wind Power:Impacts of Wind Power:NoiseNoise
• Modern turbines are Modern turbines are relatively quietrelatively quiet
• Rule of thumb – stay Rule of thumb – stay about 3x hub-height about 3x hub-height away from housesaway from houses
Go to Hull or Searsburg & listen!
Note: Searsburg turbines are older & a bit louder than many modern turbines
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Predicting Power OutputPredicting Power Output
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What does it take to install a What does it take to install a Turbine?Turbine?
• Utility EngineersUtility Engineers
• Geophysical EngineersGeophysical Engineers
• Concrete/Structural EngineeringConcrete/Structural Engineering
• Turbine Engineering (ME/EE/Aerospace)Turbine Engineering (ME/EE/Aerospace)
• Site/Civil EngineeringSite/Civil Engineering
• Microelectronic/Computer ProgrammingMicroelectronic/Computer Programming
• Business Expertise (Financial)Business Expertise (Financial)
• Legal ExpertiseLegal Expertise
• MeteorologistsMeteorologists
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The Future?The Future?