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Page 1: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

Bonn, 11 June 2013

Page 2: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

Context

Climate change is slipping down the policy agenda,even as the scientific evidence continues to accumulate

Energy sector accounts for two‐thirds of greenhouse gas emissions 

Mixed news on energy trends

Price dynamics between gas and coal support emissions reductions in some regions, but impede them in others

Renewables are on the rise, but investment slowed in 2012

Efficiency policies are gaining momentum in many countries

Nuclear is facing challenges and CCS still remains distant

Page 3: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

CO2 emissions at record high in 2012

Change in energy‐related CO2 emissions, 2012

CO2 emissions grew by 1.4% to reach 31.6 Gt in 2012, but trends vary by country

‐300

‐200

‐100

0

100

200

300

400

500

World China Japan EuropeanUnion

UnitedStates

Mt CO2

MiddleEast

India

Page 4: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

700

750

800

850

900

2003 2006 2009 2012gCO2 / k

Wh

China

400

450

500

550

600

2003 2006 2009 2012

gCO2 / k

Wh

United States

The two largest emitters make encouraging steps toward decarbonisation…

CO2 emissions per unit of electricity generation

In 2012, total CO2 emissions in the US were back at the level of the mid‐1990s, while total CO2 emissions growth in China was one of the lowest in the last decade

Page 5: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

…but the world is still moving in the wrong direction

Global energy‐related CO2 emissions

CO2 emissions trends point to a long‐term temperature increase of up to 5.3 °C

1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2012

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32Gt

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

End of World War II

1st oil price shock

Global economic downturn

2nd oil price shock

Great depression

Page 6: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

Four measures to keep the 2 °C target alive

National efforts in this decade need to buy time for an international agreement, expected to come into force in 2020

Measures to 2020 should meet key criteria:

Significant near‐term emissions reductions

No harm to countries’ economic growth

Reliance only on existing technologies and proven policies

Significant national benefits other than climate change mitigation

Our 4‐for‐2 °C Scenario proposes four measures that meet these criteria

Page 7: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

Four measures can stop emissions growth by 2020

Emissions savings in the 4‐for‐2 °C Scenario, 2020

Four measures can stop the growth in emissions by 2020 at no net economic cost, reducing emissions by 3.1 Gt, 80% of the savings required for a 2 °C path

4‐for‐2°C Scenariodelivers savings of3.1 Gt CO2‐eq

49%

21%

18%

12% Implement selected energy efficiency 

policies

Limit use of inefficient coal power plants

Reduce methane releases from upstream 

oil and gas

Partial removal of fossil‐fuel subsidies

Page 8: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

Measure 1: Improve energy efficiency

Emissions savings in the 4‐for‐2 °C Scenario, 2020

Energy efficiency reduces emissions by 1.5 Gt, led by minimum energy performance standards – additional investment is more than offset by fuel bill savings 

20% 40%

Buildings

Industry

Transport

80% 100%

Industrial motors

Heating & cooling

60%

Appliances & lighting

Road

Share of efficiency savings

Page 9: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

Measure 2: Limit the use of inefficient coal power plants

Change in electricity demand& coal‐fired electricity generation from the least‐efficient plants, 2020

Energy efficiency and reducing the role of the least‐efficient coal power plants have important co‐benefits for local air pollution

‐1 000

‐ 800

‐ 600

‐ 400

‐ 200

UnitedStates

EuropeanUnion China India

Lower electricitydemand

Lower electricitygeneration from least‐efficient coal plants

TWh 0

Page 10: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

Measure 3: Reduce methane releases into the atmosphere

Methane emissions from the upstream oil and gas industry, 2020

In 2010, methane releases were 1.1 Gt CO2‐eq; halving the level in 2020 would save twice the gas production of Nigeria today

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

UnitedStates

OtherOECD

MiddleEast

Russia Africa OtherNon‐OECD

Reduction in4‐for‐2 °C Scenario

Mt CO2‐eq

Page 11: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

The energy sector needs to adapt to climate change

The energy sector needs to increase its resilience to the physical impacts of climate change

© Natural hazards adapted from Munich RE (2011)

oC

oC

oC

oC

oCoC

oCoC oC

oC

Increase of droughtsand/or heat waves 

Power plant cooling impacted

Page 12: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

Change in tropical cyclones and storms

Typical cyclones and track directions

The energy sector needs to adapt to climate change

The energy sector needs to increase its resilience to the physical impacts of climate change

Exposed oil and gas infrastructure

© Natural hazards adapted from Munich RE (2011)

Page 13: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

Some fossil‐fuel reserves remain underground

Potential CO2 emissions from proven fossil‐fuel reserves to 2050

On today’s trends, half of the proven fossil‐fuel reserves would be leftundeveloped to 2050 – stronger climate action would increase the share

0

400

800

1 200

1 600

2 000

Coal Oil Gas

If all proven reserveswere used

New Policies Scenario

Gt

450 Scenario

Additional emissions inNew Policies Scenario

– stronger climate action would increase the share

Page 14: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

A diverse portfolio matters in the power sector

Net revenues for new power plants by scenario, 2012‐2035

Under a 2 °C path, total net revenues for new power plants are $3 trillion higher –

2

4

6

8

Nuclear Fossil fuelsRenewables

New Policies Scenario

450 Scenario

Trilliondollars(2011)

CCS fitted

CCS is an effective protection strategy for fossil fuel assets

Page 15: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

Key messages

Despite encouraging steps in some countries, global emissions keep rising and the scientific evidence of climate change increases

Early national action is required while negotiating towards a global deal in Paris in 2015 that then comes into force by 2020

Four measures can stop emissions growth by 2020 and keep the 2°C target alive, without harming economic growth

There is a need for parallel action to deploy critical low‐carbon technologies at scale after 2020, including CCS

The energy sector must adapt to climate change, both in the resilience of its existing assets and in future investment decisions

Page 16: Bonn, 11 June 2013 · Redrawing the energy-climate map Author: IEA Created Date: 6/12/2013 10:14:33 AM

© OECD/IEA 2013 

www.worldenergyoutlook.org/energyclimatemap