bone & muscles dr. lubna nazli asst. prof. anatomy rak mhsu dt: 13/ 10/08
TRANSCRIPT
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BONE & MUSCLES
Dr. LUBNA NAZLIASST. PROF. ANATOMY
RAK MHSUDt: 13/ 10/08
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Objectives
• Features of bone
• Cells of bone
• Functions
• Classification of bone: Compact bone and Spongy bone
• Muscle
• Types of muscles.
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Features of bone
• Widely separated cells surrounded by large amounts of matrix containing collagen fibers and mineral salts (mainly calcium and phosphorus).
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Functions of bone
• support - for muscles, organs, and soft tissues
• leverage and movement - the synovial joints
• protection - for critical organs
• calcium phosphate storage - mineral balance
• hemopoiesis - formation of blood cells
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Bone cells
• Osteoblasts - bone forming cells - produce matrix
• Osteocytes - mature bone cells• Osteoclasts – phagocytic cells.
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Osteoblasts
• osteoblasts - these are the "bone forming cells" which secrete the collagen and ground substance that constitutes unmineralized bone (osteoid), and is responsible for calcification of the matrix.
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• Osteocytes are mature bone cells. Each osteocyte occupies a space, the lacuna, and is surrounded by matrix.
• Osteocytes extend processes through canaliculi to connect to neighboring cells.
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Osteoclasts
• Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells whose function is to resorb (reabsorb) bone.
• Osteoclasts dissolve the matrix and osteoid with acids and hydrolytic enzymes.
• Osteoclasts are phagocytic and are derived from monocytes.
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Osteons or Haversian system
• Osteons, or Haversian systems, are the units of structure in mature bone.
• They are tightly arranged running generally parallel to the long axis of the bone.
• At the center of each is an Haversian canal which carries blood vessels and nerves.
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• Canaliculi (small canals) connect the Haversian canals with lacunae containing the osteocytes.
• Osteocytes extend processes into the canaliculi and receive nutrients and get rid of wastes through the canaliculi.
• The lacunae and canaliculi form lamellae or layers of two types: concentric lamellae form circular rings around each Haversian canal, and interstitial lamellae, fill in the spaces between existing osteons.
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• Volkmann’s canals – channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal
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Bone or osseous tissue is found in two different forms:
• compact bone
• cancellous or spongy bone
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Compact Bone
• Compact bone is a very dense tissue forming the outer layer of all bones and the thickened shafts or diaphyses of long bones.
• In a microscopic view, compact bone always contains numerous osteons or Haversian Systems. Each consists of a central canal through which blood vessels and nerves pass. Surrounding this canal are multiple concentric lamellae or layers of bone.
• Haversian systems are only found in compact bone.
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Cancellous (Spongy) Bone
• One of the most obvious features of cancellous or spongy bone is the absence of Haversian Systems or Osteons.
• During bone formation, the first bone to form is always cancellous. Where compact bone is needed, cancellous bone forms first and later is remodeled into the denser, compact type.
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• Bones of the skeleton contain a combination of both types of bone tissue organization.
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MUSCLE TISSUE
• Made of elongated cells
• Found in muscles, heart and glands that contract
• Functions to produce movement.
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• There are three structurally and functionally distinct types of muscles.
• smooth muscle (involuntary, unstriated)
• skeletal muscle (voluntary, striated)
• cardiac muscle. (involuntary, striated)
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Smooth Muscle
• Smooth muscle consists of spindle shaped cells of variable size.
• Smooth muscle cells contain one centrally placed nucleus.The innervation of smooth muscle is provided by the autonomic nervous system.
• Smooth muscle makes up the visceral or involuntary muscle.
• Eg: walls of hollow organs.
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Skeletal Muscle
• Skeletal muscle consists of very long tubular cells (also called muscle fibres).
• Skeletal muscle fibres contain many peripherally placed nuclei.
• Skeletal muscle fibres show cross-striations. It is therefore also called striated muscle.
• Skeletal muscle is innervated by the somatic nervous system.
• Skeletal muscle makes up the voluntary muscle. • Eg: muscles that move the skeleton
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Cardiac Muscle
• Cardiac muscle consists of muscle cells with one centrally placed nucleus.
• Cardiac muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
• Cardiac muscle exhibits cross-striations. • Cells branch & joined by intercalated discs.• Cardiac muscle is for these reasons also called
involuntary striated muscle. • Eg: walls of the heart
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