bondpp

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AN INTRODUCTION TOAN INTRODUCTION TO

BONDINGBONDINGA guide for A level studentsA guide for A level students

KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING 20082008SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONS

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INTRODUCTION

This Powerpointsho is one of sever!l "rodu#ed to hel" students underst!ndsele#ted to"i#s !t AS !nd A2 level Che$istr%& It is '!sed on the re(uire$ents ofthe A)A !nd OCR s"e#ifi#!tions 'ut is suit!'le for other e*!$in!tion 'o!rds&

Individu!l students $!% use the $!teri!l !t ho$e for revision "ur"oses or it$!% 'e used for #l!ssroo$ te!#hing if !n inter!#tive hite 'o!rd is !v!il!'le&

A##o$"!n%ing notes on this+ !nd the full r!nge of AS !nd A2 to"i#s+ !re!v!il!'le fro$ the ,NOC,-ARD. SCIENCE /ESITE !t&&&

www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm

N!vig!tionis !#hieved '%&&&

either #li#1ing on the gre% !rros !t the foot of e!#h "!ge

or using the left !nd right !rro 1e%s on the 1e%'o!rd

ONDINONDIN

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CONTENTS

Introdu#tion

Che$i#!l !nd "h%si#!l 'onding

Ioni# 'onding

Cov!lent 'onding

Si$"le $ole#ules

3!n der /!!ls4 for#es

Ele#troneg!tivit% 5 di"ole6di"ole inter!#tion

-%drogen 'onding

Co6ordin!te 7d!tive #ov!lent 'onding

9ole#ul!r solids

Cov!lent netor1s

9et!lli# 'onding

ONDINONDIN

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STRUCTURE AND ONDINSTRUCTURE AND ONDIN

The "h%si#!l "ro"erties of ! su'st!n#e de"end on its stru#ture !nd t%"e of'onding "resent& onding deter$ines the t%"e of stru#ture&

!si# theor% the no'le g!ses 7-e+ Ne+ Ar+ ,r+ :e !nd Rn !re in rou" 3III the% !re !ll rel!tivel%+ or tot!ll%+ inert their ele#troni# stru#ture !""e!rs to #onfer st!'ilit%

the% h!ve ;ust filled their

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STRUCTURE AND ONDINSTRUCTURE AND ONDIN

The "h%si#!l "ro"erties of ! su'st!n#e de"end on its stru#ture !nd t%"eof 'onding "resent& onding deter$ines the t%"e of stru#ture&

T.PES OF OND

C-E9ICA= ionic (or electrovalent)

strong bonds covalent dative covalent (or co-ordinate)

metallic

P-.SICA= van der Waals forces - weakestweak bonds dipole-dipole interaction

hydrogen bonds - strongest

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IONICIONIC

ONDINONDIN

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T-E IONIC ONDT-E IONIC OND

Ioni# 'onds tend to 'e for$ed 'eteen ele$ents hose !to$s need to >lose?ele#trons to g!in the ne!rest no'le g!s ele#troni# #onfigur!tion 7n&g&e& !nd

those hi#h need to g!in ele#trons& The ele#trons !re tr!nsferredfro$ one!to$ to the other&

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those hi#h need to g!in ele#trons& The ele#trons !re tr!nsferredfro$ one!to$ to the other&Sodiu$ Chloride

N! @@ N!B B e !nd Cl B e @@ Cl s2 2s22"s s22s22" s22s22"s2"G s22s22"s2"

or 2+8+ 2+8 2+8+H 2+8+8

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those hi#h need to g!in ele#trons& The ele#trons !re tr!nsferredfro$ one!to$ to the other&Sodiu$ Chloride

N! @@ N!B B e !nd Cl B e @@ Cl s2 2s22"s s22s22" s22s22"s2"G s22s22"s2"

or 2+8+ 2+8 2+8+H 2+8+8

An ele#tron is tr!nsferred fro$ the s or'it!l of sodiu$ to the " or'it!l of#hlorine 'oth s"e#ies end u" ith the ele#troni# #onfigur!tion of the ne!restno'le g!s theresulting ions !re held together in ! #r%st!l l!tti#e '%ele#trost!ti# !ttr!#tion&

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E=ECTRON

TRANSFER

9g @@ 9g2B B 2e !nd 2Cl B 2e @@ 2 Cl

9g

Cl

Cl

e

e


FOR9ATION OF 9ANESIU9 C-=ORIDE

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Positive ions

!lso 1non !s #!tions the% !re s$!ller th!n the origin!l !to$&

for$ed hen ele#trons !re re$oved fro$ !to$s& the energ% !sso#i!ted ith the "ro#ess is 1non !s the ionis!tion energ%

st IONISATION ENER. 7stI&E&The energ% re(uired to re$ove one $ole of ele#trons 7to infinit% fro$ the one

$ole of g!seous !to$s to for$ one $ole of g!seous "ositive ions&

e.g. N!7g @@ N!B7g B e or 9g7g @@ 9gB7g B e

Other "ointsSu##essive IE4s get l!rger !s the "rotonJele#tron r!tio in#re!ses&

=!rge ;u$"s in v!lue o##ur hen ele#trons !re re$oved fro$ shells ne!rer thenu#leus 'e#!use there is less shielding !nd $ore energ% is re(uired toover#o$e the !ttr!#tion& If the I&E& v!lues !re ver% high+ #ov!lent 'onding ill'e f!voured 7e&g& 'er%lliu$&

T-E FOR9ATION OF IONST-E FOR9ATION OF IONS

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Neg!tive ions

1non !s !nions

!re l!rger th!n the origin!l !to$ due to ele#tron re"ulsion in outer shell for$ed hen ele#trons !re !dded to !to$s energ% is rele!sed !s the nu#leus "ulls in !n ele#tron this energ% is the ele#tron !ffinit%&

E=ECTRON AFFINIT.The energ% #h!nge hen one $ole of g!seous !to$s !#(uires one $ole ofele#trons 7fro$ infinit% to for$ one $ole of g!seous neg!tive ion

e&g& Cl7g B e @@ Cl7g !nd O7g B e @@ O7g

The gre!ter the effe#tive nu#le!r #h!rge 7E&N&C& the e!sier !n ele#tron is"ulled in&

T-E FOR9ATION OF IONST-E FOR9ATION OF IONS

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IONIC

ONDIN

Ani$!tions

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SODIU9 C-=ORIDESODIU9 C-=ORIDE

Cl

SODIU9 ATO92+8+

N!

C-=ORINE ATO92+8+H

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Cl

SODIU9 ION2+8

N!

C-=ORIDE ION2+8+8

'oth s"e#ies no h!ve

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Cl

SODIU9 ION2+8

N!

C-=ORIDE ION2+8+8

N! N!B B e2+8+ 2+8

E=ECTRON TRANSFERRED

Cl B e Cl

2+8+H 2+8+8

B

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9ANESIU9 C-=ORIDE9ANESIU9 C-=ORIDE

Cl

9ANESIU9 ATO92+8+2

9gC-=ORINE ATO9S

2+8+H

Cl

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9ANESIU9 C-=ORIDE9ANESIU9 C-=ORIDE

Cl

9ANESIU9 ION2+8

9gC-=ORIDE IONS

2+8+8

Cl

2B

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IANT IONIC CR.STA= =ATTICEIANT IONIC CR.STA= =ATTICE

Cl-

Chloride ion

Na

Sodiu$ ion

O""ositel% #h!rged ions held in ! regul!r6di$ension!l l!tti#e '% ele#trost!ti# !ttr!#tion

The !rr!nge$ent of ions in ! #r%st!l l!tti#e de"ends on the rel!tive siKes of the ions

The N!Bion is s$!ll enough rel!tive to ! Cl ion to fit in thes"!#es so th!t 'oth ions o##ur in ever% "l!ne&

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E!#h N!Bis surrounded '% Cl 7#o6ordin!tion nu$'er L

!nd e!#h Cl is surrounded '% N!B7#o6ordin!tion nu$'er L &



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E!#h N!Bis surrounded '% Cl 7#o6ordin!tion nu$'er L

!nd e!#h Cl is surrounded '% N!B7#o6ordin!tion nu$'er L &



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Ph%si#!l "ro"erties of ioni# #o$"oundsPh%si#!l "ro"erties of ioni# #o$"ounds

9elting "ointver% high A l!rge !$ount of energ% $ust 'e "ut in to over#o$e the

strong ele#trost!ti# !ttr!#tions !nd se"!r!te the ions&

Strength3er% 'rittle An% dislo#!tion le!ds to the l!%ers $oving !nd si$il!r

ions 'eing !d;!#ent& The re"ulsion s"lits the #r%st!l&

Ele#tri#!l don4t #ondu#t hen solid 6 ions held strongl% in the l!tti#e#ondu#t hen $olten or in !(ueous solution 6 the ions'e#o$e $o'ile !nd #ondu#tion t!1es "l!#e&

Solu'ilit% Insolu'le in non6"ol!r solvents 'ut solu'le in !ter/!ter is ! "ol!r solvent !nd st!'ilises the se"!r!ted ions&

9u#h energ% is needed to over#o$e the ele#trost!ti# !ttr!#tion !nd se"!r!tethe ions st!'ilit% !tt!ined '% 'eing surrounded '% "ol!r !ter $ole#ules#o$"ens!tes for this

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IONIC ONDINIONIC ONDIN

RITT=E IONIC =ATTICES

+ +

+ ++ +

+ +

- -

- -

- -

- -

+ +

+ +

IF .OU 9O3E A =A.ER OF IONS+ .OU ET IONS OF T-E SA9EC-ARE NE:T TO EAC- OT-ER& T-E =A.ERS REPE= EAC-

OT-ER AND T-E CR.STA= REA,S UP&

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IONIC CO9POUNDS 6 E=ECTRICA= PROPERTIES

SO=ID IONICCO9POUNDS DONOTCONDUCTE=ECTRICIT.

N!B

Cl6 N!B

Cl6

N!BCl6N!B Cl6

N!BCl6 N!BCl6

IONS ARE -E=D STRON=. TOET-ER

B IONS CAN4T 9O3E TO T-E CAT-ODE

6 IONS CAN4T 9O3E TO T-E ANODE

9O=TEN IONICCO9POUNDS DO

CONDUCTE=ECTRICIT.

N!B Cl6

N!B

Cl6N!B

Cl6

N!B

Cl6

IONS -A3E 9ORE FREEDO9 IN A=I)UID SO CAN 9O3E TO T-EE=ECTRODES

SO=UTIONS OF IONICCO9POUNDS IN

/ATER DO CONDUCTE=ECTRICIT.

DISSO=3IN AN IONIC CO9POUNDIN /ATER REA,S UP T-ESTRUCTURE SO IONS ARE FREE TO9O3E TO T-E E=ECTRODES

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CO3A=ENTCO3A=ENT

ONDINONDIN

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Definition #onsists of ! sh!red "!ir of ele#tronsith one ele#tron'eing

su""lied '% e!#h !to$either side of the 'ondo$"!re this ith d!tive #ov!lent 'onding

!to$s !re held together'e#!use their nu#lei hi#hh!ve !n over!ll "ositive #h!rge

!re !ttr!#ted to the sh!red ele#trons

CO3A=ENT ONDINCO3A=ENT ONDIN

B B

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Definition #onsists of ! sh!red "!ir of ele#tronsith one ele#tron'eing

su""lied '% e!#h !to$either side of the 'ondo$"!re this ith d!tive #ov!lent 'onding

!to$s !re held together'e#!use their nu#lei hi#hh!ve !n over!ll "ositive #h!rge

!re !ttr!#ted to the sh!red ele#trons

For$!tion 'eteen !to$s of the s!$e ele$ent N2+ O2+ di!$ond+

gr!"hite

'eteen !to$s of different ele$ents CO2+ SO

2on the R-S of the t!'le

hen one of the ele$ents is in the CClM+ SiClM$iddle of the t!'le

ith he!d6of6the6grou" ele$ents eCl2ith hi h ionis!tion ener ies


B B

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!to$s sh!re ele#trons to get the ne!rest no'le g!s ele#troni# #onfigur!tion

so$e don4t !#hieve !n >o#tet? !s the% h!ven4t got enough ele#trons eg Al in AlCl

others sh!re onl% so$e 6 if the% sh!re !ll the% ill e*#eed their >o#tet?

eg N-!nd -2O

!to$s of ele$ents in the rd "eriod on!rds #!n e*#eed their >o#tet? if the% ish !s the% !re not restri#ted to eight ele#trons in their >outer shell? eg PClG!nd SF


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Or'it!l theor%Cov!lent 'onds !re for$ed hen or'it!ls+ e!#h #ont!ining one ele#tron+

overl!"& This for$s ! region in s"!#e here !n ele#tron "!ir #!n 'e foundne $ole#ul!r or'it!ls !re for$ed&

SI9P=E 9O=ECU=ESSI9P=E 9O=ECU=ES

The gre!ter the overl!" the stronger the 'ond&

or'it!l#ont!ining

ele#tron

or'it!l#ont!ining

ele#tron

overl!" of or'it!ls "rovides! region in s"!#e hi#h #!n#ont!in ! "!ir of ele#trons

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-.DROEN-.DROEN

- -

Another h%drogen !to$!lso needs one ele#tron to

#o$"lete its outer shell

-%drogen !to$ needsone ele#tron to

#o$"lete its outer shell

!to$s sh!re ! "!ir of ele#trons tofor$ ! single #ov!lent 'ond

A h%drogen 9O=ECU=Eis for$ed

- -

--

/A.S TO REPRESENT T-E 9O=ECU=E

PRESSIN T-E SPACE AR /I== ACTI3ATE EAC- STEP OF T-E ANI9ATION

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-.DROEN C-=ORIDE-.DROEN C-=ORIDE

Cl -

-%drogen !to$ !lsoneeds one ele#tron

to #o$"lete its outershell

Chlorine !to$needs one ele#tron

to #o$"lete itsouter shell

!to$s sh!re ! "!ir ofele#trons to for$ !

single #ov!lent 'ond

- Cl- Cl

/A.S TO REPRESENT T-E 9O=ECU=E


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9ET-ANE9ET-ANE

C

E!#h h%drogen!to$ needs

ele#tron to#o$"lete its

outer shell

A #!r'on !to$ needs M

ele#trons to #o$"leteits outer shell

C!r'on sh!res !ll M of

its ele#trons to for$ Msingle #ov!lent 'onds

-

-

-

-

- C -

-

-

- C --

-

/A.S TO REPRESENTT-E 9O=ECU=E


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A99ONIAA99ONIA

NE!#h h%drogen!to$ needs

one ele#tron to

#o$"lete itsouter shell

Nitrogen !to$ needs ele#tronsto #o$"lete its outer shell

Nitrogen #!n onl% sh!re of itsG ele#trons otherise it ille*#eed the $!*i$u$ of 8

A =ONE PAIR RE9AINSA =ONE PAIR RE9AINS

-

-

-

- N --

- N -

-



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/ATER/ATER

OE!#h h%drogen

!to$ needsone ele#tron to

#o$"lete itsouter shell

O*%gen !to$ needs 2 ele#tronsto #o$"lete its outer shell

O*%gen #!n onl% sh!re 2 of its ele#trons otherise it ill

e*#eed the $!*i$u$ of 82 =ONE PAIRS RE9AIN2 =ONE PAIRS RE9AIN

-

-

- O-

- O

-



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-.DROEN-.DROEN

-

- -

- - -

- -

'oth !to$s need one ele#tronto #o$"lete their outer shell

!to$s sh!re ! "!ir of ele#tronsto for$ ! single #ov!lent 'ond

DOT AND

CROSSDIARA9

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9ET-ANE9ET-ANE

C- -

- -

C

-

-

-

-

- C --

-

- C --

-

e!#h !to$ needs oneele#tron to #o$"lete

its outer shell

!to$ needs fourele#trons to #o$"lete

its outer shell

C!r'on sh!res !ll M of itsele#trons to for$ M single

#ov!lent 'onds

DOT ANDCROSS

DIARA9

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A99ONIAA99ONIA

N- -

-

N

-

- -

- N -

-

- N -

-


its outer shell

!to$ needs threeele#trons to #o$"lete

its outer shell

Nitrogen #!n onl% sh!re ofits G ele#trons otherise it ill

e*#eed the $!*i$u$ of 8

A =ONE PAIR RE9AINSA =ONE PAIR RE9AINS

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/ATER/ATER

O-

- O

-

-


its outer shell

!to$ needs toele#trons to #o$"lete

its outer shell

O*%gen #!n onl% sh!re 2 of its ele#trons otherise it ille*#eed the $!*i$u$ of 8

T/O =ONE PAIRS RE9AINT/O =ONE PAIRS RE9AIN

- O

-

- O

-

O

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O:.ENO:.EN

O

e!#h !to$ needs to ele#tronsto #o$"lete its outer shell

e!#h o*%gen sh!res 2 of itsele#trons to for$ !

DOU=E CO3A=ENT OND

O O O

O O

SI9P=E CO3A=ENT 9O=ECU=ESSI9P=E CO3A=ENT 9O=ECU=ES

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onding Ato$s !re ;oined together ithin the $ole#ule '% #ov!lent 'onds&

Ele#tri#!l Don4t #ondu#t ele#tri#it% !s the% h!ve no $o'ile ions or ele#trons

Solu'ilit% Tend to 'e $ore solu'le in org!ni# solvents th!n in !ter

so$e !re h%drol%sed

oiling "oint =o 6 inter$ole#ul!r for#es 7v!n der /!!ls4 for#es !re e!1 the% in#re!se !s $ole#ules get ! l!rger surf!#e !re!

e&g& C-M 6C C2- 6 88C C-8 6M2C

!s the inter$ole#ul!r for#es !re e!1+ little energ% is re(uired toto se"!r!te $ole#ules fro$ e!#h other so 'oiling "oints !re lo

so$e 'oiling "oints !re higher th!n e*"e#ted for ! given $!ss'e#!use %ou #!n get !ddition!l for#es of !ttr!#tion

SI9P=E CO3A=ENT 9O=ECU=ESSI9P=E CO3A=ENT 9O=ECU=ES

3AN DER /AA=S4 FORCES3AN DER /AA=S4 FORCES

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Although the 'onding ithin $ole#ules is strong+ th!t 'eteen $ole#ules is e!1&9ole#ules !nd $on!to$i# no'le g!ses !re su';e#t to e!1 !ttr!#tive for#es&

Inst!nt!neous di"ole6indu#ed di"ole for#ese#!use ele#trons $ove (ui#1l% in or'it!ls+ their "osition is#onst!ntl% #h!nging !t !n% given inst!nt the% #ould 'e !n%herein !n !to$& The "ossi'ilit% ill e*ist th!t one side ill h!ve $oreele#trons th!n the other& This ill give rise to ! di"ole&&&

3AN DER /AA=S4 FORCES3AN DER /AA=S4 FORCESINSTANTANEOUS DIPO=E6INDUCED DIPO=E FORCES


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Although the 'onding ithin $ole#ules is strong+ th!t 'eteen $ole#ules is e!1&9ole#ules !nd $on!to$i# no'le g!ses !re su';e#t to e!1 !ttr!#tive for#es&

Inst!nt!neous di"ole6indu#ed di"ole for#ese#!use ele#trons $ove (ui#1l% in or'it!ls+ their "osition is#onst!ntl% #h!nging !t !n% given inst!nt the% #ould 'e !n%herein !n !to$& The "ossi'ilit% ill e*ist th!t one side ill h!ve $oreele#trons th!n the other& This ill give rise to ! di"ole&&&

The di"ole on one !to$ indu#es di"oles on ne!r'% !to$s

Ato$s !re no !ttr!#ted to e!#h other '% ! e!1 for#es

The gre!ter the nu$'er of ele#trons+ the stronger the !ttr!#tion!nd the gre!ter the energ% needed to se"!r!te the "!rti#les&



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Although the 'onding ithin $ole#ules is strong+ 'eteen $ole#ules it ise!1& 9ole#ules !nd $on!to$i# g!ses !re su';e#t to e!1 !ttr!#tive for#es&

Inst!nt!neous di"ole6indu#ed di"ole for#esEle#trons $ove (ui#1l% in or'it!ls+ so their "osition is#onst!ntl% #h!nging !t !n% given ti$e the% #ould 'eAn%here in !n !to$& The "ossi'ilit% e*ists th!t one side h!s9ore ele#trons th!n the other& This ill give rise to ! di"ole&&&

The di"ole on one !to$ indu#es di"oles on others

Ato$s !re no !ttr!#ted to e!#h other '% ! e!1 for#es

The gre!ter the nu$'er of ele#trons+ the stronger the !ttr!#tion

!nd the gre!ter the energ% needed to se"!r!te the "!rti#les&

NO=E ASES A=,ANES

Ele#trons "t& Ele#trons "t&-e 2 62C C-M 0 6C

Ne 0 62MC C2- 8 6 88C

Ar 8 68C C-8 2 6 M2C,r 6G2C


E=ECTRONEATI3IT.E=ECTRONEATI3IT.

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O##urren#e o##urs 'eteen $ole#ules #ont!ining "ol!r 'onds!#ts in !ddition to the '!si# v!n der /!!ls4 for#esthe e*tr! !ttr!#tion 'eteen di"oles $e!ns th!t$ore energ% $ust 'e "ut in to se"!r!te $ole#ulesget higher 'oiling "oints th!n e*"e#ted for ! given $!ss

DIPO=E6DIPO=E INTERACTIONDIPO=E6DIPO=E INTERACTION

9r C

C-M 6

Si-M 2 6He-M HH 60

Sn-M 2 6G0

N- H 6

P- M 60

As-

H8 6GG

S'- 2G 6H

9r C

-2O 8 B00

-2S M 6-2Se 8 6M0

-2Te 0 62

-F 20 B20

-Cl &G 68G

-r 8 6

-I 28 6G

oiling "ointsof h%drides

PO=AR 9O=ECU=ESPO=AR 9O=ECU=ES

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O##urren#e not !ll $ole#ules #ont!ining "ol!r 'onds !re "ol!r over!llif 'ond di"oles

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Eviden#e "l!#e ! li(uid in ! 'urette!llo it to run out"l!#e ! #h!rged rod !longside the stre!$ of li(uid"ol!r $ole#ules !re !ttr!#ted '% ele#trost!ti# !ttr!#tionnon6"ol!r $ole#ules ill 'e un!ffe#ted

PO=AR 9O=ECU=ESPO=AR 9O=ECU=ES

NET DIPO=E 6 PO=AR NON6PO=AR

OI=IN POINTS OF -.DRIDESOI=IN POINTS OF -.DRIDES

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9r CC-M 6

Si-M 2 6H

e-M HH 60

Sn-M 2 6G0

N- H 6

P- M 60

As- H8 6GG

S'- 2G 6H

9r C-2O 8 B00

-2S M 6

-2Se 8 6M0

-2Te 0 62

-F 20 B20-Cl &G 68G-r 8 6-I 28 6G

ROUPI3

ROUP3

ROUP3I

ROUP3II

The v!lues of #ert!in h%drides !re nott%"i#!l of the trend %ou ould e*"e#t


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9r

0OI=IN2

POINTQC

00

0

60

M0G0 00

The 'oiling "oints of the h%dridesin#re!se ith $ole#ul!r $!ss& C-Mh!s the loest 'oiling "oint !s itis the s$!llest $ole#ule&

C-M

Si-M

e-M

P'-M

=!rger $ole#ules h!ve gre!terinter$ole#ul!r for#es !ndtherefore higher 'oiling "oints

ROUP I3


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9r

0OI=IN2

POINTQC

00

0

60

M0G0 00

N-h!s ! higher 'oiling "oint

th!n e*"e#ted for its $ole#ul!r$!ss& There $ust 'e !n!ddition!l inter$ole#ul!r for#e&

N-

ROUP 3


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9r

0OI=IN2

POINTQC

00

0

60

M0G0 00

-2O h!s ! ver% $u#h higher

'oiling "oint for its $ole#ul!r$!ss& There $ust 'e !n!ddition!l inter$ole#ul!r for#e&

-2O

ROUP 3I


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9r

0OI=IN2

POINTQC

00

0

60

M0G0 00

-F h!s ! higher 'oiling "ointth!n e*"e#ted for its $ole#ul!r$!ss& There $ust 'e !n!ddition!l inter$ole#ul!r for#e&

-F

ROUP 3II


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ROUP I3ROUP 3

ROUP 3I

ROUP 3II

9r

0OI=IN2

POINTQC

00

0

60

M0G0 00

-2O

-F

N-

The higher th!n e*"e#ted 'oiling"oints of N-+ -2O !nd -F !re due tointer$ole#ul!r -.DROEN ONDIN


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9r

0OI=IN2

POINTQC

00

0

60

M0G0 00

ROUP I3ROUP 3

ROUP 3I

ROUP 3II

-.DROEN ONDIN-.DROEN ONDIN

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!n e*tension of di"ole6di"ole inter!#tion

gives rise to even higher 'oiling "oints

'onds 'eteen - !nd the three $ost ele#troneg!tive ele$ents+ F+ O !nd N !re e*tre$el% "ol!r

'e#!use of the s$!ll siKes of -+ F+ N !nd O the "!rti!l #h!rges !re

#on#entr!ted in ! s$!ll volu$e thus le!ding to ! high #h!rge densit%

$!1es the inter$ole#ul!r !ttr!#tions gre!ter !nd le!ds to even higher 'oiling "oints

-.DROEN ONDIN-.DROEN ONDIN

-.DROEN ONDIN 6-.DROEN ONDIN 6 ICEICE

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-.DROEN ONDIN -.DROEN ONDIN ICEICE

e!#h !ter $ole#ule is h%drogen6'onded to Mothers in ! tetr!hedr!l for$!tion

i#e h!s ! >di!$ond6li1e? stru#ture

volu$e is l!rger th!n the li(uid $!1ing it

hen i#e $elts+ the stru#ture #oll!"sesslightl% !nd the $ole#ules #o$e #loser the%then $ove ! little further !"!rt !s the% get$ore energ% !s the% !r$ u"

this is h%

! !ter h!s ! $!*i$u$ densit% !t MC' i#e flo!ts&

h%drogen 'onding

lone "!ir

-.DROEN ONDIN 6-.DROEN ONDIN 6 ICEICE

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-.DROEN ONDIN -.DROEN ONDIN ICEICE

h%drogen'onding

-.DROEN ONDIN 6-.DROEN ONDIN 6 -F-F

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-.DROEN ONDIN -.DROEN ONDIN -F-F

-%drogen fluoride h!s ! $u#h higher 'oiling "oint th!n oneould e*"e#t for ! $ole#ule ith ! rel!tive $ole#ul!r $!ss of 20

Fluorine h!s the highest ele#troneg!tivit% of !ll !nd is ! s$!ll!to$ so the 'onding ith h%drogen is e*tre$el% "ol!r

F-

F-

-

F

-

F

B

B

B

B

h%drogen 'onding

DATI3E CO3A=ENT 7CO6ORDINATE ONDINDATI3E CO3A=ENT 7CO6ORDINATE ONDIN

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A d!tive #ov!lent 'ond differs fro$ #ov!lent 'ond onl% in its for$!tion

oth ele#trons of the sh!red "!ir !re "rovided '% one s"e#ies7donor !nd it

sh!res the ele#trons ith the !##e"tor

Donor s"e#ies ill h!ve lone "!irs in their outer shells

A##e"tor s"e#ies ill 'e short of their >o#tet? or $!*i$u$&

=eis '!se ! lone "!ir donor=eis !#id ! lone "!ir !##e"tor

DATI3E CO3A=ENT 7CO ORDINATE ONDINDATI3E CO3A=ENT 7CO ORDINATE ONDIN

A$$oniu$ ion+ N-MB

The lone "!ir on N is used to sh!re

ith the h%drogen ion hi#h needsto ele#trons to fill its outer shell&

The N no h!s ! Bive #h!rge !s6 it is no sh!ring r!ther th!noning to ele#trons&

oron trifluoride !$$oni! N- F

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oron trifluoride6!$$oni! N-F

oron h!s !n in#o$"lete shell in F!nd #!n !##e"t ! sh!re of ! "!ir of

ele#trons don!ted '% !$$oni!& The 'e#o$es 6ive !s it is no sh!res !

"!ir of ele#trons 7i&e& it is u" one ele#tron it didn4t h!ve 'efore&

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9O=ECU=AR9O=ECU=AR

SO=IDSSO=IDS

9O=ECU=AR SO=IDS9O=ECU=AR SO=IDS

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IODINEAt roo$ te$"er!ture !nd "ressure+ iodine is ! gre%ish solid& -oever it

doesn4t need to 'e !r$ed $u#h in order to "rodu#e ! "ur"le v!"our&This is 'e#!use iodine is #o$"osed of di!to$i# $ole#ules 7I2 hi#h

e*ist in !n ordered $ole#ul!r #r%st!l in the solid st!te& E!#h $ole#ule isinde"endent of the others+ onl% 'eing !ttr!#ted '% v!n der /!!ls4 for#es&Therefore+ little energ% is re(uired to se"!r!te the iodine $ole#ules&

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CO3A=ENT NET/OR,SCO3A=ENT NET/OR,S

IANT 9O=ECU=ESIANT 9O=ECU=ES

9ACRO9O=ECU=ES9ACRO9O=ECU=ES

The% !ll $e!n the s!$eThe% !ll $e!n the s!$e

IANT 79ACRO 9O=ECU=ESIANT 79ACRO 9O=ECU=ES

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DIA9OND+ RAP-ITE !nd SI=ICA

9!n% !to$s ;oined together in ! regul!r !rr!%

'% ! l!rge nu$'er of #ov!lent 'onds

ENERA= PROPERTIES

9E=TIN POINT 3er% high

stru#ture is $!de u" of ! l!rge nu$'er of #ov!lent 'onds+!ll of hi#h need to 'e 'ro1en if !to$s !re to 'e se"!r!ted

E=ECTRICA= Don4t #ondu#t ele#tri#it% 6 h!ve no $o'ile ions or ele#trons'ut&&& r!"hite #ondu#ts ele#tri#it%

STRENT- -!rd 6 e*ists in ! rigid tetr!hedr!l stru#tureDi!$ond !nd sili#! 7SiO2&&& b!t

r!"hite is soft

7 7


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7 7

DIA9OND

9E=TIN POINT 3ER. -I-

$!n% #ov!lent 'onds $ust 'e 'ro1en to se"!r!te !to$s

STRENT- STRONe!#h #!r'on is ;oined to four others in ! rigid stru#tureCoordin!tion Nu$'er L M

E=ECTRICA= NON6CONDUCTORNo free ele#trons 6 !ll M #!r'on ele#trons used for 'onding


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7 7

RAP-ITE



STRENT- SOFTe!#h #!r'on is ;oined to three others in ! l!%ered stru#tureCoordin!tion Nu$'er L l!%ers !re held '% e!1 v!n der /!!ls4 for#es

#!n slide over e!#h other

E=ECTRICA= CONDUCTOROnl% three #!r'on ele#trons !re used for 'onding hi#hle!ves the fourth to $ove freel% !long l!%ers

l!%ers #!n slide over e!#h otherused !s ! lu'ri#!nt !nd in "en#ils


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7

DIA9ONDDIA9OND RAP-ITERAP-ITE


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7

SI=ICA



STRENT- STRONe!#h sili#on !to$ is ;oined to four o*%gens 6 C No& L Me!#h o*%gen !to$ !re ;oined to to sili#ons 6 C No L 2

E=ECTRICA= NON6CONDUCTOR 6 no $o'ile ele#trons

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9ETA==IC9ETA==ICONDINONDIN

9ETA==IC ONDIN9ETA==IC ONDIN

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Involves ! l!tti#e of "ositive ions surrounded '% delo#!lised ele#trons

9et!l !to$s !#hieve st!'ilit% '% >off6lo!ding? ele#trons to !tt!in the

ele#troni# stru#ture of the ne!rest no'le g!s& These ele#trons ;oin u" tofor$ ! $o'ile #loud hi#h "revents the nel%6for$ed "ositive ions fro$fl%ing !"!rt due to re"ulsion 'eteen si$il!r #h!rges&


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Ato$s !rr!nge in regul!r #lose"!#1ed 6di$ension!l #r%st!l l!tti#es&


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Ato$s !rr!nge in regul!r #lose"!#1ed 6di$ension!l #r%st!l l!tti#es&

The outer shell ele#trons of e!#h !to$le!ve to ;oin ! $o'ile >#loud? or >se!? ofele#trons hi#h #!n ro!$ throughout the$et!l& The ele#tron #loud 'inds the nel%6for$ed "ositive ions together&

9ETA==IC OND STRENT-9ETA==IC OND STRENT-

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De"ends on the nu$'er of outer ele#trons don!tedto the #loud !nd the siKe of the $et!l !to$Qion&

The strength of the $et!lli# 'onding insodiu$ is rel!tivel% e!1 'e#!use e!#h!to$ don!tes one ele#tron to the #loud&

N!


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The $et!lli# 'onding in "ot!ssiu$ is

e!1er th!n in sodiu$ 'e#!use theresulting ion is l!rger !nd the ele#tron#loud h!s ! 'igger volu$e to #over sois less effe#tive !t holding the ionstogether&

N!

,


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The $et!lli# 'onding in "ot!ssiu$ is

e!1er th!n in sodiu$ 'e#!use theresulting ion is l!rger !nd the ele#tron#loud h!s ! 'igger volu$e to #over sois less effe#tive !t holding the ionstogether&

The $et!lli# 'onding in $!gnesiu$ isstronger th!n in sodiu$ 'e#!use e!#h!to$ h!s don!ted to ele#trons to the#loud& The gre!ter the ele#tron densit%holds the ions together $ore strongl%&

N!

9g

,

9ETA==IC PROPERTIES9ETA==IC PROPERTIES

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9OI=E E=ECTRON C=OUD A==O/S T-E CONDUCTION OF E=ECTRICIT.

For ! su'st!n#e to #ondu#t ele#tri#it% it $ust h!ve $o'ile ions or ele#trons&

e#!use the E=ECTRON C=OUD IS 9OI=E+ ele#trons !re free to $ovethroughout its stru#ture& Ele#trons !ttr!#ted to the "ositive end !re re"l!#ed'% those entering fro$ the neg!tive end&

9et!ls !re e*#ellent #ondu#tors of ele#tri#it%


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"#$$%#&$% C#N &% '#""%% *N+, '%%+

C+*$% C#N &% #WN *N+, , #N W*%

As the $et!l is 'e!ten into !nother sh!"e the delo#!lisedele#tron #loud #ontinues to 'ind the >ions? together&

So$e $et!ls+ su#h !s gold+ #!n 'e h!$$ered into sheets thinenough to 'e tr!nslu#ent&

9et!ls #!n h!ve their sh!"es #h!nged rel!tivel% e!sil%


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-I- 9E=TIN POINTS

9elting "oint is ! $e!sure of ho e!s% it is to se"!r!te individu!l "!rti#les&

In $et!ls it is ! $e!sure of ho strong the ele#tron #loud holds the B ions&

The e!se of se"!r!tion of ions de"ends on the&&&

E=ECTRON DENSIT. OF T-E C=OUD

IONIC Q ATO9IC SIE

PERIODS N! 72+8+ 9g 72+8+2 Al 72+8+

$&"t 8C G0C GC

'&"t 80C 0C 2MH0C

N!B

AlB

9g2B

9E=TIN POINT INCREASES ACROSS T-E PERIOD

T-E E=ECTRON C=OUD DENSIT. INCREASES DUE TO T-E REATERNU9ER OF E=ECTRONS DONATED PER ATO9& AS A RESU=T T-EIONS ARE -E=D 9ORE STRON=.&


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-I- 9E=TIN POINTS

9elting "oint is ! $e!sure of ho e!s% it is to se"!r!te individu!l "!rti#les&

In $et!ls it is ! $e!sure of ho strong the ele#tron #loud holds the B ions&

The e!se of se"!r!tion of ions de"ends on the&&&

E=ECTRON DENSIT. OF T-E C=OUD

IONIC Q ATO9IC SIE

ROUPS =i 72+ N! 72+8+ , 72+8+8+

$&"t 8C 8C C

'&"t C 80C HHMC

9E=TIN POINT INCREASES DO/N A ROUP

IONIC RADIUS INCREASES DO/N T-E ROUP& AS T-E IONS ETIER T-E E=ECTRON C=OUD ECO9ES =ESS EFFECTI3E-O=DIN T-E9 TOET-ER SO T-E. ARE EASIER TO SEPARATE&

N!B

,B=iB

RE3ISION C-EC,RE3ISION C-EC,

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What sho!ld yo! be able to do/

Re#!llthe different types of physical and chemical bonding

Underst!ndhow ionic0 covalent0 dative covalent and metallic bonding arise

Re#!llthe different forms of covalent str!ct!res

Underst!nd how the physical properties depend on str!ct!re and bonding

Underst!nd how different types of physical bond have different strengthsRe#!ll !nd e*"l!inthe variation in the boiling points of hydrides

!l!n#e ionic e1!ations

Constru#tdiagrams to represent covalent bonding

C#N 2, , #$$ ,3 +'%%/C#N 2, , #$$ ,3 +'%%/ .ES.ES NONO

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.ou need to go over the.ou need to go over therelev!nt to"i#7s !g!inrelev!nt to"i#7s !g!in

Cli#1 on the 'utton toCli#1 on the 'utton to

return to the $enureturn to the $enu

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/E== DONE/E== DONETr% so$e "!st "!"er (uestionsTr% so$e "!st "!"er (uestions

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AN INTRODUCTION TOAN INTRODUCTION TO

BONDINGBONDINGT-E ENDT-E END

bondpp

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