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Survey of the impact of enhanced natural radioactivity on human and natural environmentSurvey of the impact of enhanced natural radioactivity on human and natural environment

The NORM/TENORM waste disposal – an assessment of existing technologies in accordance with radiationexisting technologies in accordance with radiation

protection regulations

Bogusław MICHALIKBogusław MICHALIKBogusław MICHALIKBogusław MICHALIK

The possibility of control of radioactive contamination, caused by radium-bearing mine water is determined by the means of theirradium bearing mine water is determined by the means of their formation and location of the contaminated sites. In general, the pollution due to presence of radium deposits can be splitted into four main (typical) categories:p ( yp ) g

Contamination of river beds and banks.

Pollution of mine water settling ponds on surface.

Sediments in pipelines – under and above the ground.

S Sediments in underground mine galleries.

In all of the cases, the best solution is the removal of the contaminant. a o t e cases, t e best so ut o s t e e o a o t e co ta a t

Always a problem is the further treatment of the waste material.

Due to lack of the proper regulations, related to the radiation protection requirements and the ultimate waste disposal, it leads

to the situation that practically no legally based practices areto the situation, that practically no legally based practices are available.

Another option is to leave deposits untouched, where these waste were created and apply measures to reduce their pp y

influence on the surrounding area or make the remediation.

Possiblities of remediation of polluted Possiblities of remediation of polluted sites sites

•• phytostabilizationphytostabilization, , h t t tih t t ti

•• Conventional Conventional methodsmethods •• phytoextraction phytoextraction

(not very efficient) (not very efficient)

methods methods ((expensive and longexpensive and long--termterm)) versus

As a result of any of mentioned above measures, at least significant part of As a result of any of mentioned above measures, at least significant part of sediments will be left at site …sediments will be left at site …

Available treatment methods for deposits, containing enhanced concentrations ofcontaining enhanced concentrations of

radium

• Classification as radiactive deposits and pfurther treatment accordingly to regulations at radiactive waste disposal,g p ,

• Disposal in specially chosen or prepared underground galleriesunderground galleries,

• Dilution in waste materials with low concentration of nat ral radion clidesconcentration of natural radionuclides.

Disposal in underground galleriesDisposal in underground galleries

• No contact with the natural environment (surface), • Limited contact with workers and no contact with

other persons,• Very low influence on the underground aquifersVery low influence on the underground aquifers

(low values of leaching coefficient),• Possibility to use technical infrastructure in mines• Possibility to use technical infrastructure in mines

(additional dilution in backfilling materials), Rather high natural background” in mines where• Rather high „natural background” in mines, where radium-bearing waters are occurring.

Results of experiments of radium leaching from deposits

NuclideInitial concentration

[Bq/kg]Leaching coefficient Remnants

[%]BCR 1 BCR 2 BCR 3< 2 mm< 2 mm

226Ra 6531 0,8 5 7,2 87228Ra 8890 < 0,9 < 1,6 4,6 > 93224R 9495 0 7 1 2 8 5 > 90224Ra 9495 < 0,7 < 1,2 8,5 > 90

< 2 mm

226Ra 5067 3,3 8,5 12,3 76228R 6147 1 8 2 2 10 > 86228Ra 6147 < 1,8 2,2 10 > 86224Ra 6813 < 1,4 < 1 12 > 86

< 2 mm

226R 40 409 0 7 0 3 0 4 98 6226Ra 40 409 0,7 0,3 0,4 98,6228Ra 26 322 < 0,3 < 0,4 0,3 > 99224Ra 21 336 < 0,3 < 0,4 0,3 > 99

< 2 mm

226Ra 101 072 0,1 0,03 0,1 99,8228Ra 64 780 < 0,2 < 0,1 0,1 > 99224Ra 63 348 < 0,2 < 0,1 < 0,1 > 99

Dilution in exploited material /waste rocks/

• Possibility to apply the infrastructure of the processing plantsprocessing plants

• Ultimate removal of deposits/wastep

Ri k• Risky: Non-homogenuous concentration in the g

product after the processing = (possibility of coal contamination)of coal contamination)

Amounts of waste materials in the coal mine accordingly to its classification

Year

Productivity [t]

brutto nettoPost-scrubber waste (kod:

Post-flotation waste

Sediments from water galleries

Total(010202(

010102) (kod: 010481)g

(kod: 190899)(

+ 010481)

2004 bd. bd. bd. bd. 2466 bd.

2005 6 895 262 3 674 000 3 050 585 170 677 1740 3 221 262

2006 6 760 336 3 703 900 2 894 547 161 889 1620 3 056 436

2007 7 056 571 3 737 600 3 163 933 155 038 3668 3 318 971

Description statistic of the waste material from the period 1990–2007

Sediments from water galleries (kod: 190899)

Other waste materials (kody: 010202 + 010481)

Statistical parameters

190899) 010481)226Ra 228Ra 224Ra 226Ra 228Ra 224Ra

Bq/kgAverage 705,6 364,4 184,5 79,7 73,1 62,9

Median 409,0 246,0 105,0 73,0 79,0 65,0

Standard deviation 1315,8 483,1 277,3 38,1 27,0 24,1

Mi i 21 2 19 0 13 0 24 10 10Minimum 21,2 19,0 13,0 24 10 10

Maximum 8272,0 2880,0 1354,0 189 112 112

Number of samples 39 15

Average concentration of radium isotopes in deposits (in annual cycle taking into account homogenuous distribution in waste)(in annual cycle, taking into account homogenuous distribution in waste)

Annual average [Bq/kg]

Year190899 + waste type (kody:

010202 + 010481)Waste type:

190899 + 010102Waste type

190899 + 010481

maximum średnia maximum średnia maximum średnia226Ra

2005 193,36 80,07 193,61 80,09 270,57 86,05

2006 193,28 80,06 193,52 80,08 269,08 85,93

200 19 92 80 42 198 36 80 4 3 81 94 192007 197,92 80,42 198,36 80,45 375,81 94,19228Ra

2005 113,49 73,22 113,58 73,23 139,93 76,01

2006 113 47 73 22 113 55 73 23 139 42 75 952006 113,47 73,22 113,55 73,23 139,42 75,95

2007 115,06 73,39 115,21 73,40 175,97 79,80

Total (226Ra + 228Ra)

2005 307 153 307 153 411 1622005 307 153 307 153 411 162

2006 307 153 307 153 409 162

2007 313 154 314 154 552 174

§ 9. 3. It is forbidden to dilute radioactive waste to decrease concentration of radioactive nuclides below the valuesconcentration of radioactive nuclides below the values given in § 3.

(Decree of the Ministry on 3rd of December 2002 r. concerning radioactive waste and spent fuel.)(Dz. U. 24th of December 2002 r.)

Proposal for aCOUNCIL DIRECTIVE laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation

Article 294 Th d lib t dil ti f di ti id th th th

arising from exposure to ionising radiation

4. The deliberate dilution of radioactive residues, other than the mixing of materials that takes place in normal operation when radioactivity is not a consideration, shall not be permitted. The competent authority may authorise in specific situations the mixing ofcompetent authority may authorise in specific situations the mixing ofradioactive residues containing naturally occurring radioactive material with other materials to promote the reuse and recycling of these materials and to reduce public exposureof these materials and to reduce public exposure.

NORM decontamination and handling -identification and options (onshore and offshore)5th International conferenc eon NORM and Natural Radiation, Londyn 2009

Dr. Per Varskog, Norse Decom AS, Norway, Knut Inge Andersen, StatoilHydro ASA, Norway

TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF NORM AT SPECIAL LANDFILL SITES AND FORMER URANIUM MINING SITES IN GERMANY: PRACTICAL APPROACHES AND SOLUTIONS Gatzweiler R.1, Herrmann H.2, Kießig G.1, Kunze C.2, Schmidt P.11 WISMUT GmbH, Jagdschänkenstr. 29, D-09117 Chemnitz, Germany2 B.P.S. Engineering GmbH, Reinsdorfer Str. 29, D-08066 Zwickau, GermanyNORM III Conference , Brussels 2001

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