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Body Building Science Journal Vol. 2, No. 4, 2010

39

Measuring the Quality of Execution for Exercises in Bodybuilding

Prof. Ion IVAN, PhD

Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

[email protected]

Mihai GEORGESCUAcademy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

[email protected]

Daniel MILODIN, PhD

Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

[email protected]

Abstract:Body building training exercises and programs are presented. The structure

of an exercise is described. The quality characteristics for body building exercises are

highlighted. Exercises and programs in bodybuilding are deeply analyzed. Indicators for

measuring the quality of execution for exercises are computed. The correlation between theexecution quality and the results obtained by athlets is analyzed. For a qroup of exercises the

choosen metric is validated. Various measurements are gathered from the athlets on which

different mathematical models are computed that show the evolution of an athlete over time.

Keywords: exercises, quality, metric, correlation, bodybuilding, programs, training,

indicator.

1. Training exercises and programs in bodybuildingGood training exercises and programs are hard to find and the majority of beginners

are anxious to obtain quick results, thus they are looking for programs that promise miracleresults. They want to train hard in order to be better than the other athletes. Most of the times,

the initial enthusiasm leads to hard and difficult training programs without giving the body

enough time to rest. These athletes are not aware that without enough time to rest the muscles

are not growing. Many athletes that begin their trainings with such a high pace end up

injuring themselves and using their energy before getting the desired results from these

exercises.

It is mandatory for the beginners to define a balanced training program that includes

various types of exercises as well as enough time for resting.

In order to maintain the body in shape, the right amount of proteins, healthy fat,

carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals must be consumed. Athletes must eat a higher quantity

of proteins than regular people because protein is at the base of the muscle mass and it is

required for the regeneration of the muscles that are broken during intense workout.Once the eating regime has been choose in order to do the trainings, it is time to select

an exercise program to train the muscles without overworking them.

In table 1, a variety of training exercises organized by muscle groups is presented:

Table 1. Various muscle groups exercises [1]

Muscle Group Exercise

Neck Lying Face Down Plate Neck Resistance

Lying Face Up Plate Neck Resistance


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Seated head harness neck resistance

Shoulders Arnold Dumbbell Press

Barbell Shoulder Press

Cable Seated Lateral Raise

Cambered bar lying row

Dumbbell Raise

Front Dumbbell RaiseFront Plate Raise

Lying Rear Delt Raise

Chest Butterfly

Barbell Bench Press - Medium Grip

Cable Crossover

Dumbbell flies

Pushups

Smith Machine Bench Press

Wide-Grip Barbell Bench Press

Wide-Grip Decline Barbell Pullover

Biceps Alternate Hammer Curl

Barbell CurlConcentration Curls

Drag Curl

Dumbbell Bicep Curl

Incline Dumbbell Curl

One Arm Dumbbell Preacher Curl

Forearm Plate Pinch

Seated One-Arm Dumbbell Palms-Up

Wrist Curl

Palms-down dumbbell wrist curl over a

bench

Palms-down wrist curl over a bench

Dumbbell Lying Supination

Plate Pinch

Seated One-Arm Dumbbell Palms-Up

Wrist Curl

Abs Cross-Body Crunch

Ab crunch machine

Cable kneeling crunch

Cable lying leg-hip raise

Cable lying stability ball crunch

Cable lying straight leg-hip raise

Cable seated crunch

Lever seated crunchLever seated crunch grip less

Lever seated hip raise crunch

Weighted ball crunch

Weighted crunch

Weighted crunch up

Weighted hanging leg-hip raise

Quads Barbell Full Squat

Barbell Lunge


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Barbell hack squat

Dumbbell Squat

Front Barbell Squat

Narrow Stance Leg Press

Calves Seated Calf Raises

Donkey Calf Raises

Dumbbell Seated One-Leg Calf RaiseRocking Standing Calf Raise

Standing Dumbbell Calf Raise

Traps Standing Dumbbell Upright Row

Dumbbell Shrug

Upright Cable Row

Upright Row - With Bands

Calf-Machine Shoulder Shrug

Triceps Triceps Pushdowns

Decline EZ Bar Triceps Extension

Dips - Triceps Version

Close-grip bench press

Lying triceps pressBench dips

Incline Barbell Triceps Extension

Seated Bent-Over Two-Arm Dumbbell

Triceps Extension

Smith Machine Close-Grip Bench Press

The exercises are different depending on the muscle group, for arms and abdomen

much more are presented.

The final component of a training program is rest. Rest is essential in order to allow

the regeneration of muscular fibers that wore thorn during intense workout. If you dont

allocate enough time for regeneration between trainings, the muscular fibers will tore much

faster than regenerate. In this way the athlete will feel tired and the results will not be as

expected. As a rule, the athlete must have at least 48 hours of rest between intense workouts.

This will lead to higher energy and higher muscular mass.

Based on the exercises, training programs are created, organized by days having their

primary goal to help the athlete obtain the desired results. These programs vary depending on

the level of each athlete, from beginners to professionals. A training program for beginners is

presented in table 2. In order to obtain the desired results, it is recommended to use

appropriate weights to be able to obtain a number of 10 to 12 repetitions.

Table 2. Workout training for beginners [1]

Day Muscle Group Exercise Repetitions Sets

Dumbbell Bench Press 10-12 2Butterfly 10-12 2

Military Press 10-12 2

Triceps Pushdowns 10-12 2

Lying Triceps Press 10-12 2

Side Lateral Raises 10-12 2

Seated Dumbbell Curls 10-12 2

Lat Pulldowns 10-12 2

Monday Upper Body

One-Arm Dumbbell Rows 10-12 2


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Dumbbell Shrugs 10-12 2

Leg Press 10-12 3

Leg Extensions 10-12 2

Seated Leg Curls 10-12 2

Lying Leg Curls 10-12 2

Standing Calf Raises 10-12 3

Seated Calf Raises 10-12 2Ab Crunch Machine 10-12 2

Tuesday Lower Body

Crunches 15-20 3

Wednesday Rest

Chinups 10-12 3

Seated Cable Rows 10-12 2

Upright Cable Rows 10-12 2

Lateral Raises 10-12 2

EZ-Bar Curls 10-12 3

Hammer Curls 10-12 2

Incline Dumbbell Press 10-12 2

Cable Crossovers 10-12 3Military Press 10-12 2

Dips 10-12 2

Thursday Upper Body

Rope Pushdowns 10-12 3

Donkey Calf Raises 10-12 2

Standing Calf Raises 10-12 2

Seated Leg Curls 10-12 2

Standing Leg Curls 10-12 2

Leg Press 10-12 2

Hack Squats 10-12 2

Ab Crunch Machine 10-12 2

Friday Lower Body

Crunches 15-20 3

Saturday Rest

Sunday Rest

A beginner must be interested of doing the exercise correctly and not of how big the

weights he can lift. Some types of exercise are more demanding for the muscles than others,

thats why it is recommended that the rest time between sets to be longer.

In the next chapters it will be demonstrated how the quality of exercises influences the

obtained results.

2. Quality characteristics of exercisesThe quality of exercise execution is very important because it contributes in reaching

the following targets:

- growing the muscles targeted by an exercise: many athletes quit trainings because they

didnt obtain the desired results; the execution of exercises doesnt guarantee the

growth of muscular mass;

- avoiding accidents: the incorrect alignment of shoulders as well as back pain are very

common among athletes that are not executing correctly the exercises;


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- the usage of body energy in an efficient way: because of an incorrect execution of

exercises, the results are not as expected, thus a big part of the used energy is wasted.

Correctness of execution defines the way an exercise is executed correctly in order to

obtain a high level of performance. Any exercise when is defined, it must specify the correct

way of execution. As it is described in [3], the level of correctness is evaluated using images.

Any position that differs from the correct image is considered correct in a degree directly

proportional with the distance (difference) between the correct position and the incorrect one.In figure 1 it is schematically presented the correct position, both starting position and

final position, of executing a pushup. In order to consider the execution of a pushup with a

high degree of correctness, it must meet the reference positions.

Fig. 1. Correct pushup starting and finishing posture

In order to consider correctly a training program, the number of repetitions must be

defined correctly to obtain the best results. Moreover, each set of repetitions must be executed

based on the correct posture.

The correct sitting position, which is at the base of a lot of exercises, is presented in

figure 2.


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Fig. 2. Different standing posture

The complexity of exercises and training programs represents the degree of difficulty

needed for correctly executing the exercise or program. The complexity of exercises must be

adapted to the level of experience that every athlete has. The inexperienced athletes are

tempted to execute complex exercises hoping for obtaining quick results. This approach is not

recommended because it leads to accidents and incorrect executions.

An example of an indicator that measures the complexity of exercises is C, computedwith the following formula:

222121 loglog nnnnC +=

where:

1n - the number of body moves to perform that exercise

2n - the number of muscle groups involved in the exercise

Flexibility of training programs and exercises is the quality characteristic that defines

the level in which a program is able to adapt but still giving the same results.

Intelligibility of an exercise represents the necessary effort required to understand the

logical concepts by which an exercise is composed as well as their role in obtaining thedesired results.

An example of an indicator that measures the intelligibility of exercises is I, computed

with the following formula:

M

NI=

where:

N - represents the number of athletes that correctly understood the exercise


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M - total number of athletes

Repeatability of executing an exercise during a training program defines the optimal

number of executions in order to obtain a high level of performance. To obtain high results

for the same group of muscles, the exercises are grouped in sets, every set containing a

number of repetitions.

Reproducibility of an exercise represents the easy by which an exercise is executedaccording to its definition.

An example of an indicator that measures the reproducibility of exercises is R,

computed with the following formula:

executions

athletes

M

NR =

where:

N - represents the number of athletes that executed the exercise

M - total number of correct executions

Progressivity of exercises, the athlete moves from one exercise to another increasingthe weights. It this way, it obtains an intense workout of the muscles, following a well defined

training program.

Similarity of two or more exercises is the characteristic by which the exercises manage

to give the athlete similar results for the targeted muscle group.

Continuity and discontinuity during the execution of exercises represents the moment

of time at which the maximum levels of concentration are reached and when the athlete must

maintain the statically position for a period of 2 to 4 seconds.

Fig. 3. Correct movement for executing biceps exercise [4]


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In figure 3, the correct execution, including the starting and finishing posture of a

biceps exercise is presented. Following this movement the highest results are obtained, the

level of execution being the highest.

3. Indicators for measuring the quality characteristics of exercisesThe level of quality is analyzed using the following indicators:

- the number of repetitions for each exercise;

- the number of sets included in each training program;

- the way in which the athlete executes the exercises taking into consideration the

correct position in each key stage of the execution;

- the weights used for each exercise.

Based on these indicators, grades are given for each exercise like very good, good,

satisfactory and unsatisfactory. Based on these grades, a trainer or referee evaluates and

differentiates the athletes. Depending on the deviations from the correct execution, the

corresponding grade is given.

Table 3. Example of describing the very good grade for pushups exerciseCharacteristic Description for very good Execution errors

Number of repartitions 30

Number of sets 3

Correct position as in figure (not available)

The deviation between the optimum execution indicator and the real one is computed

as a distance (difference) between the optimum value of the indicator and the measured value:

iii MN = i = n,1 (1)

where:

iN - the number of optimum repetitions of the training

iM - the number of measured repetitions of the training

Starting from the formula (1), the grades in table 4 are defined for a pushups training

program.

Table 4. Grade definition for several characteristics of a pushups training program

Characteristic Very good Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

Number of repetitions 0= [ ]2,1 [ ]4,3 5 Number of sets 0= 1= 2= 3= Correct position 0= [ ]2,1 [ ]4,3 5

Using the above grades it is demonstrated how two athletes are compared, both

executing a pushups program.

Table 5. Giving grades for a pushups training program

Characteristic Optimum

valueAthlete 1

Grade for

athlete 1

Athlete 2 Grade for

athlete 2

Number of 30 28 Good 27 Satisfactory


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repetitions

Number of sets 3 3 Very good 3 Very good

Correct position not

available

not available

Based on the reference tables for giving grades, athlete 1 obtains better results than

athlete 2.The athlete is analyzed and the following variables are computed:

1P- the weight of the number of trainings;

2P - the weight of the execution quality of the training;

A - the planned number of trainings;

B - the performed number of trainings;

C - the planned grade of the trainings;

D - the real grade of the trainings;

The aggregate indicator is defined as:

+=

==

N

i ii

iiN

i ii

ii

DC

DCP

BA

BAP

NIA

12

11 ),max(

),min(

),max(

),min(1

where:

N - the number of training days

]1,0[IA

The value of indicator IA for an athlete with the following values is computed:

A = 20 trainings;

B = 15 trainings;

C = 9 grade;

D = 6 grade;

N = 10 days of training;1P= 0.4;

2P= 0.6;

Applying the formula:

[ ] 07.04.03.010

1

9

66.0

20

154.0

10

1

)6,9max(

)6,9min(6.0

)15,20max(

)15,20min(4.0

10

1=+=

+=

+=IA

The indicator belongs to interval [0,1] thus confirming the formula.

4. Measuring the performance of athletesIn order to compute the level of performance of athletes, various parameters are

evaluated, like the ones:

- the circumference - arms, trunk, thighs, legs;

- the definition - how well the muscle are observed;

- the symmetry - how symmetric the muscles are.

In table 6, the evolution of arm size of an athlete measured during a time frame, is

presented.


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Table 6. The evolution of arm size of an athlete based on the execution quality of exercises

IntervalArm size (cm)

Execution

quality

January 1st

- March 1st

32 0.7

March 1st

- May 1st

32.5 0.8

May 1st

- July 1st

32.7 0.8July 1

st- September 1

st33 0.9

September 1st

- November 1st

33.2 0.8

November 1st

- January 1st

33.5 0.9

Correlation between Biceps size and Execution Indicator

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

31.8 32 32.2 32.4 32.6 32.8 33 33.2 33.4 33.6

Biceps size

ExecutionIndicator(I)

Fig. 4. Correlation between arm size and execution indicator

In figure 4, one can observe that there is a positive correlation between the arm size

and the quality of execution. If the quality of execution is higher than the arm size will

develop more.

5. Metric validationAn indicator that estimates the growth of an athletes arm is defined. The period on

which the indicator is analyzed is 1 month and 6 month of execution of exercises presented in

table 7.

Table 7. Program for working biceps

Exercise Repetitions Sets

Standing Barbell Curls 12-15 3

Alternating Dumbbell Curls 12-15 3

Concentration Curls 12-15 3

EZ Bar Curls 8-12 3


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Fig. 5. Arm muscles [1]

There are several approaches for the training programs that vary from athlete to

athlete. These variations are adapted during trainings.

Arnold Schwarzenegger trained using the program in table 8. Results show that

planning the training increases the obtained results. Now, more than ever, the athletes must

analyze the efficiency of a training program.

Table 8. Arnold Schwarzenegger training program [10]Mon, Wed, Fri

Chest:

Bench press 5 x 6-10

Flat bench flyes 5 x 6-10

Incline bench press 6 x 6-10

Cable crossovers 6 x 10-12

Dips (body weight) 5 x failure

Dumbell pullovers 5 x 10-12.

Back:

Wide-grip chins (to front) 6 x failure

T-bar rows 5 x 6-10

Seated pulley rows 6 x 6-10

One-arm dumbell rows 5 x 6-10

Straight-leg deadlifts 6 x 15

Legs:


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Squats 6 x 8-12

Leg press 6 x 8-12

Leg extensions 6 x 12-15

Leg curls 6 x 10-12

Barbell lunges 5 x 15

Calves:

Standing calf raises 10 x 10Seated calf raises 8 x 15

Oneplegged calf raises (holding dumbells) 6x12

Forearms:

Wrist curls (forearms on knees) - 4 sets, 10 reps

Reverse barbell curls - 4 sets, 8 reps

Wright roller machine - to failure

Abs:

hour of a variety of nonspecific abdominal exercises, done virtually nonstop.

Tues, Thurs, Sat

Biceps:

Barbell curls 6 x 6-10Seated dumbell curls 6 x 6-10

Dumbell concentration curls 6 x 6-10

Triceps:

Close-grip bench presses 6 x 6-10

Pushdowns 6 x 6-10

French press (barbell) 6 x 6-10

One-arm triceps extensions (dumbell) 6 x 6-10

Shoulders:

Seated barbell presses 6 x 6-10

Lateral raises (standing) 6 x 6-10

Rear-delt lateral raises 5 x 6-10

Cable lateral raises 5 x 10-12

Calves , Forearms & Abs:

Same as Monday, Wednesday, Friday workout

Table 9. Arnold Schwarzenegger top form measurements [11]

Arms: 22 inches

Chest: 57 inches

Waist: 34 inches

Thighs: 28.5 inches

Calves: 20 inches

Weight: 235 pounds

Height: 6 feet 2 inches

Based on the statistical analysis on a lot of 25 athletes, the following indicator is

computed. Its role is to estimate the arm size of an athlete after 1 month of training:

Lets consider the indicatorArm size estimated =f( exQ , currentC ).

The indicator is defined as a function having the following formula:

cQbCaC excurrentestimated ++= *2


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Based on the measurements of the arm size of 25 athletes, the values for a, b and c are

computed as:

118.14*249.4015.02 ++= excurrentestimated QCC

where:estimatedC - the increase of arm size

exQ - the execution quality of biceps exercises

]1,6.0[exQ the accepted quality must be in this interval

measuredC - effective arm size, obtained by direct measurements

The indicator is computed on a lot of athletes presented in table 10.

Table 10. Measurement values for arm size in 1 month interval

MeasurementexQ

currentC measuredC

estimatedC currentestimated CC

),(%10 currentestimated CCMAX

1 0.7 33 33.7 33.4273 -0.2727 3.37

2 0.8 35.5 36.2 36.42095 0.22095 3.642095

3 0.7 34 34.9 34.4323 -0.4677 3.49

4 0.6 33 33.5 33.0024 -0.4976 3.35

5 0.8 30 30.9 31.0172 0.1172 3.10172

6 0.8 30.2 31 31.1978 0.1978 3.11978

7 0.8 31.3 32.1 32.21255 0.11255 3.221255

8 0.6 36.1 36.8 36.21555 -0.58445 3.68

9 0.7 33.2 33.8 33.6259 -0.1741 3.38

10 0.9 32.1 33 33.39825 0.39825 3.339825

11 0.7 34.2 35 34.6369 -0.3631 3.5

12 0.8 38 39 39.1772 0.1772 3.9177213 0.6 37.1 37.4 37.31355 -0.08645 3.74

14 0.5 28 28.1 28.0025 -0.0975 2.81

15 0.8 31.6 32.8 32.4956 -0.3044 3.28

16 0.8 32 33.4 32.8772 -0.5228 3.34

17 0.9 39 41 40.7571 -0.2429 4.1

18 0.7 34 34.8 34.4323 -0.3677 3.48

19 0.7 32 32.5 32.4523 -0.0477 3.25

20 0.8 33.2 33.8 34.0508 0.2508 3.40508

21 0.6 31.7 31.8 31.74075 -0.05925 3.18

22 0.9 33.1 34.2 34.37625 0.17625 3.437625

23 0.9 33.5 34.634.77585

0.17585 3.47758524 0.8 32.6 33.7 33.4586 -0.2414 3.37

25 0.6 34.2 35 34.212 -0.788 3.5

The estimated arm size and the effective measured arm size after 6 months after the

first training are compared. The results show that the estimated values are similar to the

measured ones.


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Comparison between arm size and estimated arm size - 1 month

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

39

41

43

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

Sportives

Measured arm size

Estimated arm size

Fig. 6. Evolution of estimated and measured arm size for 1 month interval

Cross-Correlation (1 month)

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

39

41

43

25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43

Measurement arm size (cm)

Estimatedarms

ize(cm)

Fig. 7. Cross-Correlation between estimated arm size and measurement arm size for 1 month

interval

Based on the statistical analysis on a lot of 25 athletes, the following indicator is

computed. Its role is to estimate the arm size of an athlete after 6 month of training:

Lets consider the indicatorArm size estimated =f( exQ , currentC ).

The indicator is defined as a function having the following formula:

cQbCaC excurrentestimated ++= *2

Based on the measurements of the arm size of 25 athletes, the values for a, b and c are

computed as:

118.14*249.4017.02 ++= excurrentestimated QCC

where:


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estimatedC - the increase of arm size

exQ - the execution quality of biceps exercises

]1,6.0[exQ the accepted quality must be in this interval

measuredC - effective arm size, obtained by direct measurements

The indicator is computed on a lot of athletes presented in table 11.

Table 11. Measurement values for arm size in 6 month interval

MeasurementexQ currentC measuredC estimatedC currentestimated CC

),(%10 currentestimated CCMAX

1 0.7 33 35.6 35.6053 0.0053 3.56053

2 0.8 35.5 38.6 38.94145 0.34145 3.894145

3 0.7 34 36.8 36.7443 -0.0557 3.68

4 0.6 33 35.2 35.1804 -0.0196 3.52

5 0.8 30 33 32.8172 -0.1828 3.3

6 0.8 30.2 33.4 33.02188 -0.37812 3.34

7 0.8 31.3 33.9 34.17193 0.27193 3.4171938 0.6 36.1 38.6 38.82197 0.22197 3.882197

9 0.7 33.2 35.5 35.83038 0.33038 3.583038

10 0.9 32.1 35.4 35.45907 0.05907 3.545907

11 0.7 34.2 36.8 36.97618 0.17618 3.697618

12 0.8 38 41.8 42.0652 0.2652 4.20652

13 0.6 37.1 40.1 40.06637 -0.03363 4.01

14 0.5 28 29.7 29.5705 -0.1295 2.97

15 0.8 31.6 34.1 34.49272 0.39272 3.449272

16 0.8 32 34.8 34.9252 0.1252 3.49252

17 0.9 39 42.5 43.7991 1.2991 4.37991

18 0.7 34 36.2 36.7443 0.5443 3.67443

19 0.7 32 34.7 34.5003 -0.1997 3.47

20 0.8 33.2 36.3 36.25528 -0.04472 3.63

21 0.6 31.7 33.8 33.75053 -0.04947 3.38

22 0.9 33.1 36.5 36.56747 0.06747 3.656747

23 0.9 33.5 36.9 37.02035 0.12035 3.702035

24 0.6 31.2 32.9 33.21588 0.31588 3.321588

25 0.9 34 36.8 37.5941 0.7941 3.75941

The estimated arm size and the effective measured arm size after 6 months after the

first training are compared. The results show that the estimated values are similar to the

measured ones.


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Comparison between arm size and estimated arm size - 6 months

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

39

41

43

45

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

Sportives

Measured arm size

Estimated arm size

Fig. 8. Evolution of estimated and measured arm size for 1 month interval

Cross-Correlation (6 months)

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

39

41

43

45

25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45

Measurement arm size (cm)

Estimatedarms

ize(cm)

Fig. 9. Cross-Correlation between estimated arm size and measurement arm size for 1 month

interval

In order to validate the indicator, the difference between currentestimated CC is computed

and compared to 10% din ),( currentestimated CCMAX .

If the difference currentestimated CC < 10% * ),( currentestimated CCMAX then the indicator is

valid.

As shown in table 10 and 11, the above condition is met for all 25 athletes, whichdemonstrates that the defined indicator is valid.

6. ConclusionsTraining exercises and programs were presented for various groups of muscles based

on which analysis was performed to observe if a correlation exists between high performance

results and execution quality. It was shown that for best results, each exercise must be


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executed correctly. In this matter, techniques for comparing athletes were presented by

comparing the correctness of exercises.

The quality of an exercise influences the obtained results. The higher the execution

quality the higher the results obtained by the athlete. Based on the execution quality, an

aggregated indicator was defined, that is able to estimate the growth of arm size of an athlete.

This indicator is very useful for athletes in order to estimate the arm size over 1 to 6 months

of training.

References

[1] http://www.bodybuilding.com

[2] http://www.ironage.us/virtual/index.html

[3] D. Palaghita, Demonstrating the Correctness of Bodybuilding Exercises, Body Building

Science Journal, Vol. 2, No 2. 2010, ISSN 2066 8007.

[4] http://www.stayfitbug.com/the-fitness-bug/building-muscles-for-tall-men-vs-building-muscles-for-short-men/

[5] http://muscleandbrawn.com/mr-olympia-jay-cutler-training-routines/

[6] D. Milodin, Risk Management in Body-Building, Body Building Science Journal, Vol.

1, No 2. 2009, ISSN 2066 8007.

[7] C. O. Manescu, Training Competition Winners Mr. Olympia, Body Building Science

Journal, Vol. 2, No 1. 2010, ISSN 2066 8007.

[8] http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/bmi_tbl.htm

[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding

[10] http://www.schwarzenegger-interactive.com/workout.html

[11] http://www.bodybuildinguniverse.com/arnold.htm

[12] M. Georgescu, Ideal Body Development,Body Building Science Journal, Vol. 2, No 2.

2010, ISSN 2066 8007.

[13] http://muscle-building-review.com


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Authors

Ion IVAN has graduated the Faculty of Economic Computation and

Economic Cybernetics in 1970. He holds a PhD diploma in Economics from

1978 and he had gone through all didactic positions since 1970 when he

joined the staff of the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, teaching

assistant in 1970, senior lecturer in 1978, assistant professor in 1991 and full professor in 1993. Currently he is full Professor of Economic Informatics

within the Department of Computer Science in Economics at Faculty of Cybernetics,

Statistics and Economic Informatics from the Academy of Economic Studies. He is the author

of more than 25 books and over 75 journal articles in the field of software quality

management, software metrics and informatics audit. His work focuses on the analysis of

quality of software applications. He has participated in the scientific committee of more than

20 Conferences on Informatics and he has coordinated the appearance of 3 proceedings

volumes for International Conferences. From 1994 he is PhD coordinator in the field of

Economic Informatics. His main interest fields are: software metrics, optimization of

informatics applications, developments and assessment of the text entities, efficiency

implementation analysis of the ethical codes in informatics field, software quality

management and data quality management.

Mihai GEORGESCU has graduated the Faculty of Electronics,

Telecommunications and Information Technology Politehnica University

Bucharest in 2005 and also completed a master program at the Faculty of

Economic Cybernetics, Statistics and Informatics from the Bucharest

Academy of Economic Studies in 2007. He has experience in the

development of software products using various programming languages like

C/C++, C# both Windows Forms and Web.

Daniel MILODIN graduated the Economic Informatics department of theFaculty of Economic Cybernetics, Statistics and Informatics in 2005. He

followed the master program Projects Computerized Management"

between 2005 and 2007. He has published several articles in specialized

magazines, articles focused mainly on studying and implementing the

concept of orthogonality: the orthogonality of the alphabets, of the Arabic

digits, of the Latin alphabet, of the distributed informatics applications and of

the structured entities. The dissertation paper within the master is placed on the same line of

research, "The projects orthogonality, conditions of entry into the assessment program,

proposing to define the projects concept of orthogonality, methods for determining the

degree of similarity between two projects, and also to develop software products for

identifying similar projects. He is a PhD graduate of the Academy of Economic Studies,

specialization "Economic Science", with the thesis "The orthogonality of the structured

entities.

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