body systems. the integumentary system includes: your skin, hair, nails. sebaceous glands, and sweat...
TRANSCRIPT
BODY SYSTEMS
The Integumentary System
Includes: Your skin, hair, nails. Sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
The skin is the primary organ of the I.S.
Vital Functions
Protection….Barrier b/t internal organs and outside world.
Shields from injury, invasion by pathogens, sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays (UV).
Water – holding capacity that aids in elasticity and helps maintain body’s balance of fluids and electrolytes.
Regulates Body Temperature
Radiation: the escape of internal heat from the body.
Perspiration cools skin as heat evaporates.
Conserve body heat.
Sensing
Nerve endings allow for communication with the world around you.
Touch, pain, pressure, temperature.
Structure
Two main layers. Epidermis: Outermost layer made up of both
living and dead cells. Lipids – fatty substances that make skin
waterproof. Dead cells shed off/worn away replaced by
new cells Outer skin replaced about once a year.
Melanin – pigment that gives skin, hair, and the iris of the eyes their coloring.
Dermis: Inner layer of skin made up of connective tissue that gives skin its elasticity.
Nerve endings and Hair follicles. Sweat glands and Sebaceous glands. Hypodermis: NOT part of the skin attaches
skin to bone and muscle.
SKIN CARE
Good personal hygiene.Balanced diet.Vitamin A.SUNSCREEN/MOISTURIEZER.
PROBLEMS OF THE SKIN
ACNE: over-production of oil from sebaceous glades, common during adolescence.
RING WORM: fungal infection characterized by ring-shaped, scaly, reddened, blistery patches.
ATHLETES FOOT: fungal infection located between the toes. Associated with wearing shoes and sweating, highly contagious.
Acne
Ringworm
Athlete‘s foot
CONTINUE…
BOILS: inflamed, pus-filled area on the skin, usually an infected hair-follicle.
WARTS: contagious growths on the outer layer of the skin caused by a virus.
MOLES: small, usually round, thickened, brown to dark brown spots on the skin. Harmless unless suddenly appears, changes color, shape, size, begins bleeding.
Boils
Warts
Moles
CONTINUE…
PSORIASIS: diseases in which thickened patches of inflamed red skin form, often covered by white flaking scales.
VITILIGO: a disorder in which patches of skin lose their color. Auto-immune disorder that causes an absence of the skin cells that produce melanin.
IMPETIGO: an infection in which bacteria enter a small break in the skin. Highly contagious.
Psoriasis
Vitiligo
Impetigo
CONTINUE….
BLISTERS: raised areas filled with a watery substance. Usually caused by rubbing against the skin or burns.
CALLUS: area of thickened skin caused by continuous friction or pressure.
CORN: a callus on a toe caused by the pressure of a tight fitting shoe.
Blisters
Callus
Corn
SKELETAL SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS: – Movement– Muscle Attachment– Protection– Body’s Framework
STRUCTURE
AXIAL SKELETON: includes the 80 bones of the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum or breastbone, Protects spinal cord…vertebrae. Protects heart and lungs…rib cage.
STRUCTURE
APPENDICULAS SKELETON: includes the 126 bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Main purpose is movement.
TYPES OF BONES…
LONG– Femur– Arms and Legs– Ends form joints
and connect to other bones.
SHORT…
Wrists, ankles, hands, feet.
50% are found in the hands and feet.
FLAT…
Ribs, skull bones.Protect vital
organs such as the Brain.
IRREGULAR
Vertebrae.Bones that
don’t have a specific shape.
CARTILAGE
Strong, flexible, connective tissue. Line the surfaces of joints to allow smooth
movement. Cushion adjoining vertebrae. Support nose and ears. OSSIFICATION: the process by which bone
is formed, renewed, and repaired.
CARTILAGE
JOINTS
The point at which two bones meet. BALL-AND-SOCKET-JOINT: allows the widest range of movement.
– Shoulder and Hip Joints
JOINTS
The point at which two bones meet. PIVOT JOINT:
a bony projection allows rotation.– Joint between head and neck that allows
head to rotate.
CONTINUE…
ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT: allows all types of movement except pivotal.– Wrist
CONTINUE…
HINGE JOINT: allows bending and straightening.– Fingers, knee and elbow.
Ligaments
Tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue that bind the bond ends at the joint. Prevent excessive movement at the joint.
TENDONS: Fibrous cords that join muscle to bone or to other muscles.
CARE of the SKELETAL SYSTEM
Good nutrition/CALCIUM
Exercise (Bone Mass) Safety
THE MUSCLAR SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS:– Body Movement– Pump Blood– Move through digestive system– Control air movement in and out of the lungs
CONTRACTION
CONTRACTION: Shortening of a muscle.
EXTENSION: stretching of a muscle.
TYPES of MUSCLES
SMOOTH MUSCLE: control movements of internal organs.– Involuntary movements…work without conscious
control.– Intestines, bronchi of the lungs, the bladder.
TYPES of MUSCLES…
SKELETAL MUSCLE: striped or striated muscles attached to the bones that cause body movement.– Biceps, triceps.– Largest part of the body’s muscular system.– Voluntary movements, conscious control.– FLEXORS: muscles that close a joint.– EXTENSORS: muscles that open a joint.
TYPES of MUSCLES…
CARDIAC MUSCLE: striated tissue that forms the wall of the heart.– Involuntary muscle.– Heart contracts rhythmically about 100,000 times
a day.
CARE of the MUSCLE SYSTEM
ATROPHY: waste away (“Use it or lose it”) MUSCLE TONE: the natural tension in the fibers of a
muscle.– Aerobic exercise, resistance training, balanced diet.– Older adults…prevent loss of mobility, balance, and risk of
falls.– The heart is a muscle that needs “training”…regular
exercise.– Stretching, warm-up, cool down.– As always safety.
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLE SORENESS:
damage to the muscle fibers themselves. Muscle biopsies taken on the day after hard exercise show bleeding and disruption of the z-band filaments that hold muscle fibers together as they slide over each other during a contraction.
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS: muscles become weak and easily fatigued.– Eye muscles…drooping eyelids and
double vision.
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY: inherited disorder characterized by a progressive wasting away of skeletal muscles.– No cure.
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLE STRAIN:
“pulled muscle”, tearing or stretching of muscles fibers as a result of suddenly pulling them to far.
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM
BRUISE: discolored area under the skin caused by a leakage of blood after an injury.
After Femur fracture
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM
TENDINITIS: the inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by overuse.
PROBLEMS of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM
HERNIA: the protrusion of an organ of tissue through a weak area in the muscle.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS:– Communication network
and control center.– Controls all the movements
and functions of the body.– Senses changes with in the
body and outside the body.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Gathers information from inside and outside of the body.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – controls the involuntary functions of the body.
– Sweating, digestion, heart rate.– Sympathetic Nervous System – speeds up the
body’s responses.– Parasympathetic Nervous System – slows the
body’s responses.– Somatic Nervous System – controls voluntary
functions of the body.– Running, walking, chewing.
Precision
REFLEX
Spontaneous response of the body to stimuli.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – receives and analyze information gathered and initiates a response.– Spinal cord.– The Brain.
Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain Stem
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Picks up and carries the response signals, IMPULSES.
Autonomic System – involuntary functions of the body.– Sympathetic nervous system – speeds
body up.– Parasympathetic nervous system – slows
body down.
NEURONS
Nerve cells.– SENSORY – Carry signals from sense
receptors into the CNS.– MOTOR – carry signals from CNS to
muscles or glands.– INTERNEURONS – form all electrical
connections with in the CNS.CAN NOT REPLACE THEM!!!THREE BASIC PARTS: Cell body, Dendrites,
Axons.
CARE of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
Regular exercise. Proper nutrition. Avoid using alcohol and drugs. Safety.
PROBLEMS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
Head and spinal cord injuries– 500,000 Americans hospitalized every year.– 20% suffer lifelong physical or mental impairment.Degenerative Diseases: deterioration of function or
system.- Parkinson’s Disease – nerves- Multiple Sclerosis – muscles- Alzheimer’s Disease – mental deterioration, the brain.
PROBLEMS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM…
Epilepsy: recurrent seizures. Cerebral Palsy: various neurological
disorders that are a result of brain injury before, during, or after birth; or in early childhood.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
FUNCTION: secrete hormones HORMONES: chemical substances that
regulate activities of different body cells. Structure: endocrine glands.
Pituitary Gland: regulates activity of all glands.Thyroid Gland: produce hormones that regulate calcium and phosphorus balance.Parathyroid Glands: hormones that regulate calcium and phosphorus balance.
Adrenal Glands: secretes hormones that regulate numerous body functions.Pancreas: serves endocrine as well as digestive system. Secretes digestive enzymes and regulates body sugar levels.Gonads: development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics Ovaries – females / Testes - males
PROBLEMS
Diabetes Mellitus: pancreas produces too little or no insulin.
Grave’s Disease: autoimmune disorder in which thyroid gland becomes overactive and enlarged.
Cushing’s Disease: overproduction of adrenal hormones.
Goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
FUNCTION: – Heart pumps blood.– Blood vessels carry oxygen and
nutrients to body cells.– Eliminates waste.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM…
Structure:– Heart: continuous muscles contractions send
blood through body.– Blood: transports all of the nutrients that your body
needs to sustain life. Oxygen, hormones, nutrients. Carries away waste.
– Blood Vessels: 60,000 miles of blood vessels. Arteries – vessels that carry blood away from. Capillaries – carry blood through organs and tissues. Regulates body temperature.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS:– Drains tissue fluids back into the blood stream.– Fights infection.
STRUCTURES:– LYMPH: a clear yellow fluid that fills the spaces around
body cells.– LYMPHOCYTES: white blood cells that protect the body
against pathogens. B-Cells T-Cells
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM…
CARE:– Don’t smoke.– Regular Exercise –
Aerobic Exercise.– Good Nutrition – Avoid
Fatty Foods.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM…
PROBLEMS: Blood Pressure: the force of blood in the main arteries Diastolic Pressure: heart ventricles relax and pressure is at its
lowest -> lower number of fraction between 70 and 90.
– Systolic: pressure at its highest… upper number of fraction b/t 110 and 140.
Congenital Heart Disease: occurs at birth. Heart Murmur: abnormal sound usually caused by a faulty
valve. Varicose Veins: Weakened valves in the vein.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM…
Anemia: concentration on hemoglobin in the blood is low.
Usually caused by lack of iron in the diet. Leukemia: any of several types of cancer resulting
from abnormal production of white blood cells in the bone marrow.
Hemophilia: inherited bleeding disorder in which blood does not clot.
Immune deficiency: when the bodies immune system does not fight off infection (HIV and AIDS).
Hodgkin’s disease: cancer of the lymph tissue. Tonsillitis: swelling of the tonsils.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS:– Respiration: the exchange of gases between your
body and your environment.– External: oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
blood and air in the lungs.– Internal: gases between blood and the cells of the
body.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM…
STRUCTURE:– Diaphragm: muscle that separates the chest and abdominal
cavities.– Lungs: take in oxygen from the air we inhale and return
carbon dioxide to the air when we exhale.– Nose and Mouth: air enters.– Pharynx: throat.– Trachea: windpipe.– Bronchi: airways that connect the trachea to the lungs.– Larynx: voice box.– Epiglottis: a flap of cartilage in front of the entrance to the
larynx.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM…
CARE:– DON’T SMOKE!!!!!!!!!!– DO your part to keep our air clean.– Exercise.– Wash your hands regularly.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM…
PROBLEMS:– Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchi.– Asthma: an inflammatory condition in which the small
airways in the lungs called bronchioles become narrowed, causing difficulty in breathing.
– Pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs.– Tuberculosis: infectious bacterial disease of the lungs.– Emphysema: a disease in which the alveoli of the lungs
burst and blend to form fewer, larger sacs with less surface area.
– Sinusitis: inflammation of the membrane lining the facial sinuses, air-filled cavities around the nose.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS:– Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown
of foods for use by the body’s cells.– Absorption: the passage of digested food from the
digestive tract into the circulatory system.– Elimination: the expulsion of undigested food or
body wastes.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…
STRUCTURE: Mouth and Teeth:
– Ingestion: the taking of food into the body.– Mastication: the process of chewing; teeth.
Salivary Glands:– Produce SALIVA: watery solution containing enzymes that help break
down food. The Tongue
– Helps prepare food for swallowing. The Esophagus
– Peristalsis: a series of involuntary muscle contractions that move food into the stomach.
The Stomach– Continue the breakdown of food– Stores food until it is ready to enter the small intestine– Mix together food and gastric juices: secretions from the stomach lining
that contain enzymes.– Controls the rate at which the food enters the small intestine.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…
The Small Intestine:– The major part of digestion and absorption.– 20-23 feet in length, 1 inch in diameter.– Duodenum, Jejunum, Illium.
The Large Intestine– Colon– 5-6 feet long, 2.5 inches wide.– Absorbs water eliminates undigested foods and
waste.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…
CARE:– Good nutrition, FIBER!– Drink Water, 6-8 glasses a day.– Exercise.– Don’t eat under stress
THE URINARY SYSTEM
FUNCTION:– Removal of water-
soluble waste products that result from chemical changes to cells.
– Urine..
THE URINARY SYSTEM
STRUCTURE: – Kidneys: lie on either side
of the spine.Filter waste products from
your blood and modify the amount of salts and water excreted in the urine according to body’s needs.
THE URINARY SYSTEM
The Bladder and Urethra– Bladder: hold urine– Urethra: eliminates urine from the
bladder out of the body.CARE:
– Good nutrition, WATER!!!