Body Composition

Patrol

!LABASTIDA

MORALES

MONTEVIRGEN

MAGAN

MANLAPIG

LABRAMONTE

MACUJA

Group 3

Origin of Fats and Calories

Body Composition

Overfatness and Underfatness Obesity and

Amenorrhea

Health Risks Body Types and Relationships of Diet, PA, Fatness

Essential and Non-essential Fats

BODY COMPOSITION

LABASTIDA, Sean Clark Luinor A.

What can you infer from this?

Definition…- Relative percentage of muscle fat, bone and other tissues that comprise the body.

Two groups…• It is divided into two groups;

body fat and lean body mass.

• Lean body mass consist of muscle, protein, mineral, and body water.

Optimal Body Composition…

Components and Function…

• Intra-cellular Water (ICW) -Body water which exists inside of cell membrane

• Extra-cellular Water (ECW) -Body water that exists outside of cell membrane (like blood, interstitial fluid,etc.)

• Body Water -The sum of ICW and ECW• Protein - Main element which composes

soft lean mass together with water• Body Fat - The amount of body weight

which excludes the lean body mass

• Lean Body Mass (LBM) - The amount of body weight which excludes the body fat mass. It consists of soft lean mass and minerals.

• Minerals - Composing bones and electrolytes

• Soft Lean Mass (SLM) - skeletal mass which forms the physical strength and internal organs like heart, stomach, etc which keeps the body function

• Weight- The sum of lean body mass and body fat mass

Not just a health-related PF…• Unlike other health-related PF,

body composition cannot be assessed through any performance measures.

• It requires no movement.• This is why it is considered as a

component of metabolic fitness.- Associated with increased risk for health

problems such as high blood fat, high blood pressure and high blood sugar

‘Assuming’…• Taking body weight

measurements too frequently can provide incorrect information and lead to false assumptions.– People vary in body weight from day

to day and even hour to hour based solely on their level of hydration.

• So, better monitor you weight less frequently.

- Weighing at the same time of the day, preferably early morning, is best.

Not just weight!• Body weight alone is not a definitive assessment of body composition.

• Even after losing weight, you might still be considered over-fat.

Methods Used to Assess Body Composition

• Using only one method may lead to misinformation and unrealistic goals, which is why it is wise to several techniques when making decisions about personal body composition goals.

• Methods of body composition vary by accuracy and practicality.

Scale Weight

Provides information on amount body mass

Circumferences• Specific areas

on body are measured with measuring tape

WHO guideline

s

Men Women

Low risk < 36.5 inches <31 inchesIncreased risk

36.6 – 39.75 inches

31.5 – 34.25 inches

Substantial risk

Equal to or over 40 inches

Equal to or over 35 inches

Waist to Hip Ratio

• Two circumferences: waist and hip

• Measures provide CV disease risk information– Men: 0.90-1.0+ = “high risk”– Women: 0.75-0.85+ = “high

risk”

Near Infrared Interactance

• Method based on light absorption, reflectance

• Probe is placed on body part, typically biceps

• Probe emits infrared light, passing through tissue, reflected back into probe– Fat absorbs more

infrared light than fat-free mass

– The more light absorbed, the higher the fat mass

Skinfolds• Specific

instruments, “calipers” used to assess amount of fat under skin at specific sites on body

• Since approximately 50% of body fat is located under skin, predictions can be made about total body fat

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

• A small, painless electrical current passes through body

• Based on current difference between starting and ending points, percent fat can be estimated– Fat impedes/resists

current more than fat-free mass

– High impedance values will reflect higher fat mass

Hydrostatic Weighing• Person weighed in

regular environment, and under water

• Based on difference, can eventually estimate body volume

• From volume, one calculates body density

• From body density, fat percentage calculated

• Higher density = leaner subject (bone, muscle are denser than fat)

Air Displacement• Similar to hydrostatic

weighing• Device measures air

displacement to determine body volume

• From volume one can calculate body density

• From body density, fat percentage is calculated

Dual Energy X-Ray Apsorptiometry (DEXA)

• Low-radiation dose of dual-energy x-ray beams pass over body

• Based on attenuation of x-ray, measures of fat, bone and soft lean tissue can be made

• Based on these measures, fat mass can be calculated

Body Mass Index

•  a person’s weight should be proportional to height

• devised between 1830 and 1850 by the Belgian polymath Adolphe Quetelet 

CategoriesBMI range – kg/m2 BMI PrimeVery severely underweight less than 15

Severely underweight from 15.0 to 16.0

Underweight from 16.0 to 18.5

Normal (healthy weight) from 18.5 to 25Overweight from 25 to 30Obese Class I (Moderately obese) from 30 to 35

Obese Class II (Severely obese) from 35 to 40

Obese Class III (Very severely obese) over 40

Body Mass Index (BMI) for Filipinos• The Philippine Association for the Study of

Overweight and Obesity (PASOO) with the FNRI and other medical societies conducted a national survey to assess the applicability of the BMI cut-off points for Asians among Filipino adults. – for overweight is 23 kg/m^2– for obesity is 27 kg/m^2

• Conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and LDL-cholesterol rose with the increasing BMI values.

• Situation on obesity and overweight appeared to have worsened, and will continue to go along that path unless serious lifestyle changes are made.

Ratings of the Validity and Objectivity of Body

Composition MethodsMETHOD Precise

Objective

Accurate

Valid Equatio

ns

Overall

RatingSkinfold Measurement

4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

Bioelectric Impedance

4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 4.0

Circumferences

4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

Body Mass Index (BMI)

5.0 5.0 1.5 1.5 2.0Precise: Can the same person get the same results time after timeObjective: Can two different people get the same results consistently?Accurate: Do values compare favorably to underwater weighing?Valid: Is the formula accurate for predicting fat from measurements?5-excellent 4-very good 3-good 2-fair 1-unacceptable

-Adapted from Lohman, T.G., L.H. Houtkooper, and S.B. Going

Consequences of Unhealthy Body Composition

• Estrogen-related problems•Stroke• High blood pressure •High cholesterol• Metabolic syndrome •Diabetes• Respiratory problem •Back pains• Certain types of cancer •Kidney

disorders• Urinary incontinence •Sleep apnea • Excess fatigue •Osteoarthritis• Gallbladder disorders •Heart disease

References“BMI For Filipinos”. Club New You. Retrieved on July

24, 2013 from http://www.newyou.com.ph/bmi-for-filipinos.

Eknoyan, Garabed (2007). "Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874)—the average man and indices of obesity". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 23 (1): 47-51.  doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm517.PMID 17890752.

Fahey, et.al.(n.d) Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness. Chapter 6

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