Kingdom Anamalia - The Higher Invertebrates

• The higher invertebrates contain 4phyla of animals without a spinal cord,but with many sophisticated organsand systems

• They are larger and many areterrestrial

• They have a coelom - fluid filledcavity in the mesoderm

Kingdom Anamalia - The Higher Invertebrates• Phylum Annelida - segmented worms -

ex. -earthworms, leeches, fanworm, ragworm & lungworm

• Phylum Mollusca - mantle & muscular footex. - chitons, snails, clams, oysters, scallops,

mussles, squids, octopuses, cuttlefish & nautilus

Kingdom Anamalia - The Higher Invertebrates

• Phylum Arthropoda - segmented with jointedchitin exoskeleton ex- spiders, shrimp, insects,centipedes & millipedes

• Phylum Echinodermata - skeleton of calcareousplates under skin ex- sea stars, sea urchins,brittle stars & sea lilies

Body composed of repeating segments divided by septaClosed circulatory system with pumping vesselsHydoskeleton skeleton

Class Oligochaeta - earthwormsno true head but has an anterior brain - no sense organs, no respiratory system, 5 pairs of aortic arches with arteries, blood, paired nephridia Each segment contains elements of circulatory, digestive, excretory and nervous systemsEach worm contains male & female parts

Phylum Annelida - segmented worms

Giant Australian Earthworm

lumbricus

• earthworms and other worms• live in terrestrial or freshwater

environments • lack the bristles that allow

movement and increase surface area

• Hermaphroditic-neither male nor female

• Second largest group • Examples: Aeolosoma,

Allolobophora, Chaetogaster, Eisenia, Enchytraeus, Lumbricus, Stylaria, Tubifex

•Ringlike body parts

•No head

•Range from 1 mm to 3M

• http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/worms/history/index.html

The inside scoop

worm farmers

Class Hirudinea - LeechesFlattened body with suckers34 body segments - no setaemuscular pharynx with three jaws

Class Polychaeta - Many haired worms•Fan worms, ragworms, lugworms & sea mouse

•Marine, live in mud, rocks & sand.

•Many have gills which serve as extensions for gas exchange

•Separate sexes and external fertilization

•freshwater, terrestrial and marine leeches

•About 500 species of leeches

• Examples: Acanthobdella, Glossiphonia, Haemadipsa, Haemopsis, Hirudo, Malacobdella, Placobdella

Class Polychaeta - Many haired wormsMarine, well formed head with ocelli and statocyst

Clam Worms

Class Polychaeta - Many haired worms

Fan Worm

Nereid

• Mostly marine worms, • Of the approximately 9000 species of annelids,

more than 8000 are Polychaetes. • The largest and the most diverse of the Annelid

groups • less than a millimeter to more than 2 meters in

length • Examples: Amphitrite, Aphrodite, Arenicola

("lug worm"), Chaetopterus, Clymenella, Diopatra, Eudistyllia ("feather-duster worm"), Eunice, ("palolo worm"), Glycera, Hydroides, Lepidonotus, Nereis (= Neanthes), Odontosyllis ("fireworm"), Polygordius, Sabella, Serpula, Spirobranchus ("Christmas-tree worm"), Spirorbis

Arenicola (“lugworm”)

Nereis

Aphrodite (sea mouse)nereis

INTRODUCTION

• Over 50,000 species

• Snails, clams, mussels, squids, octopus

• Bilaterally symmetrical

• True coelom formed by splitting embryonic mesodermal masses

• Most species are strongly cephalized

CONTINUE……• Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs

• Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus

• Body may possess a dorsal or lateral shells of protein

• Has a nervous system with a circum-oesophagal ring, ganglia and paired nerve chords

• Has gaseous exchange organs called ctenidial gills.

• Has a pair of kidneys.

• Reproduction normally sexual

• Feed a wide range of material.

• Live in most environments.

BODY PARTS

• CEPHALIZED-they have a well-developed head, in which is located a mouth and a concentration of nervous and sensory functions

• MANTLE-– This sheath of tissue is formed from the dorsal body wall– It surrounds the mantle cavity, which houses the gills or lungs if they

are present, and its surface may assist in gas exchange

• RADULA-rasping organ used in feeding

– Toothed, and complex structure• Used for scraping, tearing, stabbing, and cutting

• Unsegmented soft body • Most have internal or external shell • Have a mantle (fold in the body wall that lines the shell) • Muscular foot and/or tentacles

SYSTEMS

• OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM-– Complete with a heart, blood vessels,

respiratory pigments

• NERVOUS SYSTEM-– Ganglia, and system of nerves

Phylum Mollusca - “soft-bodied”complete digestion, open circulatory with a heart, breathe with feathery gills or primitive lungmuscular foot, fleshy mantle, protective external shell, feed with a scraping organ called a radulaClass Amphineura - chitonsShell of eight plates, reduced head with one muscular foot - roll into ball for protectionClass Gastropoda - snailscoiled shell, marine, freshwater and terrestrial

Class Bivalvia - clams, oysters, scallops & mussels3 shell layers,filter feeders - incurrent & excurrent siphonsdigestive glandfoot used for locomotion, burrowing & sensory

Class Cephalopoda - squids, octopus, cuttlefish & nautilusHead surrounded by tentacles usually with suckersLocomotion from jet propulsion using siphonLarge eyes and mouth sometimes with beakCirculatory system begins closed but is open ended

CLASS BIVALVIA (pelecypoda)

• Approx. 8,000 living species found

• Clams, mussels, scallops, oysters,

• Laterally compressed animals, 2 shell “valves” that are hinged on the animal’s dorsal surface

• Found mostly in marine environment-intertidal zone to deepest ocean

                                      

   

                                 

   

Pearls come form Oysters

CLASS CEPHALOPODA

• Approx. 650 living species are active swimmers• These species are the largest known • invertebrates • Squid and octopus• Giant squid with tentacles found was up to 20

meters long• External shells, internal hard shells• Bilaterally symmetrical • Cytrosomes with a U- or J- shaped gut, fused head

foot system and advanced eyes

Internal view of a Nautilus

CLASS GASTROPODA• Approx. 40,000 living species have shells

• Most successful group

• Some have reduced or inner shells or no shell at all (spirally coiled shells)

• Wide range of habitat

• Shelled forms are called “SNAILS”

• Without shells are called “SLUGS”

• Most of the species are marine habitats but as well as land

• Some are found in freshwater and terrestrial environment

• Well developed head, bearing eyes and tentacles, and feet are flattened to a creeping sole

Moon snail chasing a cockle

                       

     

Shelled Gastropod

Class Amphinerua

• Approx. 600 species

• Chitons

• Consist of 7 or 8 dorsal shell plates

• Oval shaped radulate mollusc with a large, muscular foot and eight chevron shaped plates embedded in a spiculate girdle

                

     

HUMAN INTERACTIONS

• PETS

• THEY ARE EATEN

• GOOD AT HARVESTING BIOMASS FOR BIOFILM

• TRAP VIRAL PARTICLES WITH THEIR TENTICLES

Kingdom Anamalia - The Higher Invertebrates

Phylum Echinodermata common traits:• radial symmetry • regenerate most body parts• bony ossicles in their body• water-vascular system - pumps water out the madroporite and supports small jaws • tube feet - attach to objects for protection and gathering food

Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates

Class Asteroidea - Starfish or Sea Stars•Developed sense of smell, touch & taste. Also respond to light•Eat prey whole or extrude their stomach to digest larger prey

Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates

Class Ophiuroidea – Brittle Stars – 2,000 species● found at the muddy bottom of tropical oceans● central disc with free-moving arms

● eat decaying matter and microscopic organisims

Kingdom Animalia - The Higher InvertebratesClass Echinoidea – Sea Urchins● Locomote with long moveable spines● Free moving skeleton of fused plates – no arms● Between spines are small pincers called pedicellariae – cleaning and defense (contain toxin)

Sea Urchins

Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates

Class Holothuroidea – Sea CucumbersFree-moving body with mouth at one end of long bodyTube feet and modified tentaclesReduced skeleton

Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates

Class Crinoidea – Sea Lilies or Feather Stars

Branched arms with ciliated tube feet for feedingWill swim when disturbed

Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates

Phylum Arthropoda - segmented animals with jointed exoskeleton

Class Arachnida - spiders, scorpions, ticks, mitesbody has 1-2 main parts, 6 pairs of appendages

Class Crustacea - shrimp, krill, lobster, crab, barnaclesbody has 2-3 main parts, 2 pairs of antennae, chewing mouthparts, 3 or more pairs of legsusually a larvae stage

• Some kids find that a rhinoceros roach makes a cute and cuddly pet.

Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates

Class Chilopoda - Centipedes distinct head with antenna and chewing mouth, poison claws on first segmentremaining segments contain walking legs

Class Diplopoda - millipedestwo pairs of legs per segment and a single skeletal plate covering segments grouped in twos

Kingdom Animalia – The Higher Invertebrates

Class Insecta - 700,000 speciesbody divided into - head, thorax & abdomenone pair of antenna, usually 2 sets of wings and 3 pairs of legs

When young cicada nymphs hatch from their eggs, they dig themselves into the ground to suck the

liquids of plant roots. They spend several early life stages in these underground

burrows before surfacing as adults.

The process varies in length but often takes

a number of years.

1. Female lays eggs and dies soon after. Eggs hatch.

2. Bugs or 'nymphs' drop to the ground

3. Nymphs live underground feeding on tree roots

4. After 17 years, nymphs tunnel to surface, crawl up trees and shed skins to become adults

5. Adults mate during May

and June of 17th year

• \

Cicada Nymph

Cicada shell

• Cicadas are probably best known for their buzzing and clicking noises, which can be amplified by multitudes of insects into an overpowering hum. Males produce this

species-specific noise with vibrating membranes on their abdomens. The sounds vary widely and some species are more musical than others. Though cicada noises

may sound alike to humans, the insects use different calls to express alarm or attract mates.

17 – year cycleCicadas are also famous for their penchant for disappearing entirely for many years, only to reappear in force at a regular interval. There are some 3,000 cicada species, but only some share this behavior (the 17-year cicada is an example). Others

are called annuals because, although individuals have multi-year

lifecycles, some adults appear every year. The dog day cicada, for

example, emerges each year in mid-summer.