body area networksbsituos.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/2/5/25253721/body-area-networks.pdf · • total...

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006

Stefan Drude, PhilipsSlide 1

Body Area Network

• Broad range of possible devices

• Broad range of media types

• Connect everything you carry

on you and with you

• Offer “Connected User” experience

• Matches low power environment

• Challenge – scalability data rate, power

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006


Body Area Networks –Target PositionAverage power consumption, sustained data rate

1000 mW500 mW100 mW50 mW10 mW

1 Gbit/s

100 kbit/s

1 Mbit/s

10 Mbit/s

100 Mbit/s

1 kbit/s

10 kbit/s

Wireless USB

IEEE 802.11 a/b/g

Bluetooth

ZigBee

200 mW20 mW5 mW2 mW

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006


Body Area Networks

• Usage Scenarios

– Body senor network

– Fitness monitoring

– Wearable audio

– Mobile device centric

– Video stream

– Remote control &

I/O devices

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006


Body Sensor Network

• Medical application– Vital patient data

– Wireless sensors

– Link with bedside monitor

– Count on 10 – 20 sensors

• Five similar networks in range

• Minimum setup interaction

• Potentially wide application

• Total traffic / patient < 10 kbps

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006


Fitness Monitoring

• Central device is MP3 player

• Wireless headset included

• Expand functionality– Speed, distance

– Heart rate, respiration monitor

– Temperature sensor

– Pacing information

– Location information

– Wristwatch display unit

– Etc.

• Total system load < 500 kbps

• Synchronization may go faster

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006


Wearable Audio

• Central device is headset

• Stereo audio, microphone

• Connected devices– Cellular phone

– MP3 player, PDA

– CD audio player

– AP at home

– Handsfree car

– Remote control

– Others

• Requires priority mechanism

• Network load < 500 kbps

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006


Mobile Device Centric

• Mobile terminal is central point

• Covers broad set of data

– Sensors – vital, other

– Headset

– Peripheral devices

– Handsfree / car

• Provide gateway to outside

– Offload sensor data, other

• Requires priority mechanism

• Network load < 500 kbps

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006


Remote Control & I/O Devices

• Remote control device• Increase consumer convenience

• Makes headset control practical

• Stand-alone vs shared function

• Combine with wristwatch display ?

• Printers

• Identification, storage

• Wireless pen

• Complement BAN functionality

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006


Technical Requirements

• There is no specific standard for BANs

– Current standards come close for specific use

cases, not broad enough

– Issues: power consumption, discovery, QoS

– Support for very low power devices, sensors

• Target less than 10% power consumption for

communications compared to total device

• Have single standard with broad range of

supported data rate - scalability

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006


BAN Requirements - Draft

• Distance 2 m std, 5 m special

• Piconet density 2 - 4 nets / m2

• Devices per network max. 100

• Net network throughput 100 Mbit/s max.

• Power consumption ~ 1mW / Mbps(@ 1 m distance)

• Startup time < 100 us, or< 10% of TX slot

• Latency (end to end) 10 ms

• Network setup time < 1 sec(after initial setup, per device)

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006



• Implementation module cost• Should be comparable to Bluetooth module

• Effective sleep mode(s)

• Concept for effective, remote wake-up

• Operates in global, license-exempt

band

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006



• Privacy, security

• Peer to peer communication, point to multi-

point

• Omni-directional antennas: small, flexible

• Future proof [for 5 years?]

– Upgradeable, scaleable, backwards compatibility

• Support for several power management /

consumption schemes [classes]

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006



• Quality of service, guaranteed bandwidth

– Specific definitions, depends on application

• Graceful degradation of services

– Depends on application, not always desireable

• Concurrent availability of asynchronous and

isochronous channels

• Low duty cycle and high duty cycle modes

• Very low duty cycle applications (sensors)

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006


Interest Group on BAN in 802.15Conclusions on low data rate applications

• Operates on, inside, or in the vicinity of the body

• Limited range (< .01 – 2 meters)

• The channel model will include human body effects.

(absorption, health effects)

• Extremely low consumption power (.1 to 1 mW) for

each device

• Capable of energy scavenging / battery-less

operation

• Support scalable Data Rate: 0.01 – 1,000 kbps

(optional 10 Mbps)

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

July 2006


Interest Group on BAN in 802.15 (2)Conclusions on low data rate applications

• Support different classes of QoS for high reliability,

asymmetric traffic, power constrained

• Needs optimized, low complexity MAC and

Networking layer

• High number of simultaneously operating piconets

required

• Application specific, security/privacy required

• Small form factor for the whole radio, antenna, power

supply system

• Locating radios (” find me”) mode

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

BIOSENSOR(General principles and applications)

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

What is a Biosensor?

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Current Definition

A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical

transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single

analyte which is then conveyed to a detector.

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Components of a Biosensor

Detector

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Father of the Biosensor

Professor Leland C Clark Jnr

1918–2005

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

• 1916 First report on immobilization of proteins : adsorptionof invertase on activated charcoal

• 1922 First glass pH electrode

• 1956 Clark published his definitive paper on the oxygenelectrode.

• 1962 First description of a biosensor: an amperometricenzyme electrodre for glucose (Clark)

• 1969 Guilbault and Montalvo – First potentiometricbiosensor:urease immobilized on an ammonia

electrode to detect urea

• 1970 Bergveld – ion selective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET)

• 1975 Lubbers and Opitz described a fibre-optic sensor withimmobilised indicator to measure carbon dioxide or oxygen.

History of Biosensors

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

• 1975 First commercial biosensor ( Yellow springs

Instruments glucose biosensor)

• 1975 First microbe based biosensor, First immunosensor

• 1976 First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles)

• 1980 First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases(Peterson)

• 1982 First fibre optic-based biosensor for glucose

• 1983 First surface plasmon resonance (SPR)immunosensor

• 1984 First mediated amperometric biosensor:ferrocene used with glucose oxidase for glucosedetection


doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

• 1987 Blood-glucose biosensor launched byMediSense ExacTech

• 1990 SPR based biosensor by Pharmacia BIACore

• 1992 Hand held blood biosensor by i-STAT

• 1996 Launching of Glucocard

• 1998 Blood glucose biosensor launch by LifeScanFastTake

• 1998 Roche Diagnostics by Merger of Roche andBoehringer mannheim

• Current Quantom dots, nanoparicles, nanowire,nanotube, etc


doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

1. LINEARITY Linearity of the sensor should be high

forthe detection of high substrate

concentration.

2. SENSITIVITY Value of the electrode response per

substrate concentration.

3. SELECTIVITY Chemicals Interference must be

minimised for obtaining the correct

result.

4.RESPONSE TIME Time necessary for having 95%

of the response.

Basic Characteristics of a

Biosensor

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Biosensor

Analyte

Sample handling/preparation

Detection

Signal

Analysis

Response

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

1. The Analyte (What do you want to detect)

Molecule - Protein, toxin, peptide, vitamin, sugar,

metal ion

2. Sample handling (How to deliver the analyte to the sensitive region?)

(Micro) fluidics - Concentration increase/decrease),

Filtration/selection

Biosensor

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

4. Signal

(How do you know there was a detection)

3. Detection/Recognition(How do you specifically recognize the analyte?)

Biosensor

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Fluorescence

DNA Microarray

SPR Surface plasmon resonance

Impedance spectroscopy

SPM (Scanning probe microscopy, AFM,

STM)

QCM (Quartz crystal microbalance)

SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy)

Electrochemical

Typical Sensing Techniques

for Biosensors

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Types of Biosensors

1. Calorimetric Biosensor

2. Potentiometric Biosensor

3. Amperometric Biosensor

4. Optical Biosensor

5. Piezo-electric Biosensor

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Piezo-Electric Biosensors

The change in frequency is proportional

to the mass of absorbed material.

Piezo-electric devices use gold to detect the

specific angle at which electron waves are

emitted when the substance is exposed to laser

light or crystals, such as quartz, which vibrate

under the influence of an electric field.

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Electrochemical Biosensors

• For applied current: Movement of e- in redox

reactions detected when a potential is applied

between two electrodes.

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Potentiometric Biosensor

– For voltage: Change in distribution of

charge is detected using ion-selective

electrodes, such as pH-meters.

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Optical Biosensors

•Colorimetric for color

Measure change in light adsorption

•Photometric for light intensity

Photon output for a luminescent or

fluorescent process can be detected

with photomultiplier tubes or

photodiode systems.

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Calorimetric Biosensors

If the enzyme catalyzed reaction is exothermic,

two thermistors may be used to

measure the difference in resistance

between reactant and product and, hence,

the analyte concentration.

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Electrochemical DNA Biosensor

Steps involved in electrochemical DNA

hybridization biosensors:

Formation of the DNA recognition layer

Actual hybridization event

Transformation of the hybridization event into

an electrical signal

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Motivated by the application to clinical diagnosis

and genome mutation detection

Types DNA Biosensors

• Electrodes

• Chips

• Crystals

DNA biosensor

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Wearable Biosensors

Ring Sensor

Smart Shirt

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Potential Applications

• Clinical diagnostics

• Food and agricultural processes

• Environmental (air, soil, and water) monitoring

• Detection of warfare agents.

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

Food Analysis

Study of biomolecules and their interaction

Drug Development

Crime detection

Medical diagnosis (both clinical and laboratory use)

Environmental field monitoring

Quality control

Industrial Process Control

Detection systems for biological warfare agents

Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement

organs

Application of Biosensor

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

• Biosensors play a part in the

field of environmental quality,

medicine and industry mainly

by identifying material and

the degree of concentration

present

doc.: IEEE 802.15-06-0331

Submission

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