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BMGT 311: Chapter 9 Basic Concepts in Samples and Sampling 1

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Page 1: Bmgt 311 chapter_9

BMGT 311: Chapter 9

Basic Concepts in Samples and Sampling

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Learning Objectives

• To become familiar with sample design terminology

• To understand the differences between probability and non probability sampling methods

• To learn how to take four types of probability samples: simple random samples, systematic samples, cluster samples, and stratified samples

• To learn how to take four types of non probability samples: convenience samples, purposive samples, referral samples, and quota samples

• To acquire the skills to administer different types of samples, including online samples

• To be able to develop a sample plan2

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Basic Concepts in Sampling

• Population: the entire group under study as defined by research objectives

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Census

• A census is an accounting of the complete population.

• The U.S. census is taken every 10 years by the U.S. Census Bureau (www.census.gov).

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Basic Concepts in Sampling

• Sample: a subset of the population that should represent the entire group

• Sample unit: the basic level of investigation

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Basic Concepts in Sampling

• A sample frame: a master list of the entire population

• Sampling frame error: the degree to which the sample frame fails to account for all of the population

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Basic Concepts in Sampling

• Sampling error: any error in a survey that occurs because a sample is used

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Probability samples: ones in which members of the population have a known chance (probability) of

• Probability samples: ones in which members of the population have a known chance (probability) of being selected into the sample

• Non probability samples: instances in which the chances (probability) of selecting members from the population into the sample are unknown

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Probability Sampling Methods

• Simple random sampling

• Systematic sampling

• Cluster sampling

• Stratified sampling

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Probability Sampling:

• Simple random sampling: the probability of being selected into the sample is “known” and equal for all members of the population.

• The random device method involves using an apparatus of some sort to ensure that every member of the population has the same chance of being selected into the sample.

• The random numbers method involves small populations that are easily accommodated by the physical aspects of the device.

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Probability Sampling:

• Simple Random Sampling Equation:

• Probability of Selection = Sample Size/Population Size

• Example #1: Population = 250,000, Sample = 10,000

• Example #3: Population = 1,000,000, Sample = 40,000

• Which group has a higher probability of being selected?

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Probability Sampling:

• Simple Random Sampling Equation:

• Probability of Selection = Sample Size/Population Size

• Example #1: Population = 250,000, Sample = 10,000

• Probability of Selection = 1,000/250,000 = 4% (Chance of being selected)

• Example #3: Population = 1,000,000, Sample = 40,000

• Probability of Selection = 4,000/1,000,000 = 4%

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Probability Sampling

• Systematic sampling: way to select a random sample from a directory or list that is much more efficient than simple random sampling

• To develop the sample, the Skip Interval is used

• Skip Interval = Population List Size/Sample Size

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Probability Sampling

• Skip Interval = Population List Size/Sample Size

• Population List Size = 2,000

• Sample Size = 200

• Skip Interval = 2,000/200 = 100

• What does this mean? Every 100th person on the list is chosen for the sample

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Probability Sampling

• Cluster sampling: method in which the population is divided into subgroups, called “clusters,” each of which could represent the entire population

• Area sampling is a form of cluster sampling; the geographic area is divided into clusters.

• Disadvantage: the cluster specification error occurs when the clusters are not homogeneous.

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Area (Cluster) Sampling

• One-step area sample: the researcher may believe the various geographic areas (clusters) to be sufficiently identical to allow concentrating his or her attention on just one area and then generalizing the results to the full population.

• Two-step area sample: the researcher selects a random sample of areas, and then he or she decides on a probability method to sample individuals within the chosen areas.

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Probability Sampling

• Stratified sampling: separates the population into different subgroups and then samples all of these subgroups

FIGURE 9.2Stratified SimpleRandom Sampling

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Probability Sampling Videos

• YouTube: Steve Mays Sampling

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Non probability Sampling

• With non probability sampling methods selection is not based on fairness, equity, or equal chance.

• Convenience sampling

• Purposive sampling

• Referral sampling

• Quota sampling

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Non probability Sampling

• Convenience samples: samples drawn at the convenience of the interviewer

• Purposive samples: requires a judgment or an “educated guess” as to who should represent the population

• Referral samples: require respondents to provide the names of prospective respondents

• Quota samples: specified percentages of the total sample for various types of individuals to be interviewed

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Convenience Sample Location

Convenience Sample Location

What students would be overrepresented?

What Students would be underrepresented

University Rec Center

University Commons

Library

Physics 401 (Advanced STEM Class)

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Online Sampling Techniques

• Online panels: large numbers of individuals who have agreed to participate in online surveys

• River samples: created via the use of banners, pop-ups, or other online devices that invite website visitors to take part in the survey

• E-mail list samples: purchased or otherwise procured from someone or some company that has compiled email addresses of opt-in members of the population of interest

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Why Samples?

• A census is not usually possible

• Think how hard it would be to interview every Point Park Students

• If done correctly (Chapter 10) - the sample using probability sample methods can be very represented of the overall population

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