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Chapter 3 : Matter 3.1 What is Matter? What is matter? To show air has mass To show air occupies space 3.2 The States of Matter The states of matter Showing the arrangement of particles in the three

states of matter Showing that there are empty spaces between

particles The random movement of particles

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Chapter 3 : Matter 3.3 The Concept of Density The concept of density Application 3.4 The Properties of Matter and Their Application in Everyday Life The properties of matter and their application in

everyday life


3.1 What is Matter?

Matter is anything that has

mass and occupies space

Examples water, soil, air and

living things


3.1 What is Matter?

Two balloons are filled

with air and are balanced

onto a wooden rod

The balloon that was poked with

a pin has becomes lighter than

the other balloon

To show air has mass

Adhesive tape

Wooden block

Balloon

A pin is used

to poke the

balloon

through the

adhesive tape


3.1 What is Matter?

• When air is blown through

delivery tube, we can see the

water level in the test tube

dropped. This is because air

has displaced water in the test

tube

To show air occupies space

Water

Air Blow here

Delivery

tube


3.2 The States of Matter • Kinetic theory of matter says that matter

consist of tiny particles. Those tiny particles are discrete.

The dispersal of copper(II) sulphate

particles in water

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Water particle

Copper(II) sulphate

particle

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3.2 The States of Matter

Arrangement of

particles

Distance between

particles

Level of energy

Volume

Solid Gas Liquid

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Closely

packed

Further

apart

Very far

apart

Low Medium High

Definite Definite Indefinite

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Arrangement of particles

Solid Liquid Gas

Movement

of particles

Vibrates at a

fixed position

Moves

randomly

and freely

Move randomly,

freely and faster

in any direction

Attractive force

between particles Strong Weak Very weak

Ability to be

compressed Cannot be

compressed

Cannot be

compressed

Can be compressed

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3.2 The States of Matter Showing the arrangement of particles in the

three states of matter

Solids cannot be compressed

Cannot be

compressed

Space between solid particles

are very small

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Liquids are not easily compressed

Difficult to

compress

Space between water

particles are small




Gases are easily compressed

Easy to

compress

Space between gas

particles are big



Before Gel

Potassium

manganate(VII)

solid

After a few days

Purple

coloured

gel

The particles of potassium manganate(VII) solid

take a long time to disperse throughout the gel

The movement of particles in the three

states of matter



Before After a few days

The particles of potassium manganate(VII)

solid disperse quickly throughout the water

Water

Potassium

manganate(VII)

solid

Purple

colour


states of matter



Before After a few days

The particles of bromine water disperse very

fast throughout the air


states of matter

Dropper

Bromine

water

Gas jar

Brown colour

of bromine

water diffuses

throughout

the gas jar



Before After 50cm³ of water is

added

The particles of water and ethanol fill up empty

spaces in between particles in each other

To show that there are empty spaces between

particles

50 cm3

water

50 cm3

ethanol

Less than

100 cm3

mixture of

water and

ethanol


3.2 The States of Matter The random movement of particles

Collisions of particles of gases or liquids with

one another cause particles to move randomly

in zigzag manner


3.3 The Concept of Density

Density of an object is mass per unit volume of that object

SI unit = kg/m3

1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3

Mass

Volume Density =


3. 3 The Concept of Density

Different objects have different densities

Buoyancy is the ability of an object to float on liquid

Objects with lower density float on liquids with higher

density



Buoy

The density of buoy is less than the sea

water

Hot air balloon

Hot air is less dense than cold air

Submarine

Density of submarine is controlled by

regulating the volume of water in the

ballast tank

Application



1. Sea water is pumped into

ballast tank

2. Submarine becomes

denser than sea water

Application


Water


1. Air is pumped into ballast

tank

2. Submarine becomes less

dense than sea water

Application


Ballast tank

3.4 The Properties of Matter and Their Application in Everyday Life

Wood is used to build houses

Divers carry a tank of air that allow them to breathe while deep underwater

Plastic is an example of a man-made material. It is a useful solid

Gas can be compressed. Cooking gas is stored in cylinders and can be transported easily

Iron is a solid. It is hard and strong. Iron and concrete are used in the construction of buildings

Boats are structured inside with empty spaces filled with air. Thus, the density of the boat is less than the density of water. This makes the boat float


The end

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Bab 3 : Jirim 3.1 Apakah itu Jirim? • Apakah itu jirim? • Menunjukkan udara mempunyai jisim • Menunjukkan udara memenuhi ruang 3.2 Keadaan Jirim • Keadaan jirim • Menunjukkan susunan zarah-zarah dalam tiga

keadaan jirim • Menunjukkan terdapatnya ruang kosong antara

zarah-zarah • Pergerakan rawak zarah-zarah

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Bab 3 : Jirim 3.3 Konsep Ketumpatan • Konsep ketumpatan • Penggunaan 3.4 Ciri-ciri Jirim dan Penggunaannya dalam Kehidupan Seharian • Ciri-ciri jirim dan penggunaannya

dalam kehidupan seharian

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3.1 Apakah itu Jirim?

• Jirim ialah sebarang benda yang

mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi

ruang

• Contohnya air, tanih, udara dan

benda hidup

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• Dua belon diisi dengan

udara dan diimbangkan

pada blok kayu

• Belon yang dicucuk dengan pin

menjadi ringan berbanding yang

satu lagi

Mununjukkan udara mempunyai jisim

Pita pelekat

Blok kayu

Belon

Pin digunakan

untuk mencucuk

belon pada

pita pelekat

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• Apabila udara ditiup melalui

salur penghantar, kita dapat

lihat aras air dalam tabung uji

menurun. Ini kerana tabung uji

berisi udara

Menunjukkan udara memenuhi ruang

Air

Udara Tiup di sini

Salur

penghantar

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3.2 Keadaan Jirim • Teori kinetik jirim menyatakan bahawa jirim mengandungi

zarah-zarah halus. Zarah-zarah halus ini adalah diskrit.

Zarah-zarah kuprum(II) sulfat berselerak

di dalam air

Zarah air

Zarah kuprum(II)

sulfat

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3.2 Keadaan Jirim

Susunan zarah-zarah

Jarak antara zarah-

zarah

Aras tenaga

Isipadu

Pepejal Gas Cecair

Rapat Jauh Sangat jauh

Rendah Medium Tinggi

Nyata Nyata Tidak nyata

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3.2 Keadaan Jirim

Susunan zarah-zarah

Pepejal Cecair Gas

Pergerakan

zarah-zarah

Bergetar pada

kedudukan

tetap

Bergerak

rawak dan

bebas

Bergerak rawak,

bebas dan cepat

dalam semua arah

Daya tarikan antara zarah Kuat Lemah Sangat lemah

Kebolehan

memampat Tidak boleh Tidak boleh Boleh

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3.2 Keadaan Jirim Menunjukkan susunan zarah-zarah dalam tiga

keadaan jirim

• Pepejal tidak boleh dimampatkan

Tidak boleh

dimampat

Ruang antara zarah-zarah

pepejal sangat kecil

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keadaan pepejal

• Cecair tidak mudah untuk dimampatkan

Susah untuk

dimampat

Ruang antara zarah-zarah air

adalah kecil

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keadaan jirim

• Gas senang dimampatkan

Senang

dimampatkan

Ruang antara zarah-zarah

gas besar

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3.2 Keadaan Jirim

Sebelum Gel

Pepejal

kalium

manganat(VII)

Selepas beberapa hari

Gel

berwarna

ungu

• Zarah-zarah pepejal kalium manganat(VII) mengambil

masa yang lama untuk berselerak ke seluruh gel

Menunjukkan pergerakan zarah-zarah dalam tiga

keadaan jirim

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3.2 Keadaan Jirim

Sebelum Selepas beberapa

hari

• Zarah-zarah pepejal kalium manganat(VII)

berselerak dengan cepat ke seluruh air

Air

Pepejal

kalium

manganat(VII)

Berwarna

ungu


keadaan jirim

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3.2 Keadaan Jirim

Sebelum Selepas beberapa hari

• Zarah-zarah air bromin merebak sangat cepat

ke seluruh udara


keadaan jirim

Penitis

Air

bromin

Kelalang gas

Warna perang

air bromin

merebak ke

seluruh kelalang

gas

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3.2 Keadaan Jirim

Sebelum Selepas ditambahkan 50 cm3 air

• Zarah-zarah air dan etanol memenuhi ruang

kosong di antara zarah-zarah

Menunjukkan terdapatnya ruang kosong antara

zarah-zarah

50 cm3

air

50 cm3

etanol

Kurang daripada

100 cm3

campuran air

dan etanol

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3.2 Keadaan Jirim Pergerakan rawak zarah-zarah

• Perlanggaran zarah-zarah gas atau cecair

antara satu sama lain menyebabkan zarah

bergerak rawak dalam keadaan zigzag

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3.3 Konsep Ketumpatan

• Ketumpatan sesuatu objek adalah jisim per isi padu unit sesuatu

objek

• SI unit = kg/m3

• 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3

Jisim

Isi padu Ketumpatan =

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3. 3 Konsep Ketumpatan

• Objek berlainan mempunyai ketumpatan berlainan

• Keapungan adalah terapung atau tenggelamnya sesuatu objek dalam cecair

• Objek yang kurang tumpat terapung pada permukaan cecair berbanding dengan objek yang lebih tumpat

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• Boya

Ketumpatan boya kurang berbanding air laut

• Belon udara panas

Udara panas kurang tumpat berbanding udara sejuk

• Kapal selam

Ketumpatan kapal selam dikawal oleh isi padu air dalam tangki balast

Penggunaan

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1. Air laut dipam ke

dalam tangki balast

2. Kapal selam menjadi lebih tumpat daripada air laut

Penggunaan

Air

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1. Udara dipam ke dalam tangki

balast

2. Kapal selam menjadi kurang

tumpat berbanding air laut

Application

Tangki balast

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3.4 Ciri-ciri Jirim dan Penggunaannya dalam Kehidupan Seharian

• Kayu digunakan untuk membina rumah

• Juruselam membawa tangki udara bagi membolehkan mereka bernafas semasa di dalam air

• Plastik adalah contoh bahan buatan manusia. Ia adalah pepejal yang berguna

• Gas boleh dimampatkan. Gas memasak disimpan di dalam silinder dan senang diangkut

• Besi adalah pepejal. Ia adalah keras dan kuat. Besi dan konkrit digunakan dalam pembinaan bangunan

• Bot direka dengan bahagian dalamnya kosong dengan udara. Mala ketumpatan bot kurang daripada ketumpatan air. Ini menyebabkan bot terapung

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