bls 206 lecture 1
TRANSCRIPT
BLS 206: DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY
HOZA, A.S (2010)
ROAD MAP…………….
WHAT IS EXPECTED OUT OF THIS COURSE….
AT THE END OF THE COURSE, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO APPLY: MOLECULAR/CONVENTIONAL DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY TECHNIQUE IN D’SE Dx!
NB: 1. THERE SHALL BE @ LST 3 EXAMS.
2 . NO FORMAL LECTURE NOTES WILL BE GIVEN
Qn1: Highlight the major steps involved during Gram’s stain in a diagnostic lab
Qn2: Briefly explain why Gram –ve bacteria don’t retain basic stain after decolourization. (Less than 2 lines)
Getting 2 know @other in BLS 206!
Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection
Ask the lab for a diagnosis, expecting a yes or no, but often end up with just a maybe…
Basic Principles of Lab diagnosis
Clinical assessment Collecting and transporting specimens Microscopy Culture Sensitivity Non-cultural diagnostic methods Virological diagnosis
Diagnosis of Bacterial Infection
Patient Clinical diagnosis
HaematologyBiochemistry
Non-microbiological investigations
Radiology
Sample Take the correct specimen
Take the specimen correctly
Label & package the specimen up correctly
Appropriate transport & storage of specimen
A proper clinical assessment is essential for optimal use of laboratory services!
Garbage in
Garbage out
Laboratory
Is your investigation worthwhile?
Do you know whatinformation you want?
Does it affect patientmanagement?
Is the informationalready available?
Contact the lab for info on Best test
Type of sample Timing of sample
Transport of sample Interpretation of results
Give the lab all relevant clinicalinformation
e. g. antibiotic treatment recent travel
special risks etc
stop! thinkagain
yes
no
yes
yes
Can the lab provide thisinformation?
no
no
no
yes
no
no
Happyclinician
Happymicrobiologist
Happypatient
Happymanager
Collecting the correct specimen
Pernasal swabs for pertussis
Sputum , not saliva
Blood culture bottles, not clotted blood
Correctly timed Gentamicin assays
Pus, not swabs
Getting the specimen to the lab Problems in delay or inappropriate storage
delay in diagnosis & treatment pathogens die contaminants overgrow
Blood cultures directly into incubator not refrigerator!
CSF straight to lab
Don't put an entire surgical specimen into formalin! Send a portion to microbiology in a sterile container
Collecting the specimen correctly
Take an mid-stream urineavoids contamination with perineal flora
CSFAvoid contaminationAvoid bloody tap
Throat swabMake the patient gag!
Blood culturesAvoid contamination with skin organisms
Specimens & Infection Control
Please be considerate to lab staff!!
Label hazardous specimens
Don't send specimens to the lab without proper packing
Leaking or blood-stained specimens are not acceptable!!!
Factors limiting usefulness of bacteriological investigations
wrong sample e.g. saliva instead of sputum
delay in transport / inappropriate storage e.g. CSF
overgrowth by contaminants e.g. blood cultures
insufficient sample / sampling error e.g.in mycobacterial disease
Animal/patient has received antibiotics
Diagnosis of Bacterial Infection
culture
on plates or in broth
identification by biochemical or serological tests on pure growth
from single colony
microscopy
Decolorise CounterstainStain
unstained or stained with e.g. Gram stain
sensitivities
Serodiagnosis DNA technologies
by disc diffusion methods,
breakpoints or MICs
Microscopy Unstained preparations
“Wet prep”
Dark-ground illumination for syphilis
Microscopy Stained preparations
Gram-stain Acid-fast stain
Ziehl-Neelsen
Fluorescence Direct, e.g. auramine Immunofluorescence
Culture of Bacteria
Solid media Agar plates
For Identification For Enumeration
Slopes For safe long-term culture,
e.g. Lowenstein-Jensen media for TB
Liquid media (broth) For enrichment or
maximum sensitivity
Advantages of Solid Media
isolation of single clonal colonies get bacterium in pure
culture
identify by colonial morphology
quantification by colony-forming units
Identification of Bacteria
Morphology Growth requirements Biochemistry Enzymes Antigens
Non-cultural diagnostic methods
Antigen detectione.g. latex agglutination
Antibody detectione. g. agglutination tests, complement fixation
tests, indirect immunofluorescence
Molecular methodsPolymerase Chain Reaction
MIC=2mg/L
2mg/L
1mg/L
0.5mg/L
0.25mg/L
4mg/L
8mg/L
amount ofantibiotic
cloudiness meansbacteria can grow atthat concentration of
antibiotic
no zone around disc =resistant
clear zonearound disc =
sensitive
bacterium
Sensitivity tests
on solid media disc diffusion
technique
in liquid media minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) test
Breakpoint methods
E-test
I think it’s time for a
short Break!!Break!!
Oooh yeah!!!
Bacterial cultivationPart 1a
Selective /differential
media
Lab activities:
Form 8 groups of about 8 students Each group will have 1 type of specimen
Exercise Demo selective and differentiation plates Streaking bacteria on differentiation plates One group report after each practical MUST
be submitted
Cultivation
The process of growing microorganisms in
culture by taking bacteria from the infection site
(in vivo or environment) and grow them in
artificial environment in the laboratory (in vitro).
Growth needs
Fastidious bacteria – relatively complex growth
needs
Non-fastidious bacteria- relatively basic and
straightforward growth needs
Phases of growth media
Broth:
Growth of bacteria will change the liquid from
clear to turbid (cloudy).
Solid:
Agar plates
Slants
Bacterial cells inoculated on solid media will multiply
enough to be seen by naked eye.
Colony- (clone)
Colony- A bacterial population derived from one bacterial cell. The cells within the colony have identical, genus, species, genetic
and phenotypic characteristics.
Pure bacteria - derived from a single colony.
Selection of a pure colony -most important for bacterial
identification
Media classification and function
Enrichment – Used to enhance growth of a
particular pathogen
Supportive - support growth of most non
fastidious bacteria
Media classification and function
Selective - Contain inhibitory agents that are
inhibitory to all organisms except those sought
Differential - Contain factors that allow bacterial
species to manifest certain metabolic characteristics
that distinguish them from other species.
Media can be both selective and differential based
on the ingredients of the medium.
Blood agar plate (BA)
Nutrient agar with 5% sheep blood
Cultivation of fastidious and non fastidious bacteria.
Differential – Identify hemolysis - Some bacteria secrete
enzymes that lyse red blood cells (hemolysins) such that a
clearing around the colony appears. hemolysis- complete clearing (white hemolysis) hemolysis – incomplete clearing (green hemolysis) hemolysis- no hemolysis
Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)
Both selective and differential medium.
High salt concentration - inhibits most bacteria.
Selective for Staphylococcus sp.
Differentiate between Staphylococcus sp. by the sugar
mannitol fermentation .
Mannitol fermention produce acids that change the pH
of medium.
Peach color- neutral- no fermentation
Bright yellow- Acidic – mannitol fermentation (Staph. coag.
pos.- Staph. aureus)
MacConkey Agar (MAC)
Selective and differential medium.
Selective - Gram positive bacteria are inhibited by the
presence of bile salts and crystal violet inhibitors in the
medium Most of gram negative bacteria will grow.
Differentiate- Between Gram negative bacteria by their
ability to ferment lactose.
Pink colonies- Bacteria that ferment lactose (precipitation of
some salts in media by acid production).
Pale colonies- Non fermenters
Eosine Methylene blue (EMB)
Differentiatial between
lactose fermenting and
non fermenting enteric
bacteria
Tellurite Glycine Agar (TGA)
Selective- Tellurite
glycine and lithium inhibit
most bacteria
Preferential growth of
Staphyloccoci coagulase
positive (Staphyloccocus
aureus)
Bacteria streaked in lab
Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Salmonella pullorum, E.coli
EMB and TGA
S.aureus
S.pullurum
S.epidermidis
E.coli
OK guys, it’s the end of presentation, C U next time...!!