blood. the cardiovascular system: blood in context function of c.v.s. is...
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BLOOD
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The Cardiovascular System:blood in context
Function of C.V.S. is transport/distribution/circulation
Transport requires:
1. Medium of transport: a substance in which material are transported
• BLOOD
2. Pressure to propel/deliver blood• HEART
• heart both generates and can regulate blood pressure
3. VESSELS for blood to move through• vessels both distribute blood and regulate blood pressure
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Functions of Blood• Transport
– nutrients
– O2, CO2 (gasses)
– wastes– hormones/regulatory substances– heat
• Immune response• pH regulation• Hemostasis: clot formation/patching of vessel
leaks
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Composition of Blood
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Plasma:components and function
Plasma: “liquid” portion of blood• ~55% of blood by volume (on average)Components• ~91% of plasma is water
– the most abundant substance in blood– important contributor to blood volume
• Related to state of hydration/water balance• (which relates to ability to maintain blood pressure)
• ~7% Plasma Proteins– Albumin (58% of p.p.): helps maintain water within vessels/plasma
• Also transports substances through blood
– Globulins (38% of p.p.): • Transport (often of non-water soluble substances)• immune function/response--antibodies
– Fibrinogen (4% of p.p.): blood clotting• Other solutes— ~2% of plasma
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Formed Elements
Composition
• ~ 95% RBC’s/Erythrocytes
• 4%+ Platelets
• <1% WBC’s/Leukocytes
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Erythrocyte Functions
• Transport (carry) oxygen – 98.5% of all oxygen
• Transport carbon dioxide– ~20%
• Picks up oxygen in lungs; unloads it in tissues of systemic circuit
• Picks up carbon dioxide in tissues of systemic circuit; unloads it in the lungs
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Erythrocyte Functions:Gas Transport
• Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are carried on (bound to) hemoglobin– makes up about 1/3rd of cells internal volume
• Hemoglobin is a large protein with 4 basic subunits each with an iron containing heme group
– O2 in carried on/bound to the heme portion of Hb
– CO2 is carried on/bound to the globin portion of Hb
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Erythrocyte Structure/Specializations
1. Biconcave shape– increases surface area– Center of cell close to PM (diffusion distance is short)
– faster/more efficient movement of O2 & CO2 across the
PM of cell
– Together with a flexible cytoskeleton creates flexibility (RBC’s have a particularly flexible cytoskeleton) to pass through very small capillaries
– facilitates rouleaux (stacking) under some conditions
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Erythrocyte Structure/Specializations
1. Biconcave shape
2. No nucleus– more room for Hb more gas carrying
capacity– BUT, limits cell’s life span
• ~ 120 days• body must balance the creation of new and removal
of old RBC’s.– (basis for some disorders such as jaundice, possible mechanism for anemia, etc….)
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Erythrocyte Structure/Specializations
1. Biconcave shape
2. No nucleus
3. No mitochondria (or most organelles)– more room for Hb more transport
capacity– does not use the oxygen it transports
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Erythrocyte Formation and removal
• Produced in red bone marrow• Production is stimulated primarily by
erythropoitin (EPO), released by kidney (& liver)
• Old RBC’s are removed from blood by spleen and liver
• Macrophages destroy RBC’s
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RBC Factoids
• ~2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults.
• Each circulation around body takes about 20 seconds.
• 25% of all cells in the human body are red blood cells.
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LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION: SEE TALBE 21.3
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Leukocytes Functions
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Relative Leukocyte Abundance
• Neutrophils• Lymphocytes• Monocytes• Eosinophils• Basophils
• Never• let• monkeys• eat• bananas
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Differential WBC countBecause:• there is a typical amount of each WBC• Each WBC has a different function• WBC respond to their specific challenges
by increasing in number
• Counting the relative abundance of each WBC (differential WBC count) can help assess what a condition/problem is