blood pressure measurement system by bluetooth
TRANSCRIPT
BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BY
BLUETOOTH
1 Dr.F.Emerson Soloman , Akkaladev Divya
2
1Assistant Professor
2UG Students,
Department of Biomedical Engineering
BIHER, BIST, Bharath University
Chennai- 6000073.
ABSTRACT : High blood pressure is a
leading chronic disease and has become
the main factor for many high risk
diseases such as diabetes, heart attack
and cancer .At present there are more
than hundred million hyper tension but
only 44% of them have been diagnosed,
we are going to design a blood pressure
measurement system that is completely
wireless and uses blood pressure sensors
to collect the data of the patient and
transfers the information via Bluetooth to
a monitor where in the blood pressure of
the patient along with the patient details
are displayed by this process, blood
pressure of the patient can be monitored
continuously. The overall procedure can
be done within a minute or not more than
two minutes.
Keywords: Blood Pressure Sensor,
Continuous Monitoring System, Bluetooth.
I.INTRODUCTION
Blood pressure measurement devices
have become increasingly popular
during the last decade as prices of
these measurement devices have sunk
to an appropriate level for ordinary
consumers.[1-5] The incorporation of
automatic measurement features and
ease of use have also contributed to
the growing popularity of blood
pressure measurement devices as a
lifestyle device. However, such
measurements devices are typically
cuff based and based on indirect
Blood Pressure (BP) measuring
method using the detection of
Korotkov-sounds. This method had
been used for more than 100 years
International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 12 2018, 11811-11822ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu
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and has two major deficiencies.
Firstly, the cuff grossly affects the
measured parameter. Secondly, the
method determines the blood
pressure only at a single point of
time. Oscillometric methods, applied
in automatic home BP-meters, apart
from the aforementioned
inadequacies, have also a built-in
uncertainty, where it empirically
calculates the systolic and diastolic
values from the measured mean
pressure. In Tonometry the non-
linear effect of the vascular wall
decreases in bigger arteries. It is well
known that good access to a “big”
artery is at the wrist by palpating.
Different mechanisms have been
developed for the automatic non
invasive palpation on the arterial
radials. In order to obtain a stable
blood pressure signal, the tonometric
sensor must be protected against
movement and other mechanical
artifacts.[6-18] The Vascular
unloading technique method is to
unload the arterial wall in order to
linearize this phenomenon with a
counter pressure as high as the
pressure inside the artery. Blood
volume is kept constant by applying
this corresponding pressure from the
outside. The continuously changing
outside pressure that is needed to
keep the arterial blood volume
constant directly corresponds to the
arterial pressure. This is the basic
principle of the so- called “Vascular
Unloading Technique”. For the
realization, a cuff is placed over the
finger. Inside the cuff, the blood
volume in the finger arteries is
measured using a light source and a
light detector. The resulting light
signal is kept constant by controlling
the alterable cuff pressure. During
systole, when blood volume increases
in the finger, the control system
increases cuff pressure, too, until the
excess blood volume is squeezed out.
On the other hand, during diastole,
the blood volume in the finger is
decreased; as a result, cuff pressure is
lowered and again the overall blood
volume remains constant. As blood
volume and, thus, the light signal is
held constant over time, intra- arterial
pressure is equal to the cuff pressure.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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This pressure can easily be measured
with a manometer.[19-23]
Hydrostatic pressure refers to any
pressure that a liquid exerts on its
container. Blood hydrostatic pressure
is the pressure that the volume of
blood within our circulatory system
exerts on the walls of the blood
vessels that contain it. However,
hydrostatic pressure is not the only
pressure that is exerted on a blood
vessel, osmotic pressure is also
present and the cumulative pressure
from inside is countered by the same
two types of pressure exerted on the
outside of the blood vessels by the
tissues that surround them.[24-29]
The hydrostatic pressure exerted by
our blood on our blood vessels is
what we commonly refer to as our
blood pressure and it can cause
serious problems when upset. Blood
pressure is not the same throughout,
for example, the veins and capillaries
in our feet have way more pressure
inside them than the ones in our head,
and gravity is responsible for this
particular variation. When we get
hypertensive, our blood vessels
experience increased hydrostatic
pressure on them due to increase of
blood flow; it is at this point that
arteriosclerosis occurs and as a result,
the blood vessels become very hard
in order to withstand the high blood
pressure In this paper, a blood
pressure monitoring device has been
presented for real-time non-invasive
blood pressure monitoring based on
Android smart-phone. The
monitoring device is consisted of
three parts: two pieces of
independent node modules for
acquiring ECG and PPG signals and
an Android smart-phone with our
application. The acquired ECG and
fingertip PPG data, which are
measured simultaneously, are sent to
user‟s Android smart- phone by
Bluetooth transmission module in
real time and display on screen for
monitoring. PTT can be computed
from the interval between ECG and
PPG. Finally, blood pressure can be
estimate from the corresponding
PTT.[30-36]
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II. MATERIAL AND
METHODOLOGY
ArduinoUNO
Arduino/ Genuino Uno is a microcontroller
board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be
used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect
it to a computer with a USB cable or power
it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started.. You can tinker with your UNO
without worring too much about doing
something wrong, worst case scenario you
can replace the chip for a few dollars and
start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen
to mark the release of Arduino Software
(IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of
Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference
versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer
releases. The Uno board is the first in a
series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform;
for an extensive list of current, past or
outdated boards see the Arduino index of
boards.
Infra-red sensor
Our project aims on air sensor. IR sensors
have been used in the occupational medicine
research in the area of medicine. The IR
sensor can measure the fluctuation of blood
can be detected through an optical sensing
mechanism placed around the fingertip.
Infrared radiation enters through the front of
the sensor,[37-42] known as the „sensor
face‟. At the core of IR sensor is a solid state
sensor or set of sensors, made from
pyroelectric materials-materials which
generate energy when exposed to heat.
Typically, the sensors are approximately 1/4
inch square (40 mm2), and take the form of
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a thin film. Materials commonly used in PIR
sensors include gallium nitride (GaN),
caesium nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl
fluorides, derivatives of phenylpyridine, and
cobalt phthalocyanine. The sensor is often
manufactured as part of an integrated
circuit.IR sensors use infra red light to sense
objects in front of them and gauge their
distance[10]. The commonly used Sharp IR
sensors have two black circles which used
for this process. An emitter and a detector.
A pulse of infra red light is emitted from the
emitter and spreads out in a large arc. If no
object is detected then the IR light
continues forever and no reading is
recorded. However, if an object is nearby
then the IR light will be reflected and some
of it will hit the detector. This forms a
simple triangle between the object, emitter
and detector. The detector is able to detect
the angle that the IR light arrived back at
and thus can determine the distance to the
object. This is remarkably accurate and
although interference from sunlight is still a
problem, these sensors are capable of
detecting dark objects in sunlight now. An
infrared detector is a detector that reacts to
infrared (IR) radiation. The two main types
of detectors are thermal and photonic
(photodetectors).The thermal effects of the
incident IR radiation can be followed
through many temperature dependent
phenomena. Bolometers and micro
bolometers are based on changes in
resistance. Thermocouples and thermopiles
use the thermoelectric effect. Golay cells
follow thermal expansion. In IR
spectrometers the pyroelectric detectors are
the most widespread. The response time and
sensitivity of photonic detectors can be
much higher, but usually these have to be
cooled to cut thermal noise[11]. The
materials in these are semiconductors with
narrow band gaps. Incident IR photons can
cause electronic excitations. In
photoconductive detectors, the resistivity of
the detector element is monitored.
Photovoltaic detectors contain a p-n junction
on which photoelectric current appears upon
illumination. A few detector materials like
Mercury cadmium telluride.
IR Sensor
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HC-05 BLUETOOTH MODULE
HC-05 module is an easy to use
Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol)
module, designed for transparent
wireless serial connection setup. Serial
port Bluetooth module is fully qualified
Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data
Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete
2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband.
It uses CSR Blue core 04-External single
chip Bluetooth system with CMOS
technology and with AFH (Adaptive
Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the
footprint as small as 12.7mmx27mm.
Hope it will simplify your overall
design/development cycle. Specifications
Hardware features Typical -80dBm
sensitivity Up to +4dBm RF transmit
power Low Power 1.8V Operation ,1.8
to 3.6V I/O PIO control UART
interface with programmable baud rate
With integrated antenna With edge
connector.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
A liquid crystal display
(LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual
display that uses the light modulating
properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs
does not emit light directly.
They are used in a wide range
of applications including: computer
monitors, television, instrument panels,
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aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc.
They are common in consumer devices
such as video players, gaming devices,
clocks, watches, calculators, and
telephones. LCDs have displaced
cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most
applications. They are usually more
compact, lightweight, portable, less
expensive, more reliable, and easier on
the eyes. They are available in a wider
range of screen sizes than CRT and
plasma displays, and since they do not
use phosphors, they cannot suffer image
burn-in.
LCDs are more energy
efficient and offer safer disposal than
CRTs. Its low electrical power
consumption enables it to be used in
battery-powered electronic equipment. It
is an electronically-modulated optical
device made up of any number of pixels
filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in
front of a light source (backlight) or
reflector to produce images in colour or
monochrome.
RESULT:
The use of this device is very simple. We
have to turn the power on and we will see all
zeros on display for few seconds. We have
to wait till the display goes off. Now place
forefinger tip on the sensor assembly, and
press the start button. We will see the LED
blinking with heart beats and after 15 sec,
the result will be displayed. This
implementation of a heart monitor involves
low cost amplifier and filter components
coupled with a microcontroller and seven
segment display.[43-45]
CONCLUSION:
In this paper, the design and
development of a low-cost bluetooth
based device for measuring the heart
pulse rate has been described. The
device has the advantage that it can be
used by non-professional people at
home to measure the heart rate easily
and safely. The device is ergonomic,
portable, durable, and cost effective.
The device is efficient and easy to use.
This device could be used in clinical
and nonclinical environments. It can
also be easily used by individual users,
e.g. athletes during sporting activities.
This work proposes and focuses on the
heartbeat monitoring and that is able to
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monitor the heart beat rate condition of
patient. The system determines blood
pressure per minute. Thus, doctors can
monitor and diagnose the patient‟s
condition continuously and could
suggest earlier precaution for the
patients themselves..This system is cost
effective and user friendly and thus its
usage is not restricted or limited to any
class of users. It is a very efficient
system and very easy to handle and thus
provides great flexibility and serves as a
great improvement over other
conventional monitoring.
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