blood groups
DESCRIPTION
BLOOD GROUPS. FACTS ABOUT BLOOD GROUPS. THE MOST IMPORTANT BLOOD GROUP IN THE U.S. IS THE ABO GROUP 3 ALLELES FOR THIS GROUP: A,B & O A PERSON CAN ONLY INHERIT 2 ALLELES (GENES) FOR THIS. POSSIBLE GENE COMBINATIONS. GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (alleles) (actual blood type). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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BLOOD GROUPS
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FACTS ABOUT BLOOD GROUPS
• THE MOST IMPORTANT BLOOD GROUP IN THE U.S. IS THE ABO GROUP
• 3 ALLELES FOR THIS GROUP: A,B & O
• A PERSON CAN ONLY INHERIT 2 ALLELES (GENES) FOR THIS
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POSSIBLE GENE COMBINATIONS
GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (alleles) (actual blood
type) AA
AO
BB
BO
AB
OO
A
A
B
B
AB
O
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Antigen
• In immunology, an antigen is a substance that evokes the production of one or more antibodies. Each antibody binds to a specific antigen by way of an interaction similar to the fit between a lock and a key
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Antibody• An antibody (Ab), also known as an
immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses
• So the foreign antigen is the “bad guy” and the antibody is the molecule your body uses to fight the foreign antigen
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• Serology – the study of antigen – antibody reactions
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Laboratory Examination - Individualization
• The surface of a RBC contains antigens
• Antigen (Ag) – a glycoprotein that stimulates the body to produce antibodies (Ab) against it
• Antigens impart blood-type characteristics to the RBC
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Laboratory Examination –ABO and Rh system
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Recipient Donor A B AB O
A (antigen A and antibody B)
B (antigen B and antibody A
AB (antigen A and B and no antibodies)
O (not antigens but both antibody A and B*)
Meaning they have the following blood type
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Recipient Donor A B AB O
A (antigen A and antibody B)
B (antigen B and antibody A
AB (antigen A and B and no antibodies)
O (not antigens but both antibody A and B*)
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Rh FactorRh Factor
Recipient Donor Positive Negative
Positive Negative
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Laboratory Examination –ABO and Rh system
• The population distribution of blood types varies with location and race throughout the world
• In the US, a typical distribution:
0
20
40
60
O type A type B type AB type
Percent
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FREQUENCY OF BLOOD TYPES
A
B
AB
O
45% MOST COMMON
41 %
10 %
4 % LEAST COMMON
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UNIVERSAL DONOR: THE BLOOD TYPE THAT CAN BE GIVEN TO ALL OTHER BLOOD TYPES.
TYPE O- IS THE UNIVERSAL DONOR.
UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR: THE BLOOD TYPE THAT CAN RECEIVE ALL OTHER BLOOD TYPES.
TYPE AB+ IS THE UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR.
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Rh FACTOR
• THE Rh FACTOR IS ANOTHER ANTIGEN (PROTEIN) THAT CAN BE FOUND ON THE SURFACE OF SOME RBC’S
• PEOPLE WITH THIS PROTEIN ON THEIR RBC’S ARE Rh+
• .• PEOPLE WHO LACK THIS PROTEIN ARE Rh-.
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ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
• A HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORNS.
• THE RESULT OF Rh INCOMPATIBILITY
• THE MOTHER IS Rh- & THE FATHER IS Rh+
• BOTH HEMOLYSIS & AGGLUTINATION WILL RESULT
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NORMAL RBC
IMMATURE RBC
(NUCLEATED)
BROKEN RBC
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WHAT DISEASE CONDITIONS WOULD YOU EXPECT THIS BABY
TO HAVE AT BIRTH?
•ANEMIA
•JAUNDICE
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WHAT IS THE Tx FOR THESE BABIES?
A COMPLETE BLOOD TRANSFUSION
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• RHOGAM: CONTAINS ANTI-Rh ANTIBODIES• HOW IS IT ADMINISTERED?
• INJECTION• WHEN IS IT ADMINISTERED?
• DURING THE PREGNANCY & WITHIN 72 HOURS AFTER DELIVERY
.
PREVENTION?