blood glucose homeostasis
DESCRIPTION
Blood glucose homeostasis- Hormonal regulation and clinical significanceTRANSCRIPT
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Selected for publication in student’s corner
Biochemistry for Medics
www.namrata.co
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Blood Glucose Homeostasis
Presented by 001
ABDUL ArShAd
BIOCHEMISTRY
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Table of contents•Overview•Regulation of blood glucose•Hormonal control of blood glucose•Hypoglycemia and its clinical aspect•Hyperglycemia and its clinical aspect•Summary
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OVERVIEW
Blood Glucose
(60mg-100mg/dl)
Gluconeogenesis
DIET
Hepatic glycogenolysis
Peripheral uptake
utilisation
GLUCOSE OBTAINED FROM OTHER
CARBOHYDRATES
Glycolysis
lipogenesis
glycogenesis
Uronic acid pathway
HMP pathway
Urine(glycosuria)
Other sugars
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As blood glucose level tends to increase
Insulin is secreted
Has a hypoglycemic effect
Inhibit pouring of glucose into blood
And promotes utilisation of glucose
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As blood glucose level tends to decrease
Decrease insulin secretion
Hormones like : Glucagon, Catecholamines, Growth hormones, glucocorticoids, Thyroid hormones, ACTH
Reverse of insulin and are thus called counter regulatory hormones
In cases of hypoglycemia
Inhibition of insulin(1st line of defence)
Increase realease of glucagon (2nd line of defense)
Realease of catecholamines , anteriour pituitary hormones .ACTH….(3rd line of defense)
Thyroid hormones and growth hormones are not essential for maintanance of blood glucose concetration but have an impact on carbohydrate metabolism
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Hormonal control on Blood Glucose
Insulin
Glucagon
Catecholamines
Glucocorticoids
Growth
hormone
Thyroid hormon
es
Absorbtion of glucose
Peripheral uptake
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
glycogenesis
Glucogenolysis
Lipogenesis
Lipolysis
Protein catabolism
Net effect on blood glucose
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Tug of war between Insulin & other hormones
INSULIN glucagon
glucocorticoids
G.H
Thyroid hormones
epinephrine
catecholamine
s
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Blood glucose concentration
Varitions in blood glucose
Hypoglycemia
(<60mg/dl)
Normal
(60-110mg/dl)
Hyperglycemia
(>110mg/dl)
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Hypoglycemia
Low bloood glucose
CNS symptoms
Improvement of symptoms upon glucose adminis tration
Glucose
These 3 is called whipple’s triad
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Types of hypoglycemia Hypoglycem
ia
Post parandialHypoglycemia
(PPH)
FastingHypoglycemia
(FH)
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Insulin induced hypoglycemiaObserved in Type 1 diabetic patient on insulin
therapy.Overdose of insulin can produce hypoglycemia
Observed in insulinoma and other tumours which cause increase abnormal secretion of insulin
Reactive hypoglycemia-PPH-occurs withing 2hrs of food intake, due to sudden realease of insulin
Leucine induced hypoglycemia-in certain individuals a protein rich diet containing leucine may cause sudden realease of insulin causing hypoglycemia
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Alchohol induced hypoglycemia
Observed in chronic alchoholics who are also malnourished
Also precipitated by simultaneous administration of insulin
So patients with type 1 diabetes are give a warning not to consume alchohol
Alchohol
Alchohol dehydrogenase
NAD+
NADH+H++
lactate
pyruvate
acetaldehyde
acetate
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase NADH+
H++
NAD+ malate
OAA
Acetyl CoA
Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
Hypoglycemia
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Pregnancy induced Hypoglycemia
Due to imbalance between demand and supply
NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA
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Endocrinal disorders
HYPOTHYROIDISM
HYPOPITUITARISM
HYPOCORTICISM
LIVER DISORDERS
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES
HEAVY EXERCISE
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Click icon to add pictureClick icon to add picture
Click icon to add pictureClinical Manifestations
Neuroglycopenic
Adrenergic
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Neuroglycopenic
Confusion
Head ache
Convulsions
Syncopial attacks
Coma and death(untreated)
These are due to deprivation of glucose to
brain cells
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Adrenergic
Palpitations
Tremors
Excessive sweating
These are due to realease of
catecholamines especially adrenaline
Always associated
with tachycardia
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Lab DiagnosisBlood glucose is low
Plasma insulin high
Endocrinal and liver disorder suspected
TreatmentOral glucose administration if
person is alert
Intravenous glucose administration in unconscious patients
Treat primary cause
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Hyperglycemia
Characterised by high blood glucose
Most common cause is diabetes mellitus
Up to 500 mg% or even more
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Click icon to add pictureCauses
Click icon to add pictureClick icon to add pictureEndocrinal Non - endocrinal
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EndocrinalDiabetese melitus
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperpituitarism
Hypercorticism
hyperadrenalism
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Pancreatic disorder
Pancreatectomy
Pancreatitis
Cystic fibrosis Haemochromatosis
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Drug induced
Corticosteroids
Thiazide diuretics
High dose of niacin
Phenytoin
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InfectionsRubella
Intracranial infections
Sepsis
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Exposure to anaesthesia
Intra cranial tumours
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DiagnosisMade from clinical symptoms
Blood glucose estimation
Know primary cause of hyper glycemia
TreatmentBase on treating primary
cause
Lowering of blood glucose by either insulin supplimentation or oral hypoglycemic drugs
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summary
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Bibliography
Biochemistry class notes (DR. Namrata)
Internet
Respected teachers of bichemistry department
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Thank you foryourAttention