blogger pdf english book novo

2011

By Zenilda Barbosa Silva

English easy is with Grammar Focus

http://grammarfocus-easy.blogspot.com/

ENGLISH X PORTUGUESE


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1 Personal pronouns........................................................................................................ 5

2 Possessive adjectives and pronouns.............................................................................. 7

3 To be (present tense )..................................................................................................... 8

4 To be (past tense)………………………….……………………………………….…….. 11

5 There to be (present/past)...……………….………………………..…………………... 13

6 The indefinite articles: a/an………….……………………….……...………………….. 14

7 Demonstratives ………………………………………………………………………….. 15

8 Plural of nouns…………………………………………………………………….…….. 17

9 Nouns: gender ……………………………………………….................................... …. 19

10 Genitive case ……………………………………………………………………….……. 20

11 Present continuous tense – I …………………………………………………….……… 22

12 Present continuous tense – II ...………………………………………………………. 24

13 Past continuous tense – I ………………………………………………………………. 26

14 Past continuous tense – II ………….…………………………….………………......... 28

15 Going to (present) …………………….……………………………….………………. 29

16 Going to (past) …………………………………………………………………………… 31

17 Simple future tense ……………………………………………………..………………. 33

18 Imperative …………………………………………………………………………….… 35

19 Simple present tense – I ……………………………………….………………………. 37

20 Simple present tense – II ………………………………………………………………. 40

21 Simple present tense – III …………………………………………………….……...... 42

22 Quantitative (much-many) …………………….………………………………………... 44

23 Preposition – I …………………………………………………………………………... 46

24 Simple past tense – I……………………………………………………………………. 50

25 Simple past tense – II…………………………….……………………………………. 52

26 Simple past tense – III…………………………………………………………………. 53

27 Verb Tense review.………….……………………………….………………….………. 55

28 To have.…………………………………………………………………………………. 56

29 Future continuous tense….……………………………………………………………. 60

30 Indefinites (some/any/no)…..…………………………….…………………….……… 62

INDICE

Grammar Units



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31 Compounds of some/any/no…………………………………………………..…………. 64

32 Reflexive Pronouns – I………………………………………………………….…….... 66

33 Reflexive Pronouns – II ................................................................................................ 68

34 Definite Article : The - I................................................................................................. 70

35 Definite Article : The – II .............................................................................................. 72

36 Prepositons – II .............................................................................................................. 74

37 Adjetives / adverbs – I ...................................................................................................... 76

38 Adjectives / adverbs – II ................................................................................................. 78

39 Degrees of Comparison – I .......................................................................................... 80

40 Degrees of comparison – II ............................................................................................ 82

41 Degrees of comparison – III ……………………………………………………………. 84

42 Present perfect tense – I ................................................................................................. 86

43 Present perfect tense – II ……………………………………………………………….. 88

44 Present perfect tense – III .............................................................................................. 90

45 Present perfect tense continous tense ………………………………………………….. 92

46 Past perfect tense ………………………………………………………………….…….. 94

47 Relative pronouns – I…………………………………………………………………….. 96

48 Relative pronouns - II……………………………………………………………………. 98

49 Relative pronouns - III…………………………………………………………………. 100

50 Prepositions - III…………………………………………………………………….….. 102

51 Future perfect tense……………………………………………………………………… 104

52 Conditional tenses……………………………………………………………………… 106

53 Conditional sentences - I……………………………………………………………….. 108

54 Condicional sentences - II………………………………………………………............ 110

55 Conditional sentences – III……………………………………………………….…….. 112

56 Anomalous verbs - I……………………………………………………………………… 114

57 Anomalous verbs - II…………………………………………………………………….. 117

58 Anomalous verbs - III……………………………………………………………………. 120

59 Interrogatives…………………………………………………………………………….. 122

60 Tag Endings – I…………………………………………………………………............. 124

61 Tag Endings – II (question tags page 61 and 62).………………………………………. 125

62 Passive voice - I…………………………………………………………………………. 128

63 Passive voice - II…………………………………………………………………………. 129

64 Preposition - IV…………………………………………………………………............. 131

65 Direct and indirect speech – I (reported speech)………………………….………….. 132



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66 Direct and indirect speech – II………………………………………………………….. 135

67 Direct and indirect speech – III………………………………………………………….. 137

68 Causative use of have……………………………………………………………..……… 138

69 It takes…………………………………………………………………………………… 140

70 Gerund…………………………………………………………………………………… 141

71 Infinitive........................................................................................................................... 142

72 Infiniteve and gerund...................................................................................................... 144

73 Would rather / had better…………………………………………………………………. 146



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PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

me

you

him

her

it

us

you

them

- Pronome sujeito: é usado como sujeito da oração.

Ex.: I am Brazilian.

- Pronome objeto: é usado como objeto direto ou objeto indireto.

Ex.: Bob loves her.

Orações com dois objetos:

Ex.: He gave me some flowers. (Enfatiza o objeto direto)

He gave some flowers to me. (enfatiza o objeto indireto)

ELEMENTARY

Choose the correct alternative.

1 – (We, Us) offers get up early.

2 – I usually meet (him, he) at school.

3 – What is the problem with (they, them)?

LESSON ONE



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INTERMEDIATE

Substitute the correct pronouns for the underlined word(s).

1 – Apes are very intelligent animals.

2 – The teacher is doing her work in the teachers’ room.

3 - What’s the problem with the girls?

ADVANCED

Transform the sentences.

Ex.: She is making a cake for Dad (him).

She is making him a cake.

1 – He is writing a card to her.

2 – They are buying a birthday present to their mother.

3 – He always asks difficult questions to us



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POSSESSEVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

My Mine

Your Yours

His His

Her Hers

Its Its

Our Ours

Your Yours

Their theirs

- Adjetivo possessive: precede o substantivo.

Ex: This is my book.

- Pronome possessivo: substitui o substantivo.

Ex.: That book is mine.

- Os possessivos geralmente concordam com o possuidor

Ex.: I love my girl, you love yours.

► She is a friend of mine. (one of my friends)

ELEMENTARY


1 – I am doing (my, mine) homework.

2 – (our, ours) magazine is here, where are (their, theirs)?

3 – Sally is reading (her, hers) English book, Tom is reading (his, its).

INTERMEDIATE

Supply the correct possessives.

1 – John writes-------------composition and we don’t write-----------.

2 – The boys are waiting for -----------girlfriends.

3 - Ted, are those some of ----------friends?

ADVANCED

Supply the correct possessives for the words in italics.

1 – Mary’s books are on the table. Where are our books?

2 – The girls’ shoes aren’t here.

3 – This is Tom’s skate. I can’t find your skate.

LESSON TWO



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THE VERB TO BE (ser/estar)

►Quero salientar, logo de início, que, além dos significados básicos de

ser e estar, o verbo to be é muito usado no sentido de ficar (tornar-se).

TO BE (present tense).

►Neste emprego do verbo to be devem insister porque a maioria das

pessoas que aprendem English costuma associar o to be apenas com ser

e estar, jamais com o verbo ficar.

Exemple: John is my friend. (O John é meu amigo)

They are American actors. (Eles são atores (norte-)

americanos.)

Peter and Susan were in a hurry. (O peter e a Susan estavam com

pressa)

They will be at the club. (eles estarão no clube)

Mary was upset when she heard the news.

(Mary ficou contrariada quando ouviu a notícia.)

Ou ainda, não esteve ou estava, nem foi ou era

I would be very grateful to you.

Eu lhe ficaria muito grato. (não seria ou estaria)

TO BE (Present tense):

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

I am I am not Am I?

You are You are not Are you?

He is He is not Is he?

She is She is not Is she?

It is It is not Is it?

We are We are not Are we?

You are You are not Are you?

They are They are not Are they?

► Forma-se o negativo colocando-se not após o verbo.

► Forma-se a interrogativa colocando-se o verbo antes do sujeito.

► Formas abreviadas: ‘re (are), ‘s (is), isn’t (is not), aren’t (are not).

LESSON THREE


Win7

Realce


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ELEMENTARY

Supply the verb to be in the Present Tense.

1 – Jack-----------hungry.

2 – Mr. Lee and I ---------very good friends.

3 – My house--------------on Lincoln Street.

INTERMEDIATE

Supply the verb to be in the Present Tense.

1 – Our company------------- on Copley Road.

2 – I ------------Brazilian. My hometown -----------Recife.

3 - ------------your shoes in the closet?

ADVANCED

Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and sentences 4 to 6 into the

interrogative form.

1 – They are at home.

2 – Frank’s our best friend.

3 – Apples are expensive this week.

4 - I’m angry with you.

5 – My answers are correct.

6 – Their book is on the table.

OBSERVATION:

► We use ‘be’ to talk about names, age, nationality, states,

description, location, etc.



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He is the same age as me.

I’m worried.

You are my favorite sister.

► We use the present simple to talk about everyday routines and

things we do repeatedly.

I get up at dawn.

What time does she get up?

At night, we often stay up late by the fire.

► We also use the present simple to talk about situations that are

permanent.

Where does she live?

She lives in Mexico.

Present simple:

This is the form of the present simple ( with like + noun and with dislikes like + -ing)

►We use the present simple of like to talk about things we like or don’t like.

Marina likes burges.

I don’t like my school uniform.

Do you like yellow?

►We often use like + -ing to talk about things we like or dislike doing.

I like watching TV.

I don’t like playing tennis.

Does Jade like cycling?

Attention People!



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TO BE (past tense)


I was I was not Was I?

You were You were not Were you?

He was He was not Was he?

She was She was not Was she?

It was It was not Was it?

We were We were not Were we?

You were You were not Were you?

They were They were not Were they?

► Forma-se a negativa colocando-se not após o verbo.

► Forma-se a interrogativa colocando-se o verbo antes do sujeito.

► Formas abreviadas: wasn‘t (was not), weren‘t (were not).

ELEMENTARY

Supply the verb to be in the Past Tense.

1 – I -----------tired last night.

2 – They ---------last for school.

3 – She --------------very happy at her birthday party.

INTERMEDIATE

Supply the verb to be in the Past Tense.

1 – The old school building------------- near my house, it was far away.

2 – ------------the scientists tired after the meeting?

3 - Summer ------------very hot last year.

LESSON FOUR



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ADVANCED

Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and sentences 4 to 6 into the

interrogative form.

1 – We were absent from class yesterday.

2 – The boxes were at the correct place.

3 – I was very angry at you.

4 – The policemen were near the corner.

5 – The red fish was out of the fish bowl.

6 – My name was the first on the list.

Observação: Já que o simple past corresponde ao nosso pretérito perfeito

e ao imperfeito, conseqüentemete I was, you were, he was etc. significam

também eu fui, você foi (tu foste), ele foi etc. Como saber, estão, qual dos

dois tempos está sendo usado ou mentalizado, em English? Analisando

qual dos dois, no contexto, faz mais sentido.

I was tired last night.

(eu estava cansado ontem á noite.)

They were in the kitchen.

(eles estavam na cozinha.)

It was the most important decision of my career.

(foi a decisão mais importante da minha carreira.)



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THERE TO BE (Present/past)

PRESENT PAST

Singular There is (Há) There was (Havia)

Plural There are (Há) There were (Havia)

► Formas afirmativas: there is, there are, there was, there were.

► Forma interrogativas is there?, are there?, was there?, were there?

► Formas negativas: there is not, there are not, and there was not, there

were not.

►Formas abreviadas: there‘s (there is), there isn’t (there is not), there

aren’t (there are not), there wasn‘t (there was not), there weren’t (there

were not).

ELEMENTARY

Put sentences in negative and interrogative form.

1 – I There is homework for tomorrow.

2 – There were science books in our class.

3 – There is a lemon in the refrigerator.

INTERMEDIATE


1 – What (is there, there is) under the chair?

2 – (There is, There was) a police car here a minute ago.

3 – What (are there, was there) empty boxes in the garage.

ADVANCED

Supply the correct form of there to be in the sentences below.

1 – ………………….an accident on First Avenue yesterday.

2 – …………………anybody in room 201 now?

3 – …………………double about your project last week.

LESSON FIVE



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THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A/AN

► A (um, uma): usado antes de palavras que iniciam com som de consoante.

Ex.: a boy a horse a year a university a chair

► An (um, uma): usado antes de palavras que iniciam com som de vogal.

Ex.: an egg an umbrella an hour

► A e An não são usados antes de substantivos no plural e de substantivos

incontáveis (uncontable).

Ex.: Horses are mammals.

Would you like some Bread?

I need some money.

ELEMENTARY


1 – (A, An) bird can fly.

2 – He is (a, an) old man.

3 – There is (a, an) child in my room.

INTERMEDIATE

Supply a or an.

1 – She is ……………..woman in love.

2 – ……wife is …………woman.

3 – …………writer writes books.

ADVANCED

Supply a or an when necessary.

1 - ………. flies are………insects.

2- They are……… Italian. They like ……. macaroni.

3- We can make ………. cake with………. egg and………milk

LESSON SIX



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DEMONSTRATIVES

► This (este, esta, isto) refere-se a algo que está próximo. O plural de this

é these.

Ex.: This book is interesting.

These books are interesting.

► That (aquele, aquela, aquilo) refere-se a algo que está longe. O plural

de that é those.

Ex.: That girl over there is my sister.

Those girls over there are my sisters.

ELEMENTARY


1 – (That, Those) are the shoes I want.

2 – I’m tired of (this, these) job.

3 – Let’s play with (that, those) children.

INTERMEDIATE

Supply this or that in questions 1 a 3 and these or those in questions 4 a 6.

1 – Look!…………..is my girlfriend inside the restaurant.

2 – …… isn’t my book. My book is over there on the table.

3 – Guess, what is ……….in my bands?

4 – …………flowers behind that house are beautiful.

5 – Let’s help ……… little boys near that tree.

6 – What are……….black spots on my fingers, doctor?

LESSON SERVEN



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ADVANCED

Put the sentences into the plural form.

1 - What is that paper in the drawer?

2- This is his favorite rock band.

3- My sister likes that film.



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PLURAL OF NOUNS

► De maneira geral, faz-se o plural acrescentando-se -s à forma do

singular.

Ex.: table – tables firl – firls chief – chiefs safe – safes.

► Substantivos terminados em – s, - ch, -sh, -x, - z e –o recebem –es.

Ex.: bus - buses church – churches brush - brushes.

Box – boxes buzz – buzzes tomato tomatoes

► Plural irregular:

Man – men

Foot - feet

woman - women

tooth – teeth

mouse - mice

child - children

►Alguns substantivos terminados em –f ou –fe mudam o - f ou - fe

para -v e recebem –es:

Calf - calves

Half - halves

Knife - knives

Leaf - leaves

life-lives

loaf - loaves

sheaf – sheaves

sheaf – sheaves

shelf - shelves

thief - thieves

wife - wives

wolf – wolves

►Palavras estrangeiras abreviadas terminadas em –o recebem –s .

Casino - casinos

Photo - photos

hippo - hippos

piano - pianos

►Algumas palavras estrangeiras conservam o plural de origem.

Bacterium - bactéria

Datum - data

crisis - crises

basis - bases

genius - geni

nucleus - nuclei

ELEMENTARY

Write the plural of the following nouns.

1 – policeman………………………………………………………...

LESSON EIGHT



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2 – door……………………………………………………………….

3 – century…………………………………………………………….

INTERMEDIATE

Put the sentences into the plural form.

1 – This is an old woman.

2 –That Frenchman is buying a hat.

3 – The lady is near the church.



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NOUNS: GENDER

► Há quatro gêneros em inglês: masculino (man, king, Lion), feminino

(woman, lady , hen), neutro (usado para coisas inanimadas:table, door,

etc.) e comum (usado para ambos os sexos: person, neighbor, etc.).

►O gênero é indicado por:

Ex.:

boy – girl

Father - mother

Man -

woman

brother - sister

horse – mare

nephew - niece

hull - cow

husband - wife

son – daughter

cock - hen

king - queen

uncle- aunt

►Terminação diferente:

Ex.:

actor - actress

steward - stewarde

waiter - waitress

lion - lioness

heir - heire

ancestor - ancestress

►Anteposição ou posposição de palavras:

Ex.:

Frenchman - Frenchwoman

Bull-elephant - cow-lephant

he-bear - she-bear

grandfather - grandmother

ELEMENTARY

Write the masculine of the following nouns.

1 – niece………………………………………………………...

2 – lioness……………………………………………………………….

3 – sister…………………………………………………………….

INTERMEDIATE

Rewrite supplying the feminine.

1 – My father is waiting for his brother.

2 – Look at that bull near the horse.

3 – The actor is sick.

LESSON NINE



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GENITIVE CASE

► O caso genitivo expressa posse e é usado para pessoas e animais.

Ex.: the boy’s name (the name of the boy)

the cat’s eyes (the name of the boy)

► É formado pelo acréscimo de ‘s ao possuidor.

Ex.: Jack’s car Charles’s book the children’s book the men’s

house

►Quando o substantivo termina em –s, usar-se apenas o apóstrofo ( ‘ ):

Ex.: the girls’ room the ladies’ dresses

►substantivos compostos são tratados como substantivos simples:

Ex.: my father-in-law’s car

►O caso genitive também é usado para se referir a lugares.

►Anteposição ou posposição de palavras:

Ex.: I’m going to Grandma’s. (Grandma’s house)

He’s going to the baker’s. (the baker’s shop)

►Pode-se usar o caso genitivo para indicar coisas personificadas ou

dignificadas.

Ex.: the beauty’s Queen the earth’s surface

►Quando há mais de um possuidor:

a) para indicar posse comum, apenas o último possuidor recebe o

genitivo.

Ex.: Jack and Peter’s father (o mesmo pai)

b) para indicar posse individual, usa-se o genitivo para cada um dos

possuidores.

Ex.: Joe’s and Jane’s fathers (pais diferentes)

ELEMENTARY

Supply ‘ or ‘s.

1 – Don………car is in the garage.

2 – Mr. Simpson………secretary is outside.

3 – They sell ladies………hats in this store.

LESSON TEN



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INTERMEDIATE

Put into the Genitive Case.

1 – The dresses of the girls --------------------------------------------------.

2 – The tail of the dog --------------------------------------------------.

3 – The cat of the students -------------------------------------------------.

ADVANCED

Rewrite supplying ‘ or ‘s where necessary.

1- (The boy and the girl) trousers are dirty.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 - We can meet at (Bob).

------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 - She is going to the (dentist).

------------------------------------------------------------------------



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PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE - I

► Como se forma: presente do verbo to be(estar) + o particípio presente

do verbo principal (verbo+ - ing).

I am studying

You are studying

She is studying

We are studying

You are studying

They are studying

► O pressente contínuo é usado para expressar ações que estão

acontecendo. É geralmente empregado com advérbios de tempo: now,

at this moment, currently, today, etc.

►O present contínuo pode expressar também ações futuras.

Ex.: I am working next Saturday.

She is leaving tomorrow.

ELEMENTARY

Supply the Present Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – My sister and I …………..(do) our homework now.

2 – My neighbors……………(travel) around the world.

3 – The cat………….. (sleep) in the garden.

INTERMEDIATE

Insert the verbs below in the correct places.

are studying am reading is ringing

1 – We --------------------------hard because we have a test tomorrow.

2 – I ------------------------a book on ancient Greece.

3 – Listen, the telephone --------------------------------.

LESSON ELEVEN



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ADVANCED

Supply the correct form of the Present Continuous Tense of the

following verbs.

Teach play clean

1- Jene ------------------Portuguese in my school next year.

2- Where--------------the boys-----------football?

3- Jill ----------------------the bathroom. She is leaning her bedroom.



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PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE – II

► Forma afirmativa: She is reading.

Forma negative: She is not reading.

Forma interrogative: Is she reading?

► Formas abreviadas: isn’t (is not), aren’t (are not).

► Geralmente os verbos não sofrem modificações ao receber a

terminação com –ing.

Porém:

a) se o verbo termina em –e, ele perde o –e ao receber – ing.

Ex.: drive - driving write - writing Love - loving

b) se o verbo termina em consoante /vogal/consoante, dobra-se a

última consoante e acrescenta-se - ing.

Ex.: cut - cutting swim – swimming run - running

ELEMENTARY

Put the sentences into the negative form.

1 – The boys are writing letters

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

2 – Karen is making a cake.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 – The cat is running around the table.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

INTERMEDIATE

Put the sentences from exercise I into the interrogative form.

1 – -----------------------------------------------------------------------.

2 – -----------------------------------------------------------------------.

3 – ------------------------------------------------------------------------.

LESSON TWELVE



25

ADVANCED

Supply the Present Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

4- The children--------------------------------------(swim) in the lake.

5- I-----------------------------------(cut) apples to make a pie.

6- He --------------------------------(take) a walk.



26

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE – I

► Como se forma: passado do verbo to be + o particípio presente do verbo

principal (verbo+ -ing).

I was studying

You were studying

He was studying

She was studying

We were studying

You were studying

They were studying

► Afirmativa: They were studying.

Negativa: They were not studying.

Interrogativa: Were they studying?

► Formas abreviadas: wasn’t (was not), weren’t (were not).

They weren’t studying

ELEMENTARY

Put the sentences into the negative and interrogative form.

1 – She was walking to school.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

2 – They were playing chess.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 – The cat was sleeping under the bed.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Put the here sentences interrogative for.

1 – -----------------------------------------------------------------------.

2 – -----------------------------------------------------------------------.

3 – ------------------------------------------------------------------------.

LESSON THIRTEEN



27

INTERMEDIATE

Supply the Past Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

7- The children--------------------------------------(cry) 5 minutes ago.

8- I-----------------------------------(study) geography.

9- Jane --------------------------------(prepare) dinner



28

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE – II

► O passado continuo é usado para expressar:

a) Ações que estavam acontecendo num determinado momento do

passado.

Ex.: They were studying five minutes ago

I was working yesterday morning.

b) Ações que estavam acontecendo quando uma outra ação ocorreu.

Ex.: They were studying when I arrived.

I was working when you called.

c) Duas ações que estavam acontecendo no mesmo momento.

Ex.: They were studying while I was working.

ELEMENTARY

Supply the Past Continuous Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – They --------------------(travel) to Japan when the accident happened.

2 – When you arrived, I ---------------------(take) a bath.

3 – The sun---------------------------(shine) when I got up this morning.

INTERMEDIATE

Insert the verbs in parentheses in the correct place.

1 – He --------------------a walk when he ----------- you. (was taking/saw)

2 – When she ------------, I ----------------------- lunch. (was having/arrived)

3 – The accident----------, when they------------home. (were driving /

happened)

ADVENCED

Supply the Simple Past or the Past Continuous Tense.

1 – The bird ----------------------(try) to fly when the cat caught it.

2 - I-----------------------------------(eat) piece of cake when mother

----------------------(not look).

3 - When she called us we -------------------(correct) our exercises.

LESSON FOUTEEN



29

GOING TO (PRESENT)

► Como se forma: presente do verbo to be + going + infinitivo do verbo

principal.

I am going to study

You are going to study

He is going to study

She is going to study

We are going to study

You are going to study

They are going to study

► Afirmativa: She is going to study.

Negativa: She is not (isn’t) going to study.

Interrogativa: Is she going to study?

► Going to (Present) é usado para expressar:

a) Ações que vão ocorrer no futuro próximo;

b) Planos ou intenções;

c) Probabilidade.

ELEMENTARY


1 – Donald (is going, is going to) meet me at 3 o’clock.

2 – What (is, are) you going to do tomorrow?

3 – My sister is going (to drive, to driving) her new car.

INTERMEDIATE

Put the verbs is parentheses into the Going to (Present) form.

1 – Henry --------------------(work) tomorrow morning.

2 – ------------, Jene ----------------------- (play) volleyball with us?

3 – What -------------you------------(have) for dessert?

LESSON FIFTEEN



30

ADVENCED

Write sentences. Follow the example.

Example: George – suit tomorrow night.

George is going to wear his new suit tomorrow night.

1 - My brother – buy – bicycle - next Saturday.

------------------------------------------------------------.

2 - Those gentlemen – eat – desert – outside.

------------------------------------------------------------.

3 - Jenet - bring – baby – tonight?

-----------------------------------------------------------.



31

GOING TO (PAST)

► Como se forma: passado do verbo to be +going + infinitivo do verbo

principal. Going to informa intentions and predictions

I was going to study

You were going to study

He was going to study

She was going to study

We were going to study

You were going to study

They were going to study

► Afirmativa: They were going to study.

Negativa: They were not (weren’t) going to study.

Interrogativa: were they going to study?

► We use going to to talk about something we have already decided todo or

somenting we intend to do in the future.

I’m going to be nicer to my sister.

I’m not going to eat so much chocolate.

A: What color is here going to paint his room?

B: He’s going to paint it purple.

How is He going to fix his sunglasses?

► Going to (Past) é usado para expressar uma ação planejada no passado, mas

que não aconteceu:

Ex.: I was going to study, but I was too tired.

ELEMENTARY


1 – Doris and Bob (was, were) going to travel.

2 – We (were going, was going) to clean the garage.

3 – Where (was he, he was) going to buy those books?

LESSON SIXTEEN



32

INTERMEDIATE

Put the verbs is parentheses into the Going to (Past) form.

1 – Tom --------------------(study) yesterday, but he couldn’t.

2 – ------------, you ----------------------- (work) last night?

3 – What -------------you------------(tell) m this morning?

ADVENCED

Answer the questions. Use the words in parentheses.

1- What was he going to do? (work).

------------------------------------------------------------.

2- What were you going to buy? (fruit).

------------------------------------------------------------.

3- What was she going to give you? (a present)

-----------------------------------------------------------.



33

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (will – predictions)

► Como se forma: will + verbo principal.

I will study

You will study

He will study

She will study

We will study

You will study

They will study

► Afirmativa: They will (They’ll) study.

Negativa: They will not (won’t) study.

Interrogativa: Will they study?

► Formas abreviadas: ‘ll (will); won’t ( will not).

► O future simples é usado para expressar uma ação futura.

Ex.: They will arrive tomorrow.

► We use Will to talk about what we think or know Will happen in the

future.

Ex.: Will you be married in 2050?

There won’t be any cars in the future.

We’ll read fewer books in the future.

► We often use think, believe, in my opinion to talk about predictions with

Will.

Ex.: I think we’ll watch more TV.

I believe we’ll eat less candy.

In my opinion, we’ll eat more fast food.

ELEMENTARY

Change sentences 1 to 3 to the negative and 4 a 6 to the interrogative

form.

1- We will see you in the morning.

------------------------------------------------------------.

2- You will learn mathematics.

------------------------------------------------------------.

3- Sally will make a cake.

LESSON SEVENTEEN



34

----------------------------------------------------------.

4- They will help us tomorrow.

------------------------------------------------------------.

5- He will invite you.

------------------------------------------------------------.

6- She will work hard.

-----------------------------------------------------------.

INTERMEDIATE

Supply the Future Tense.

1 – I --------------------(arrive) at 10 o’clock .

2 – ------------, it ----------------------- (cost) much money?

3 – We -------------(be) ready in ten minutes.

ADVENCED

Answer the questions. Use the words in parentheses.

7- Where will they work? (at home)

------------------------------------------------------------.

8- What will she do? (work)

------------------------------------------------------------.

9- How will tom travel? (by plane)

-----------------------------------------------------------.



35

IMPERATIVE

► Como se forma: verbo no infinitivo sem to.

Ex.: Come! Go! Speak! Help!

► Afirmativa: Go home!

Negativa: Don’t go home!

► O imperativo é usado para expressar uma ordem ou um pedido.

Ex.: Clean your room!

Please, help me!

►A forma imperativa let’s + verbo é usada para expressar uma

proposta ou um convite.

►Afirmativa: Let’s visit Nancy.

Negativa: Let’s not visit Nancy today.

ELEMENTARY

I - Change these sentences form the affirmative to the negative form.

1- Go outside.

------------------------------------------------------------.

2- Give this to him.

------------------------------------------------------------.

3- Put your books on the table.

----------------------------------------------------------.

II – Change these sentences from the negative to the affirmative form.

1 – Don’t open the door.

-------------------------------------------------------------.

2 – Let’s not visit her.

-------------------------------------------------------------.

3 - Don’t help him.

-----------------------------------------------------------.

LESSON EITHTEEN



36

INTERMEDIATE


1 – Don’t (open, wait) the window.

2 – Let1s not (invite, buy) her

3 – (wait, Go) for me.



37

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE - I

►Como se forma: verbo no infinitivo sem to. Na 3ª pessoa do singular

recebe –s ou -es.

I walk

You walk

He walks

She walks

It walks

We walk

You walk

They walk

► O presente simples é usado para expressar ações habituais. É geralmente

empegado com advérbios de tempo: always, often, usually, frequently ,

sometimes, never, every day, on Mondays, etc

Ex.: I usually walk to school.

He works walk to school.

►O presente simples pode expressar também verdades universais e ações

futuras planejadas.

Ex.: Birds fly.

The train leaves in five minutes.

ELEMENTARY

Supply the Simple Present Tense.

1 – Dogs------------------------(bark).

2 – I usually ------------(walk) to school.

3 – He ----------------(work) near his house.

INTERMEDIATE


1 – I (work, works) downtown.

2 – She usually (talk, talks) to him.

LESSON NINETEEN



38

3 – John (love, loves) you.

ADVANCED

Supply the following verb forms.

eats - have - visits

1 – Little Peter ----------------- fruit every morning.

2 - we --------------------------- breakfast at 7 o’clock.

3 – She ------------------- her parents every Sunday.

In foods use well countable and uncountable.

SPECIFIC GENERAL

Countable I’m buying an orange* I love oranges. Oranges are delicious.

Uncountable I’m buying some broccoli. I like. Broccoli is good for you.

*Note: singular = “I’m buying an orange. “ Plural = “I’m buying some

oranges.”

Attention People!



39

GRAMMAR FOCUS:

SOME AND ANY

Do we need any meat? We need some hamburger meat. We don’t need any clicken.

Do we need any soda? Yes, let’s get some soda. No. we don’t need any soda.

Yes, let’s get some. No, we don’t need any.

Note: some and any are also used with plural countable nouns:

“Do you want some bananas?” “No, I don’t want any.”

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

I always eat breakfast. Do you ever have fish for breakfast? 100% always

usually Yes, I always do. usually

often Sometimes I do. often

Sometimes

No, I never do.

sometimes

seldom seldom

Sometimes I eat breakfast. 0% never



40

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE – II

► Para forma a 3ª pessoa do singular de alguns verbos acrescenta-se -s

Ex.: walk - walks

► Se o verbo terminar em –ss, -sh, -ch, -x, - ou – o, acrescenta-se –es.

Ex.: Kiss – kisses wash – washes watch – watches

Fix – fixes buzz – buzzes GO - goes

► Se o verbo terminar em -y precedido de consoante, troca-se o –y por –

i e acrescenta-se –es.

Ex.: try - tries hurry - hurries study - studies

ELEMENTARY

Change the following sentences to 3rd person singular.

1 – I hurry to the club every week.

2 – You often study hard.

3 – We watch TV In the evening.

____________________________________________________________

INTERMEDIATE

Supply the Simple Present Tense.

1– Jane------------(try) to learn how to swim every day.

2 – She always ----------------(wait) for me in front of school.

3 – They often -------------(dance) in the club on weekends.

LESSOTWENTY



41

ADVANCED

Supply the Simple Present Tense or the Present Continuous Tense.

1 - Linda……….. (study) now.

2- They ……… (live) in a big city.

3- I usually ……….. (get) up early.



42

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE – III

► Afirmativa: You study. He studies

Negativa: You do not study. He does not study.

Interrogativa: Do you study? Does He study?

► Foram abreviadas: don’t (do not) , doesn’t (does not).

► Nas formas negativa e interrogativa, em que se usa o verbo auxiliar

(do/does), o verbo principal fica no infinitivo, sem to.

► Frases iniciadas por palavras interrogativas como what, when,

where, how, why, etc. seguem as mesmas regras das frases

interrogativas.

ELEMENTARY

I - Turn into the negative form.

1 – We tell them about our plans.

2 – He eats lunch in the cafeteria.

3 – She lives in New York

____________________________________________________________

II – Turn the sentences from exercise I into the interrogative form.

1 - _________________________________________________________

2 - _________________________________________________________

3- _________________________________________________________

LESSON TWENTY ONE



43

INTERMEDIATE

Supply do or does to complete the following questions.

1– Where ----------he live?

2 – What ------------they usually eat?

3 – How much ----------------this usually eat?

ADVANCED

Ask questions. Use the words in parentheses.

1 - They meet Paul in the park. (where).

______________________________________

2- You travel by car. (how)

______________________________________

3- It rains in the spring.(when)

______________________________________



44

QUANTITATIVES (MUCH – MANY)

► Much (muito) e little (pouco) são usados com substantivos

incontáveis (geralmente no singular).

Ex.: much love, much milk , little coffee, little time

► Many (muitos) e few (poucos) são usados com substantivos

contáveis (geralmente no plural).

Ex.: many books, many boys, few pencils, few girls

OBSERVATION:

► Much e many, em frases afirmativa, podem ser substituídos por a

lot of, plenty of, a great deal of, lots of.

► Less (menos) é usado com substantivos incontáveis.

Fewer (menos) é usado com substantivos contáveis.

Ex.: She has less time to study than her brother.

She has fewer books than her father.

ELEMENTARY

I - Supply much or many.

1 – There was ________ work yesterday.

2 - There are_________ old beliefs among us today.

3 - ____________single girls were at the dance yesterday.

II – Supply few or little.

1 – We have _______ time to study.

2 - _________ people agree with him.

3 – The baby drank ________ milk yesterday.

III – Supply less or fewer.

1 – I have ______ time to study than you.

LESSON TWENTY TWO



45

2 – We invited _________ friends than Joyce.

3 – Charles had _____ money than John, so he bought _____ oranges.

3 – How much ----------------this usually eat?

ADVANCED


1 - They meet Paul in the park. (where).

______________________________________

2- You travel by car. (how)

______________________________________

3- It rains in the spring.(when)

______________________________________



46

How much; how many; how old; how far; how long; ...

São expressões relacionadas com quantidade, dimensão, freqüência,

tempo etc., muito comuns na linguagem corrente. Aprenda a usar as

seguintes, que são as principais:

How much – quanto How much did you pay for your shoes? Quanto você pagou por seus sapatos? How much is that câmera? Quanto custa essa câmera? How many – quantos, quantas How many bananas o Jimmy comeu? How many CDs você tem? Quantos CDs você tem? How old – quantos anos, que idade How old is your fahter? Quantos anos tem seu pai? How wide – que largura, qual a largura How wide is this river? Que largura tem este rio? How far – qual a distância How far is it from Brasília to Rio? Qual a distância de Brasília ao Rio? How often – com que freqüência How often do you go to church? Com que freqüência você vai à igreja? How long – qual o comprimento: quanto tempo How long is this street? Qual o comprimento desta rua? How long Will you stay in New York? Quanto tempo você vai ficar em Nova Iorque? Observações: a) Levando em conta a distinção entre os countable e uncountable nouns,

observe a diferença: How much moneu do you want? Quanto dinheiro você quer? How many dollars do you have in your wallet? Quantos dólares você tem em sua carteira? How much beer did he drink? Quanta cerveja ele bebeu? How many sugar do we need? De quanto açúcar precisamos? How many kilos of sugar do we need? De quantos quilos de açúcar precisamos?

b) Todas as expressões com how apresentadas anteriormente podem ser empregadas também em perguntas indiretas.

Attention People!



47

Charles asked me how old I was. O Charles me perguntou qual era a minha idade. She wanted to know how far the airport was. Ela queria saber qual era a distância até o aeroporto. c) Finalmente, observe o uso de how: ►►na expressão how about (que tal?), equivalente a what about. How about a cup of tea? Que tal uma xícara de chá?

How about going to the movies? Que tal irmos ao cinema?

►►Em frases exclamativas. How interesting? Mas► What na interesting book!

Que interessante! Que livro interessante!

How foolish! Mas ► What a foolish Idea! Que bobagem! Que idéia boba!

How exciting! Mas ► What na exciting movie! Que empolgante! Que filme empolgante!

Como você deve ter percebido, how é usado apenas com adjetivos. Quando a frase exclamtiva contém um substantivo, qualificado ou não, você é obrigado a começar com what, sempre seguindo de um artigo indefinido, desde que o substantivo esteja no singular.



48

PREPOSITION - I

TEMPO LUGAR

In (em;

dentro

Século (in the 20th century)

Continente (in Africa)

Década (in the 60’s) País (in England)

ano (in 1996) Estado (in Minis

Gerais)

Estação do ano ( in summer) Cidade ( in Curitiba)

Mês (in June) Bairro (in Ipanema)

Períodos do dia, exceto night

(in the morning)

Rua (in the street)

On (sobre;

em; em

cima.

Dia do mês (on May 2nd) Nome de rua (on Main

Street)

de) Dia da semana (on Monday) Avenida (on 5th

Avenue)

Data específica (on Christmas

Day)

Praça (on Times

Square)

At

(em)

Hora (at 7 o’clock) Rua com número (at 54

Main Street)

Data específica sem a palavra

day (at Christimas)

Local específico (at

school. At church, at

home)

►among: entre (vários)

► around: ao redor de, em volta de

►Behind: atrás de

►Between: entre (dois)

► in front of : na frente de

►out of : fora de

►to: para

►under: embaixo de

Prepositions of time:

We use on, in, at in these ways:

►On + day, date

What are you doing on Saturday?

My birthday’s on September 5th.

►In + a part of the day, month, year.

LESSON TWENTY THREE



49

I’m going shopping in the afternoon.

Where are you going in July?

We’re going to Paris in 2008.

►At + time of day

I get up at 7:30.

ELEMENTARY

I - Supply the appropriate prepositions.

1 – Walk three times ________ the pool.

2 - Helen is_________ home.

3 – The books are ____________the floor___________ the chair.

4 – He is studying _____ Paris.

5 – Wait for me _________of the cinema.

6 – The girls are ________ the tree and the house.



50

SIMPLE PAST TENSE - I

Como se forma: de modo geral, acrescentar-se –ed ao infinitivo dos

verbos. (see lesson 54)

I walked

You walked

He walked

She walked

It walked

We walked

You walked

They walked

►O passado simples é usado para expressar ações acabadas em um

tempo definido.

É geralmente empregado com advérbios de tempo: yesterday, ago, last

... etc.

Ex.: The walked to school yesterday.

Pessoas! Eu já havia esclarecido bem lá no inicio destas

lições que as regras de português valem e é igual a nossa

gramática.... Inclusive sobre os marcadores temporais baseado na

régua.

► O passado simples pode expressar também hábitos passados.

Ex.: I always walked to school when I was five years old.

ELEMENTARY

I - Choose the correct alternative.

1 – I (listened, listen) to the weather forecast 5 minutes ago.

2 – She (waters; watered) the flowers very early this morning.

3 – He (shout; watered) at me in the middle of the street.

INTERMEDIATE

LESSON TWENTY FOUR



51

Supply the Simple Past Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – Glenda____________(talk) to me and hour ago.

2 – We ____________(walk) to school yesterday.

3 – I ___________ (enter) this group in January.

ADVANCED


Passed cleaned played

1 – He always __________ his examinations when he was young.

2 – I ____________ my room before going to school.

3 – They ________the piano very well years ago.



52

SIMPLE PAST TENSE - II

► Em english há verbos regulares e irregulares.

►Para se formar o passado simples dos verbos regulares acrescenta-se

- d / -ed ao verbo.

Ex.: Love - loved change - changed talk - talked play - played

►Se o verbo terminar em -y precedido de consoante, troca-se o –y

por – ied.

Ex.: cary - carried study - studied hurry - hurried

►Se o verbo terminar em sílaba forte formada por consoante / vogal /

consoantes, dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se - ed.

ELEMENTARY

I - Supply the Simple Paste Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – I__________ (try) to talk to Helen last night.

2 – The fire __________ (occur) while we were out of the house.

3 – He ___________ (love) his old dog very much.

INTERMEDIATE

Supply the Simple Past Tense of the irregular verbs in parentheses.

1 – She____________(bring) many friends to our party.

2 – I ____________(meet) her five minutes ago.

3 – I ___________ (leave) home very early yesterday.

ADVANCED


Passed cleaned played

1 – He always __________ his examinations when he was young.

2 – I ____________ my room before going to school.

3 – They ________the piano very well years ago.

LESSON TWENTY FIVE



53

SIMPLE PAST TENSE - III

► Afirmativa: He studied. He spoke.

Negativa: He did not study. He did not speak.

Interrogativa: Did he study? Did he speak?

► Forma abreviada: didn’t (did not).

►Nas formas negativa e interrogativa, em que se usa o verbo

auxiliar (did), o verbo principal fica no infinitivo, sem to.

ELEMENTARY

Put the sentences into the interrogative form.

1 – They worked together for many years.

2 – I studied English yesterday.

3 – She went to school by car.

II – Put the sentences above into the negative form.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

INTERMEDIATE


1 – Where did he (go, went)?

2 – When did they (came, come) from work?

3 – What time did you (arrived, arrive) last night?

ADVANCED

LESSON TWENTY SIX



54


1 – He went to the movies. (Where)

2 – She taught French last year. (When)

3 – We traveled by plane. (How)



55

REVIEW

► ALL STILL NOW

ELEMENTARY

Put the sentences into the interrogative form.

1 – They worked together for many years.

2 – I studied English yesterday.

3 – She went to school by car.

II – Put the sentences above into the negative form.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

INTERMEDIATE


1 – Where did he (go, went)?

2 – When did they (came, come) from work?

3 – What time did you (arrived, arrive) last night?

ADVANCED


1 – He went to the movies. (Where)

2 – She taught French last year. (When)

3 – We traveled by plane. (How)

LESSON TWENTY SEVEN



56

TO HAVE

► Presente (present)

► Passado (past)

I have

You have

He has

She has

It has

We have

You have

They have

I had

You had

He had

She had

It had

We had

You had

They had

► To have pode ser usado como verbo comum.

► Afirmativa: You have a car.

Interrogativa: Do you have a car?

Negativa: You don’t have a car.

► To have também pode ser usado como verbo auxiliar na formação

de tempos perfeitos (presente perfeito, passado perfeito, etc.).

Ex.: I have seen Mary.

He has worked very much.

► Particularidade

Como verbo comum, have pode dispensar o auxiliar (do, does,

did) nas formas interrogativa e negativa.

Ex.: Have you a car?

You haven’t a car.

ELEMENTARY


1 – We (have, has) many things in common.

2 – They (have, didn’t have) a good time yesterday.

3 – She (hasn’t, doesn’t) any money.

INTERMEDIATE

Choose the following sentences from past to present.

LESSON TWENTY EIGHT



57

1 – She had a sister and a brother.

2 – Mary and Tom had an old car.

3 – The room had two doors.

ADVANCED

Put the following sentences into the affirmative form.

1 – He didn’t have a car.

2 – Does Dr. Adams have many patients?

3 – I don’t have blue eyes.



58

THE VERB TO HAVE (O VERBO TER) The verb TO HAVE (ter) é o auxiliar utilizado para composto do perfect tenses, verbo principal e modal verb (have to). TO HAVE – como verbo principal (ter, possuir). To have – vem sempre seguido de um substantivo, que pode ser precedido por um adjetivo, ou por um pronome. Como todo verbo principal, to have (no infinitivo) pede o auxiliar do para compor a forma negativa e a interrogativa.

Simple present (presente) TO HAVE (eu tenho) - nas formas: Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

– 3ª pessoa do singular; e have – demais pessoas. - does not (doesn’t) have – 3ª pessoas do singular; e do not (don’t) have – demais pessoas. - Does + sujeito + have – 3ª pessoa do singular. Do + sujeito + have - demais pessoas.

Simple past (pretérito perfeito/imperfeito) - HAD (eles

tinham) nas formas:


- had – todas as pessoas - did not have – todas as pessoas (did’nt) - did + sujeito + have – todas as pessoas

Simple future (futuro do presente) – WILL HAVE (eu terei) nas formas: Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

- will have – todas as pessoas - will not have – todas as pessoas (won’t) - will + sujeito + have – todas as pessoas

OBS.: Como o verbo principal, to have, além de expressar posse, pode expressar também ação relacionada a uma refeição, substituindo to drink (beber, tomar) e to eat (comer). 1) I had breakfast at seven o’clock. a) Let’s have lunch together! b) What are you going to have: wine or beer?

- No sentido de posse, já sabemos que to have não aceita gerúndio. Porém

quando substitui to drink ou to eat, o gerúndio pode ser usado. a) I’m

having dinner. b) He’s having a cup of coffee.

2) Além desses dois usos, to have pode ainda, ser utilizado em algumas expressões: a) Have a good time! b) Have a good test! c) Have a nice weekend!

Attention People!



59

Empregado no sentido de ter de, ter que, expressando obrigação, necessidade, have vem sempre seguindo de um verbo no infinitivo (com to). Nesse caso, to have comporta-se do mesmo modo que um verbo principal na forma afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa.

Simple present - verbo no infinitivo Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

I have to do my homework. (tenho que fazer) She doesn’t have to set the table. (não tem que) Do you have to go now? (tem que ir)

Simple past - verbo no infinitivo


I had to tell dim the truth. (tive que contar ) He didn’t have to pay the fine. (não teve que pagar) Did they have to walk ten kilometers? (tiveram que caminhar)

Simple future - verbo no infinitivo


Tom will have to go by bus. (terá que ir) Tom won’t have to go by bus. (não terá que ir) Will Tom have to go by bus? (terá que ir)

HAVE, HAVE TO; HAVE GOT; HAVE GOT TO

To have, como você sabe, significa ter, possuir, e, seguido de to, significa ter de, ter que, no sentido de obrigação, necessidade.

Em ambos os casos, os native speakers freqüentemente acrescentam got (particípio de get) depois de have. No sentido de possuir em nada altera o significado. Porém, no sentido de obrigação, necessidade, reforça e dá maior ênfase.

LUCY has got two brothers and three sisters. (tem) Have you got five dollars to lend me? (tem) I’ ve got to be there at 5 pm. (tenho que) They’ve got to help you! (têm que)

OBS.: Essa construção com got só pode ser empregada no presente. Nos demais tempos, emprega-se apenas to have.

Charles had to leave early. (teve) ; We had a good opportunity. (tivemos) Susan will have to see a doctor. (terá);

I don’t know if I passed; I’ll have an answer tomorrow.(terei)

Attention People!



60

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

► Como se forma: future do verbo to be (will be) + o verbo principal no

particípio presente (verbo + -ing).

I will be working

You will be working

He will be working

She will be working

It will be working

We will be working

You will be working

They will be working

► Afirmativa: I will be working.

Interrogativa: Will I be working?

Negativa: I Will not be working.

► Forma abreviada: won’t (Will not).

ELEMENTARY

Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and 4 to 6 into the interrogative form.

1 – I will be studying at 5 o’clock.

__________________________________

2 – You will be lining in Japan next year.

_______________________________

3 – We will be living in Japan next year.

_______________________________

4 - I will be moving to L.A. by May.

______________________________

5 – They will be leaving when you arrive.

_______________________________

6 – She will be arriving by 4 o’clock

LESSON TWENTY NINE



61

INTERMEDIATE

Put the following sentences into the Future Continuous Tense.

1 – We will have dinner at 8 o’clock.

_____________________________

2 – He will wait for you on the corner.

________________________________

3 – Tom and I will talk to you in an hour.

_______________________________

ADVANCED

Supply the future Continuous form of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – Tomorrow at this time I ------------------------(fly) to Italy.

2 – When you arrive, she-----------------(cook) lunch.

3 – When we get there, they--------------(prepare) our sandwiches.



62

INDEFINITES (SOME/ ANY/ NO)

► Usa-se some (algum, alguns, algumas, algumas) em frase afirmativa.

► Usa-se no (nenhum, nenhuma) em frases negativas.

► Usa-se any (algum, alguns, algumas, algumas, nenhum, nenhuma)

em frases negativas e interrogativas.

Ex.: There are some books here.

There are no books here.

There aren’t any books here.

Are there any books here?

► Some é usado em frases interrogativas apenas em caso

de oferecimento ou quando se espera uma resposta

afirmativa.

Ex.: Would you like some coffee?

Have you lost some Money?

►any é usado em frases afirmativas quando:

a) Aparecer após a palavra IF.

If you have any questions, ask me.

b) Significar qualquer.

Take any book you need.

c) Houver palavra de sentido negativo na frase, como

seldom, never, rarely, without, etc.

He left without any money.

ELEMENTARY

I – Supply some or any.

1 – Give me ________ coffee.

2 – There aren’t _______good books here.

3 – I brought you _________aspirins.

II - Supply any or no.

1 – We have ________money to buy a car.

LESSON THIRTY



63

2 – We haven’t ______money to go to the movies.

3 - There are _________ boys in the garden.

INTERMEDIATE


1 – He seldom has (no, any) money.

2 – Would you like (some, no) tea?

3 – They never bring (no, any) food home.



64

COMPOUNDS OF SOME/ ANY/ NO

► Os compostos de some, any e no seguem as mesmas regras de uso

destes.

► Compostos de some: somebody, someone, something, somewhere.

► Compostos de no: nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere.

► Compostos de any: anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere.

Ex.: There is somebody in that room.

There is nobody in that room.

There isn’t anybody in that room.

Is there anybody in that room?

INTERMEDIATE

Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. (Use a

compound of no from 1 to 3 and a compound of any from 4 to 6.)

1 – I have something to tell you.

______________________________

2 – There is somebody sleeping.

______________________________

3 – The children are somewhere in the house.

_____________________________

4 – I lost my watch somewhere in the garden.

_____________________________

5 – He told us something about his life.

_________________________

6 – Karen went somewhere near the lake.

_________________________

LESSON THIRTY ONE



65

ADVAMCED

Supply some, any, no or compounds.

1 – I haven’t _________time to help you.

2 – That poor boy has__________ to wear.

3 – he can’t see_________ without his glasses.



66

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS – I

Personal Pronouns: Reflexive Pronouns:

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

Myself

Yourself

Himself

Herself

Itself

Yourselves

Themselves

► O pronome reflexivo pode ter função reflexiva, indicando que a

ação do verbo recai sobre o próprio sujeito. Nesse caso o pronome vem

após o verbo e concorda com o sujeito.

Ex.: He hurt himself in the game.

► Quando o sujeito for um pronome indefinido (some, any, no

ou seus compostos), a concordâncias é feita com a 3ª pessoa do

singular. Sempre no masculino.

Ex.: Nobody hurt himself.

ELEMENTARY

Supply the correct reflexive pronouns.

1 – James drinks too much. He is destroying ______________.

2 – We wash ____________ in the morning.

3 - The boy hurt ____________ when he fell from a tree.

INTERMEDIATE


LESSON THIRTY TWO



67

1 – You must all behave_____________ at the table.

2 – I was thinking to ____________ when Ingrid entered the room.

3 – Has anybody here hurt _____________from the game?



68

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS - II

►Os pronomes reflexivos podem ter função idiomática. Nesse caso o

pronome vem precedido de by e significa “sozinho”, “sem ajuda”.

Ex.: I live by myself.

► Os pronomes reflexivos também podem ter função enfática. Nesse

caso eles concordam com a pessoa ou coisa que se quer enfatizar.

Ex.: She talked to the President. (frase sem nenhuma enface)

She herself talked to the President. (enface no sujeito)

She talked to the Present herself. (enface no sujeito)

She talked to the President himself. (ênfase no objeto)

ELEMENTARY

Substitute the word alone. Use reflexive pronouns idiomatically.

1 – The princess lives in the castle alone.

_________________________

2 – I want to do that work alone.

_________________________

3 - Nobody will help you. Do it alone.

_________________________

INTERMEDIATE

Supply the correct reflexive pronouns. Use them emphatically.

1 – Mr. Gordon_____________ prepared the examination.

2 – The children ____________ built the doghouse.

3 – I painted the room_____________.

LESSON THIRTY THREE



69

ADVANCED


1 – He ____________prefers to cook lunch.

2- The boys cut __________ in the garden.

3 – I hurt___________ during the game.



70

DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE – I

► The: o, a, os, as

► O artigo definido é usado:

a) Antes de substantivos precedidos

ou não por adjetivos.

Ex.: the boy the sad boy

b) antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais e de nomes de família.

Ex.: the violin the Kennedys

c) antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, rios, montanhas (plural), ilhas

(plural), países (plural), hotéis cinemas, teatros, trens e navios.

Ex.: the Pacific the United States the Himalayas

the Caribbean the Hilton Hotel the Bahamas

the Amazon River the Roxy the Titanic

d) antes de um representante de uma classe ou espécie.

Ex.: the rich the poor the dead

e) antes de um substantive único na espécie, ou quando

particularizado.

INTERMEDIATE

Supply a, an or the.

1 – ………Browns like to play …………guitar.

2 – There was…………boy near…………corner.

3 – ……….Andes are………….highest mountains in South America.

ADVANCED

I – Supply a , an or the.

1- I bought ……… book ……………book cost 10 dollars.

LESSON THIRTY FOUR



71

2- We had……….very good time at………picnic.

3- I found……. Dog in …….street and took ……… dog home.

II - Supply a, an or the where necessary.

1 - ………Krakatoa, which east………. Island in ……… Indonesia

exploded.

2-……….sun rises in……….east and sets in………..west.

3- Before…………war, I worked for……….insurance company.



72

DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE – II

► O artigo definido é omitido:

a) Antes de nomes próprios e de nomes de ciências e línguas.

Ex.: Mary Bob mathematics Spanish

b) Antes de substantivos usados no sentido geral e de substantivos

incontáveis.

Ex.: honesty gold money man coffee wood]

c) Antes de possessivos.

Ex.: our car his house their children

d) Antes de alguns substantivos como home, church, school,

hospital, bed, prison, quando usados para o seu propósito

original.

Ex.: I went to church (to pray).

I went to school (to study).

I went to hospital 9because I was sick).

► O artigo definido é usado:

a)Antes de substantivos precedidos ou não por adjetivos.

Ex.: the boy the sad boy

b) antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais e de nomes de família.

Ex.: the violin the Kennedys

c) antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, rios, montanhas (plural), ilhas

(plural), países (plural), hotéis cinemas, teatros, trens e navios.

Ex.: the Pacific the United States the Himalayas

the Caribbean the Hilton Hotel the Bahamas

the Amazon River the Roxy the Titanic

d) antes de um representante de uma classe ou espécie.

Ex.: the rich the poor the dead

e) antes de um substantive único na espécie, ou quando

particularizado.

Ex.: I went to church (to pray).

I went to school (to study).

I went to hospital (because I was sick).

LESSON THIRTY FIVE



73

INTERMEDIATE

Supply a, an or the where necessary.

1 – ………moon was shining beautifully in …………sky.

2 –…………silver is used to make…………watches.

3 – ……….honesty of that woman is surprising.

ADVANCED

I – Supply the where necessary.

4- ……… boys are usually stronger than ……………girls.

5- ……….accident happened when we were entering……restaurant.

6- They like……. cheese …….milk, and ……… Switzerland.

II - Supply a, an or the where necessary.

1 - ………lead in heavy.

2-……….James Watt reinvented……….steam engine in 1760.

3- …………gold and……….silver are scare.



74

PREPOSITION - II

► ABOUT: aproximadamente; sobre

► ABOVE: acima

► AFTER: após

►AGAINST: contra

►BEFORE: antes; diante de

► FOR: por, para

► FROM: por, para

►INTO: em; para dentro

►OF: de (indicando posse)

►THROUGH: através

For this preposition have verbs followed by prepositions

INTERMEDIATE

I complete the sentences with the following prepositions:

Against - about - above - after

1 – It is difficult to run………the wind.

2 –He talked…………his old friend.

3 –The bird flew ………. The old friend.

II – Complete the sentences with the following prepositions:

From - For - Before

1 – Turn right……….. you get to the post office.

2 – She baked a cake……….. her daughter.

3 – He is……………China.

III - Complete the sentences with the following prepositions:

Into - Of - Through

1 – He went……… The house, took his sunglasses, and went to the

park.

LESSON THIRTY SIX



75

2 – She cut the cake…………. four pieces.

3 - He is the only son …………. My friend;

ADVANCED

I – Supply the appropriate prepositions.

1- Walk straight ahead; then take the first street……… the museum.

2- The package……….Tom has just arrived.

3- Our office is open…………..nine to one every day.



76

ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS - I

► Os adjetivos modificam substantivos:

Ex.: a good friend a pretty girl

► Os advérbios modificam verbos, adjetivos ou outros advérbios.

Ex.: She walks slowly.

They are very stupid.

You drive tôo fast.

► Muitos advérbios são formados acrescentando-se -ly ao adjetivo ou

um prefixo ou sufixo ao substantivo.

Ex.: sincere - sincerely board - aboard week - weekly

►Algumas palavras como hand, fast, late, early, far e much podem

ser adjetivos e advérbios.

Ex.: This is a fast car.

►Alguns advérbios apresentam duas formas com significados

diferentes:

Late – lately near - really hard - hardly

Ex.: Jack lives near the school. (perto)

We nearly had an accident yesterday. (quase)

ELEMENTARY


1 – Jeff is an (intelligent, intelligently) student.

2 – He lives (near, nearly) the school.

3 – Can you speak more (clear, clearly), please?

INTERMEDIATE

I - complete the sentences with the following words:

silently - kind - curious - normally

LESSON THIRTY SERVEN



77

1 – The accident happened because he was driving too………….. .

2 – Why don’t you ask that …………man?

3 – He opened the door so ………. That nobody noticed it.

II – Complete the sentences with the following words:

near - hardly - nearby - nearly - hard

1 – Mark fell from the bicycle and ……….. broke his arm.

2 – Our last exam was very…………. .

3 – Louise had to go to a ……………store to buy sugar.

ADVANCED

I – Rewrite the sentences in the correct order.

1- Girl - a - Martha - is - smart

______________________________________.

2- Letter - kindly - he - answered - my.

______________________________________.

3- We - supermarket - buy – never - that - vegetables - at.

______________________________________.



78

ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS - II

► Os adjetivos de tempo (now, today, yesterday, etc.) e os de lugar

(there, here, etc.) geralmente vêm no final d frase.

Ex.: She is studying now. He lives there.

► Os advérbios de frequência (always, seldom, rarely, already, often,

never, etc.) são colocados antes do verbo principal, mas sempre após o

verbo auxiliar.

Ex.: They always walk toschool. He is often smiling.

I don’t usually walk to school. I have never seen her here.

► Quando há vários advérbios, eles são colocados no final da frase, na

seguinte ordem: modo –lugar - tempo (exceto com o verbo to GO:

lugar – modo – tempo).

Ex.: He walked very slowly to school yesterday.

They went to school happily this morning.

►Quando há vários advérbios de tempo ou de lugar, a unidade menor

vem primeiro.

Ex.: He gets up at seven forty-five in the morning.

I live in a small village in Arizona.

ELEMENTARY

I – Complete the sentences with the following adverbs:

Really - slowly - here - usually - ever

1 – Billy……………..writes cards to his parents on their birthdays.

2 – It’s hard to understand Mrs. Brown because she speaks very……. .

3 – Have you…………………..seen a ghost?

II – Complete the sentences with the following adverbs:

Everywhere - seldom - just - yesterday - never

1 – Little children must………………… go out at night.

2 – It …………………..rains in a desert. Only about three times a year.

LESSON THIRTY EIGHT



79

3 – Her car broke………………………….

INTERMEDIATE

I – Put the adverbs in parentheses into the correct place.

1 – Harold went…..…… (by bus / this morning / to school)

_________________________________________________

2 –Jane speaks………… (very / always /fast)

_________________________________________________

3 –They want to go…… (to Rio / next week / by car).

_________________________________________________

ADVANCED

I – Rewrite the sentences in the correct order.

1- is - his - Willy - doing - already - homework.

______________________________________.

2- Sundays - visit - on - Grandma - always - we.

______________________________________.

3- Susan - rarely - noon – I - here - see - at.

______________________________________.



80

DEGREES OF COMPARISON - I

►Em inglês os adjetivos e os advérbios podem aparecer nos graus

normal, comparativo e superlativo.

► Comparativo de igualdade: é formado com as ... as (em freses

afirmativas) e not so .... as ( em frases negativas).

Ex.: Shirley is as tall as Tom. (affirmative) .

Shirley is not so tall as Bob. (negativa).

► Comparativo e superlativo de inferioridade: são formados com

less... than e the least.

Ex.: Shirley is less tall than Bob.

Fred is the least tall in our class.

► Comparativo e superlativo de superioridade de adjetivos ou

advérbios com mais de uma sílaba: são formados com more... than e

the most.

Ex.: Helen is more intelligent than Bob.

Sylvia is the most intelligent girl I know.

►Than significa “do que” e aparece sempre nos

comparativos de inferioridade e de superioridade.

Ex.: He reads more books than you.

My book is less expensive than yours.

►The sempre aparece com superlativos de inferioridade ou de

superioridade.

Ex.: This is the least expensive pen you can buy.

Mr. Taylor is the most intelligent man I know.

ELEMENTARY

I – Supply the comparative of equality of the adjectives or adverbs in

parentheses.

1 – Peter is……………..(smart) his friend Bill.

2 – My car is not……. … (old) your truck.

LESSON THIRTY NINE



81

3 – Lucy is…………………..(pretty) Jane.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Choose the correct alternative.

1 – My sister speaks English (less, the least) fluently than my brother.

2 –Can you write (so fast, as fast as) you can read?

3 – Who is (the most, the less) intelligent student in your class?

ADVANCED

I – Supply the correct comparative or superlative of the adjectives or

adverbs I parentheses.

1- Is Patrick……………….. (tall) as you?

2- I think Kelly does not live…………………. (far) as Jane.

3- This exercise is not………………. (easy) the previous one.



82

DEGREES OF COMPARISON - II

►Comparativo e superlativo de superioridade de adjetivos e advérbios

com uma só sílaba: são formados com as terminações -er e –est,

respectivamente.

Ex.: tall - taller - the tallest hot – hotter - the hottest

► Comparação irregular

Ex.: good – better - the Best much – more – the most

bad - worse - the worst many – more – the most

little - less - the least far - farther - the farthest

further – the furthest

► Palavras terminadas em consoante / vogal/ consoante dobram

a última consoante antes de receber –er ou –est.

Ex.: hot – hotter - the hottest big - bigger - the

biggest

► Palavras terminadas em –e recebem apenas –r e –st.

Ex.: large – larger - the largest wide – wider - the widest

► Palavras terminadas em - y precedido de consoante troam o -

y por – i ao receber – er e – est.

Ex.: happy – happier – the happiest ugly – uglier – the

ugliest

ELEMENTARY


1 – The climate in Amazonas is (warmer, the warmest) than in São

Paulo.

2 – Nancy in the ( happier, happiest) girl today. It’s her birthday.

3 – My brother is (tall than, taller) than the boys.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply the correct comparative or superlative of superiority of the

adjective in parentheses.

LESSON FORTY



83

1 – This room is …………. (dark) than that room.

2 – Is this the……………..(wide) street in this city?

3 – Bob in feeling ……………….(good) now than he was yesterday.

ADVANCED

I – Supply the comparative and superlative of superiority.

1. Spring water is ……………….. (pure) tap water.

2. Mark is…………………. (funny) his brother Jason.

3. Betty bought………………. (little) food than she needed.



84

DEGREES OF COMPARISON - III

EXCEÇÕES:

►As palavras Just, real, right e wrong formam o comparativo e o

superlativo de superioridade com more e the most. Diferentemente das

demais palavras de uma só sílaba.

Ex.: Just - more Just - the most Just.

► Palavras dissílabas terminadas em –ful, - ous, - re, - ing e – Ed

formam o comparativo e o superlativo de superioridade com more e

the most.

Ex.: hopeful - more hopeful - the most hopeful.

► Palavras dissílabas terminadas em – le , - ow, -er, e - y formam

o comparativo e o superlativo de superioridade com – er e –est.

Ex.: narrow - narrowe - the narrowest

Construções especiais feitas com comparativos:

► He is getting fatter and fatter. ( cada vez mais gordo)

Gasoline is more and more expensive every year. (cada vez

mais cara)

► The hotter, the better. (Quanto mais quente melhor)

The more I see you, the more I Love you. (Quanto mais eu te

vejo, mais eu te amo.)

ELEMENTARY

Supply the comparative or superlative of superiority

1 – Grace is………………………….. (wonderful) girl in my class.

2 – The table is ………………… (heavy) the chair.

3 – This is …………………. (hitter) drink I have ever tasted.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Complete the sentences. Use special comparative constructions.

1 – These exercises are getting …………. (difficult).

LESSON FORTY ONE



85

2 – The sooner you arrive……………..(good) .

3 – The more he works. ……………….(rich) he gets.

ADVANCED

I – Supply the correct degree of comparison or comparative

construction.

1- The less he tries, the ……………….. (little) he gets.

2- The sick person is getting…………………. (bad).

3- Have you heard………………. (late) news?



86

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – I

Como se forma: presente do verbo to have + particípio passado do

verbo principal.

I have studied

You have studied

He has studied

She has studied

We have studied

You have studied

They have studied

► Afirmativa: They have studied.

Negativa: They have not studied.

Interrogativa: Have they studied?

► Formas abreviada: haven’t (have not), hasn’t (has not).

► O particípio passado dos verbos regulares é igual ao passado

simples.

Ex.: studied played

►O particípio passado dos verbos irregulares não segue regras.

(ver a lista de verbos irregulares no final do livro.)

ELEMENTARY

I – Turn into the negative form.

1. I have worked hard.

___________________________________________

2 – You have talked a lot.

___________________________________________

3 – She has washed the dishes.

___________________________________________

LESSON FORTY TWO



87

II – Turn into the interrogative form.

1 – They have built many buildings.

___________________________________________

2 – I have told him the truth.

___________________________________________

3 - She has bought our friends.

__________________________________________

INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply the Present Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – That man …………………… (build) another house.

2 – We…………….. (go) to the country by car.

3 – She. ……………….(cook) much money.



88

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – II

O presente perfeito é usado para expressar:

► ações que começaram no passado e continuam até o presente.

Ex.: I have lived here since 1990.

► ações que aconteceram num tempo indefinido no passado. (se for

mencionado ou sugerido o tempo exato em que a ação ocorreu, usa-se o

passado simples.)

Ex.: I have studied English. (tempo indefinido)

I studied English yesterday. (tempo exato)

► ações que aconteceram várias vezes no passado.

Ex.: We have seen that film many times.

ELEMENTARY


1 – Paul (wrote - has written) his name in my book.

2 – I (visited - have visited) Miami many times.

3 – He (went – has gone) to Miami last week.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply the simple past or the Present Perfect Tense.

1 – I …………………… (finish) my homework.

2 – John…………….. (lose) his car keys .

3 – We. ……………….(do) this exercise before.

LESSON FORTY THREE



89

ADVANCED

I – Supply the correct answer. Use the following verb forms.

has slept has eaten arrived have heard spoke

drove won have drunk have seen has sung

1- The less he tries, the ……………….. (little) he gets.

2- The sick person is getting…………………. (bad).

3- Have you heard………………. (late) news?

II - Supply the Simple Past, the Simple or the Present Perfect Tense.

1 – He always ……….(give) me beautiful presents.

2 – John……………..(come) to the party alone last night.

3 - He……….. (keep) her photo I his drawer.



90

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – III

O presente perfeito é também usado com as seguintes palavras:

► since (desde): I have studied english since April.

► for (durante): I have studied english for two years.

► Just (acabar de): They have Just arrived from London.

►already (já): They have already arrived.

Have they already arrived?

► yet (já, ainda): They haven’t arrived yet.

Have they arrived yet?

ELEMENTARY

I Supply since or for.

1 – We have lived there………………… two years.

2 – We have lived there……………….. last year.

3 – The bell has rung…………………. Half an hour.

II – Supply yet or already.

1 – I’ve………………….done my exercises.

2 – She hasn’t answered the question………….. .

3 – They’ve……………….. talked to me.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply the Present Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – Karl ………………just…………… (arrive).

2 – I…………….. (wait) for you for two hours .

LESSON FORTY FOUR



91

3 – He. ……………….(attract) me since I was a girl.

ADVANCED

I – Supply the correct verb tense.

1- He…………………. (sit) on that sofa three hours ago.

2- I………………. (read) that book there times.

3- The baby…….……….. (sleep) now.



92

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE CONTINOUS TENSE

Como se forma: presente perfeito do verbo to be + particípio do verbo

principal (forma –ing).

I have been studying

You have been studying

He has been studying

She has been studying

We have been studying

You have been studying

They have been studying

►Afirmativa: They have been studying

► Negativa: They have not been studying

► Interrogativa: Have they been studying?

► O presente perfeito contínuo, assim como o presente perfeito,

é usado para expressar coes que começaram no passado e

continuam até o presente, porém enfatiza a continuidade das

ações.

Ex.: I’m very tired because I’ve been working since eight in the

morning.

ELEMENTARY

I - Supply the Present Perfect Continuous Tense of the verbs in

parentheses.

1 – She………………… (work) in the factory for many years.

2 – He……………….. (travel) around the world.

3 – They………………….(look) for you.

LESSON FORTY FIVE



93

INTERMEDIATE

I – Put the sentences into the Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

1 – Has she lived here for a long time?

_________________________________________

2 – They have cried for two hours.

_________________________________________

3 – We haven’t studied French since February.

_________________________________________

ADVANCED

I – Supply the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous

Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1- It…………………. (rain) hard for two days.

2- I………………. (wait) for him since 4 o’clock.

3- The children…….……….. (play) in the garden since this morning.



94

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Como se forma: passado do verbo to have + particípio passado

principal:

I had studied

You had studied

He had studied

She had studied

We had studied

You had studied

They had studied

► Afirmativa: They had Studied.

Negativa: They had not studied.

Interrogative: Had they studied?

► Formas abreviada: hadn’t (had not).

► O passado perfeito é usado para expressar uma ação que aconteceu

antes de outra ação no passado.

Ex.: When I arrived, the teacher had spoken for an hour.

►O passado perfeito contínuo é formado pelo passado perfeito

do verbo to be + o particípio presente do verbo principal (forma

–ing).

Ex.: When I arrived, the teacher had been speaking for an

hour.

ELEMENTARY

I - Supply the Past Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – I dressed after I ………………… (wash).

2 – They ……………….. (do) nothing before they met me.

LESSON FORTY

SIX

IX



95

3 – I thanked him for what he …………………. (do).

INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply the Past Perfect Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – She lost the book he_________________(give) her.

2 – He____________(paint) the house after he had bought it.

3 – I________(write) two letters before the secretary entered the room.

ADVANCED

I – Supply the Past Tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1- They………. (drink) two beers before they ………(start) dinner.

2- I…………. (sleep) for one hour when he……(knok) at the door.

3- The girl…….……….. (ask) me what…………(happen).



96

RELATIVE PRONOUNS - I

►Os pronomes relativos introduzem orações subordinadas adjetivas

(restritivas ou explicativas). Essas orações definem. Limitam ou

acrescentam algo ao significado

► Who, whom e that (que, quem) são usados quando o antecedente

for pessoa.

Usa-se Who ou that quando o pronome é sujeito do verbo.

Ex.: The girl Who arrived is beautiful. (people)

The girl that arrived is beautiful. (choose)

Personas! Neste exemplo não se esqueçam de que

Who (é para pessoas) that (é para coisas) e quando for testes

(prova) de conhecimento gramatical (Grammar Focus) não use

that para ambos.

► Usa-se Who, whom, that ou omite-se o pronome quando este é

objeto do verbo.

Ex.: The girl who I saw is beautiful.

The girl whom I saw is beautiful.

The girl that I saw is beautiful.

The girl I saw is beautiful.

►Quando a oração subordinada não for essencial para o significado

do período:

a) Ela sempre vem entre vírgulas;

b) B) não se pode usar that;

c) Não se pode omitir o pronome.

Ex.: Mr. Allen. Who/whom you saw yesterday, is a American

citizen.

ELEMENTARY

I - Supply who and / or whom.

LESSON FORTY SERVEN



97

1 – The girl …………………read the pal of my hand was a gypsy.

2 – She is the person ……………he has invited.

3 – People ………………come from Europe are called European.

INTERMEDIATE

Choose the correct alternatives.

1 – The girl (who, whom, that, ---) is beside him is his daughter.

2 – The man (who, whom, that, ----) you showed me is my teacher.

3 – Where is the person (who, whom, that, ---) I was talking to are

actresses.

ADVANCED

I – Supply all possible relative pronouns.

1- Mrs. Brown,……….I very old, is studying nuclear radiation.

2- Greg, ………we have just met, is a very kind man.

3- That man is the doctor……… you are going to work with.



98

RELATIVE PRONOUNS - II

►Usa-se which ou that quando pronome é sujeito do verbo.

Ex.: the dog which entered the room is sick.

The dog that entered the room is sick.

► Use-se which, that ou omite-se o pronome quando este é objeto do

verbo.

Ex.: The dog which you saw is sick.

The dog that you saw is sick.

The dog you saw is sick.

►Quando a oração subordinada não é essencial para o

significado do período:

a) Ela sempre vem entre vírgulas;

b) Não se pode usar that;

c) Não se pode omitir o pronome.

Ex.: Swimming, which I like very much, is a good sport.

ELEMENTARY

I - Supply all possible relative pronouns.

1 – The book ………………you lent me is very interesting.

2 – The chair ……………is broken is in that room.

3 – The dogs………………entered the room are mine.

INTERMEDIATE

Supply all possible relative pronouns.

1 – Smoking,……………is very popular, is a bad habit.

LESSON FORTY EIGHT



99

2 – Sally’s mother, …………we have just met, likes you very much.

3 – Computers,……………..I have, may help us a lot.

ADVANCED

I – Combine the sentences. Supply a relative pronoun.

1- The car is in your garage. The car is stolen.

_____________________________________

2- The house is in your garden. The horse ate your lilies.

______________________________________

3- The San Diego Zoo is in California. The books have disappeared.

__________________________________________



100

RELATIVE PRONOUNS - III

►Whose (cujo , cuja, cujos, cujas) indica posse, é usado com qualquer

antecedente e não pode ser omitido.

Ex.: The boy whose bicycle is broken is my friend.

Shakespeare, whose plays are famous, was an English author.

► That (que, quem) é o único pronome relativo usado:

a) Quando há antecedentes diferentes.

Ex.: The girl and the dog that I saw on the beach are at home

now.

b) Após superlativos e palavras como some, any, no, everything,

much, little, only, all.

Ex.: He is the best doctor that I know.

She is the only girl that loves you.

►Omissão: quando that for objeto do verbo, ele pode ser omitido.

►Quando houver preposição antes do pronome relativo usa-se whom

(pessoa) ou which (coisa ou animal).

Ex.: The girl about whom you are talking is my sister.

The book about which you are talking is expensive.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Combine the sentences using whose.

Ex.: That man is a good writer. His books are famous.

That man whose books are famous is a good writer.

1 – The woman is a careful mother. Hr baby is sleeping.

___________________________________

2 – The man is very sad. His wife has run away.

___________________________________

LESSON FORTY NINE



101

3 – Mr. Ford is here. His daughter is called Helen.

_________________________________

II - Supply all possible relative pronouns.

1 – He was speaking about the books and the writers……… he likes.

2 – The man no …………you gave the money has died.

3 – The table on ……………..you put your shoes cost 300 dollars.



102

PREPOSITIONS - III

►across: através; do outro lado

► along: ao longo de

►below: abaixo

►by: por; ao lado de; por volta de

►during: durante

► inside: dentro

► near: perto

► off: fora; à parte

► outside: fora

► over: acima; sobre

►until/ till: até

►upon / on: sobre

INTERMEDIATE

I – Complete the sentences with the following prepositions.

Across - by - along - below

1 – The little girl ran………the street because her mother was on the

opposite side.

2 – He saw the barbershop………….the street.

3 – They will arrive……….ten o´clock.


1 – He was waiting for us……… the restaurant.

2 – There are many trees …………the new school.

3 – Keep ……………..the grass!

III – Complete the sentences with the following prepositions:

until - over - outside - upon

LESSON FIFTY



103

1 – There was a sign ……. The inn door.

2 – I will be absent…… January.

3 – She was standing…….. the door in the rain.

ADVANCED

Supply the correct prepositions.

1 – You shouldn’t smoke……. gasoline.

2 - He placed his hat……… his head.

3 – we should be back………ten.



104

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

► Como se forma: futuro do verbo to have (Will have) + particípio

passado do verbo principal.

I Will have studied

You Will have studied

He will have studied

She will have studied

We will have studied

You will have studied

They will have studied

► Afirmativa: They Will have studied.

Negativa: They will not have studied.

Interrogativa: Will they have studied?

► Forma abreviada: won’t (Will not).

►O futuro perfeito é usado para expressar uma ação que terá terminado

num determinado momento no futuro.

Ex.: In December I Will have finished my English course.

ELEMENTARY

I – Put the sentences into the interrogative form.

1 – The plane will have landed by 4 o’clock.

__________________________________

2 – They will have met her tomorrow at this time.

__________________________________

3 – She will have been in this town for two years next June.

___________________________________

II – Put the sentences from exercise I into the negative form.

1 - ------------------------------------------------------------------.

LESSON FIFTY ONE



105

2 - ------------------------------------------------------------------.

3 - ------------------------------------------------------------------.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Choose the correct alternative.

1 – When mother comers, I will (cleaned, have cleaned) my room.

2 – By midnight they (will be finished, will have finished) their

homework.

3 – She (will have written, has written) the letter tomorrow morning.


1 – He was waiting for us……… the restaurant.

2 – There are many trees …………the new school.

3 – Keep ……………..the grass!

ADVANCED

Combine the sentences using the expression by the time.

Ex.: Lucy will leave for Chicago at. Jim will arrive at 6.

By the time Jim arrives, Lucy will have left for Chicago.

1 – The rain will stop in a few minutes. Bob will come in an hour.

------------------------------------------------------------------------.

2 - I will read my book tomorrow. The teacher will give the rest next

week.

------------------------------------------------------------------------.

3 – You will fix my radio in the morning. I’ll get home by noon.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------.



106

CONDITIONAL TENSES

► Como se forma: world + verbo principal sem to.

► Afirmativa: She would + go to the movies.

Negativa: She would go to the movies.

Interrogativa: Would she go to the movies?

► Forma abreviada: wouldn’t (would not).

Condicional perfeito

►Como se forma: would have + particípio passado do verbo

principal.

► Afirmativa: She would have gone to the movies.

Negativa: She would not have gone to the movies.

Interrogativa: Would she have gone to the movies?

► Forma abreviada: wouldn’t (would not).

ELEMENTARY

I – Put sentences 1 to 3 into the negative and sentences 4 to 6 into the

interrogative form.

1 – They would have punished you.

__________________________________

2 – You would see me.

__________________________________

3 – She would work hard.

___________________________________

4 – I would have found the book.

------------------------------------------------------.

5- She would go to Mexico.

------------------------------------------------------.

6 – I would have gone shopping with you.

-------------------------------------------------------.

LESSON FIFTY TWO



107

INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply the simple conditional tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – I …………… (sing) that song.

2 – They ……………… (call) me in the morning.

3 – Sally……………….. (take) the wrong bus.

II – supply the conditional perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – She………… (write) that letter.

2 – They ………… (build) a new house.

3 – Tom …………….. (study) hard.

ADVANCED

Complete the sentences. Use the following verb forms.

cook write play

have spent have given have gone

1 – I would………………………..dinner tonight.

2 - We would…………………….mother a present.

3 – I would……………………….my vacation in Europe.



108

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES - I

►A oração condicional expressa uma condição e sempre aparece

ligada a uma oração principal.

► As orações condicionais podem expressar:

a) Condição provável, usando o

presente simples e o futuro simples.

Ex.: IF she has money, she will go to the movies.

b) Condição improvável, usando o

passado simples e o condicional simples.

Ex.: If she had money, she would go to the movies.

c) Condição impossível, usando o

passado perfeito e o condicional perfeito.

Ex.: If she had had money, she would have gone to the movies.

ELEMENTARY

I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses

1 – If he……… (call), I will speak with him.

2 – If you ………….. (study) hard, you will pass your examination.

3 – If I find your money, I…………… (give) it to you.

II - Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – Would buy a car if I ……….. (know) how to drive .

2 - We …………(go) to the beach if we hadn’t do much work to do.

3 – If I……….. (have) money, I would travel abroad.

III - Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – If it had rained, you…. ……….. (have) a bad time at the beach

2 - If he …………(arrive), he would have looked for you.

3 –They would have answered your question if they …….. (know) the

answer.

LESSON FIFTY THREE



109

INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – If the weather is fin, we …………… (go) to the mountains.

2 – They ……………… (learn) the lesson if they had paid attention.

3 – If they……………….. (ask) me, I will tell the truth.

ADVANCED

Match the columns.

1 – He will help us ( ) we will buy a pizza.

2 – I would study today ( ) he would approve the project.

3 – If the police comes, ( ) if you had looked for it.



110

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES – II

Casos especiais:

►O verbo to be no passado tem a forma were para todas as pessoas quando

aprece em orações condicionais.

Ex.: I wouldn’t go out tonight If I were you.

► Quando se deseja expressar verdades universais ou lei naturais, os

verbos das duas orações podem aparecer no presente simples.

Ex.: Metals expand If you heat them.

► Pode-se usar o presente simples com o imperativo.

Ex.: If you have any problem, call me.

► Quando na frase houver had ou were, pode-se omitir o IF fazendo-se a

inversão do verbo com o sujeito.

Ex.: If John had arrived early, He would have seen the show.

Had John arrived early, he would have seen the show.

If I were rich, I would buy her a present.

Were I rich, I would buy her a present.

► Unless (se não; a menos que ) pode ser usado em lugar de IF not.

Ex.: Bill won’t come to the party IF you don’t invite him.

Bill won’t come to the party unless you invite him.

ELEMENTARY

I – Supply the correct form of the verbs to be.

1 – I would go to the party if Mary…………there.

2 – If he ………….. alive, he would like to know you.

3 – He wouldn’t come here if he…..………late.

II – Transform the sentences omitting if.

LESSON FIFTY FOUR



111

1 – If they had gone out, they would have caught a cold.

______________________________________.

2- If he were present, he would agree with you.

______________________________________.

3 – He wouldn’t come here if he…………. late.

______________________________________.

III - Supply unless or if.

1 – You mustn’t go out …. ………..I tell you to.

2 - ………… he doesn’t pay me, I will call my lawyer.

3 –Don’t go there………………he doesn’t come on time.

IV – supply the simple present tense of the verb in parentheses.

1 – People……… (die) if they don’t breath.

2 – Wood………. (float) if you put it in water.

3 – If dogs are frightened, they ………..(bark).

V – Supply the imperative of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – If you don’t know the answers, …………….(ask) me.

2 - ……….. (call) me if Jane arrives late.

3 – If John is upset,…………………. (not talk) to him.



112

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES – III

NO HAVE EXEMPLES - OKAY MY DEAR!

INTERMEDIATE

The sentences below express probable condition. Rewrite sentences 1

to 3 so as to express improbable, and sentences 4 to 6 so as to

express impossible condition.

1 – I will leave the room if he arrives.

______________________________________.

2 - If they invite me, I will go with them.

______________________________________.

3 – If they buy that car, they will spend all their money.

______________________________________.

4 – He will punish her if she disobeys him.

______________________________________.

5 – If we see her, we will kiss her.

_____________________________________.

6 – If you turn off the lights, we won’t see anything.

_____________________________________.

ADVANCED

I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in order to

express probable condition.

LESSON FIFTY FIVE



113

1 – I ………….. (tell) you if I………….. (need) help.

2 – If she ………….. (live) downtown, I …………….(visit) her this

evening.

3 – If he …………. (know) English, he……….. (have) no trouble in

finding a job.

II – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – He would have seen her if he……………. (wait).

2 – If I ………… (be) you, I would not do it.

3 – They…………. (give) him the message if they had seen him.



114

ANOMALOUS VERBS - I

► Os verbos em inglês são classificados em:

a) regulares: formam o passado e o particípio passado com –ed.

b) irregulares: Têm formas próprias para o passado e o particípio

passado.

c) Anômalos.

►Características gerais dos verbos anômalos:

a) não têm conjugação regular ou completa;

b) não têm infinitivo;

c) não recebem –s ou –es na 3ª pessoa do singular no presente;

d) são seguidos de infinitivo sem to;

e) geralmente formam suas próprias interrogativas e negativas.

MAY

►Afirmativa: I may go.

Negativa: I may not go.

Interrogativa: May I go?

►Expressa:

a) Permissão: May I come in ?

b) Possibilidade: It may rain tonight.

MIGHT

► Afirmativa: I might go.

Negativa: I might not go.

Interrogativa: Might I go?

►Expressa:

a) Permissão mais formal: Might I

come in?

b) Possibilidade mais remota: It might

rain tonight.

ELEMENTARY

I – Rewrite the sentences using may. The resulting sentences will

express possibility or permission.

LESSON FIFTY SIX



115

Ex.:

I am going with you.

I may go with you.

1 – He’s trying to explain it to her.

_______________________________.

2 – It’ll rain tomorrow.

_______________________________.

3 – she’s playing tennis in the afternoon.

_______________________________.

II – rewrite the sentences using might. The resulting sentences will

express weaker possibility.

Ex.: I am going with you.

I might go with you.

1 – We will stay in Chicago.

____________________________________.

2 – The next lesson is hard.

____________________________________.

3 – There is someone in the garden.

____________________________________.

INTERMEDIATE

Write questions asking permission. Use may. Then answer the

questions in both affirmative and negative forms.

Ex.: go to the club

May I go to the club?

Yew, you may/no, you may not.

1 – Drive your car.

_____________________________________?

_____________________________________.

2 - Ask you a question

______________________________________?

______________________________________.



116

3 – Help you.

______________________________________?

______________________________________.

4 – He will punish her if she disobeys him.

______________________________________.

5 – If we see her, we will kiss her.

_____________________________________.

6 – If you turn off the lights, we won’t see anything.

_____________________________________.

ADVANCED

I – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in order to

express probable condition.

1 – I ………….. (tell) you if I…………..(need) help.

2 – If she ………….. (live) downtown, I …………….(visit) her this

evening.

3 – If he …………. (know) English, he……….. (have) no trouble in

finding a job.

II – Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – He would have seen her if he…………….(wait).

2 – If I ………… (be) you, I would not do it.

3 – They…………. (give) him the message if they had seen him.



117

ANOMALOUS VERBS - II

CAN

►Afirmativa: I can play.

Negativa: I cannot play. (can’t)

Interrogativa: Can I play?

Expressa:

a) Capacidade: She can swim.

b) Permissão/ possibilidade: You can

leave now.

COULD

►Afirmativa: I could play.

Negativa: I could not play. (Couldn’t)

Interrogativa: Could I play?

Expressa:

a) Capacidade: She could swim years

ago.

b) Permissão / possibilidade: You

could leave five minutes ago.

► Can e could são usados nos tempos presente, passado, futuro e

condicional e podem ser substituídos por to be able to.

MUST

►Afirmativa: I must play.

Negativa: I must not play. (mustn’t)

Interrogativa: Must I play?

►Expressa:

a) Obrigação: Everybody must pay his bills.

b) Dedução: you are pale. You must be sick.

c) Proibição: You mustn’t smoke here.

d) Conselho: You must see that play.

LESSON FIFTY SERVEN



118

ELEMENTARY

I – Rewrite the sentences using can. The resulting sentences will express

ability, possibility or permission.

Example:

I am going with you.

I can go with you.

1 – He speaks English.

_______________________________.

2 – We have a good time here.

_______________________________.

3 – I walk to school in the morning.

_______________________________.

II – Put sentences 1 to 3 into the interrogative and 4 to 6 into the negative

form.

1 – We can leave for dinner.

____________________________________.

2 – The y could work together.

____________________________________.

3 – She must study hard.

____________________________________.

INTERMEDIATE

I - Write sentences using to be able to in the correct form.

Ex.: Swim tomorrow

He will be able to swim tomorrow.

1 – Read that letter yesterday.

_____________________________________.

2- Come today.

______________________________________.

3 – Travel next year

______________________________________.



119

II – Rewrite the sentences using to have to in the correct form. The

resulting sentences will express the same as the sentences with must:

obligation, advice, deduction or prohibition.

Ex.: We study Portuguese every day.

We have to study Portuguese every day.

1 – I read that book today.

__________________________________.

2 – He will travel next month.

__________________________________.

3 – We went home by car yesterday.

__________________________________.



120

ANOMALOUS VERBS – III

OUGHT TO

►Afirmativa: I ought to go.

Negativa: I ought not to go. (oughtn’t)

Interrogativa: Ought I to go?

Expressa:

c) Conselho: You ought to visit your

grandmother.

d) Dever: You ought to do your

homework.

Ought to e should são usados nos tempos presente, passado e futuro.

SHOULD

►Afirmativa: I should go.

Negativa: I should not go. (shouldn’t)

Interrogativa: Should I go?

Expressa:

c) Conselho: You should visit you

grandmother.

d) Dever: You should do your

homework.

► Ought to e should são usados nos tempos presente, passado e futuro..

USED TO

►Afirmativa: He used to swim.

Negativa: He didn’t use to swim.

Interrogativa: Did He use to swim?

►Used to expressa um hábito passado.

►To be used to: estar acostumado a

Ex.: He is used to swimming in the morning.

LESSON FIFTY EIGHT



121

ELEMENTARY

I –Write sentences 1 to 3 using ought to and sentences 4 to 8 using should.

The resulting sentences will express obligation or advice.

Example: study

You ought to study. / You should study.

1 – make a cake.

_______________________________.

2 – cook dinner.

_______________________________.

3 – not clean the room.

_______________________________.

4 – talk to him.

_______________________________.

5 – not help her.

_______________________________.

6 – go to a doctor.

_______________________________.

II – Rewrite these sentences using used to. The resulting sentences will

express habitual past actions.

1 – We went to Times Square.

____________________________________.

2 – He reads a lot.

____________________________________.

3 – I had a dog.

____________________________________.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Put these sentences into the interrogative and negative forms.

1 – He used to tell me stories.

_____________________________________.

2- You ought to go with us.

______________________________________.

3 – I should have lunch with him.



122

INTERROGATIVES

► What is his occupation? He is a teacher.

►When did He arrive? He arrived yesterday.

►Where did you live? I live in Goiania.

►Why are you say? Because I am hungry.

►Who is that girl? That’s Mary.

►Which of these books do you like Best? I like the red one.

►Whose dress is that? It’s Mary’s.

► How are you? I’m fine.

► Expressões formadas com how:

How many... how long..... how deep...

How much... how far... how often...

How old... how tall... how big...

ELEMENTARY

I –Supply the correct interrogative.

1 – ……….. is your sister? She’s fine, thanks.

2 – ………..did you see? I saw Mary.

3 – ………..is she tired? Because she has worked a lot.

INTERMEDIATE

Ask questions.

Ex.: He is in the garden.

Where is he?

LESSON FIFTY NINE



123

1 – She is reading a letter.

_____________________________________.

2- I went to the club yesterday.

______________________________________.

3 – That girl is my sister.

______________________________________.

ADVANCED

Supply the correct interrogatives.

1 - …………..brothers do you have? I have two brothers.

2 - …………..does it take you to go to school? I t takes me 5 minutes.

3 - …………..is the river? It is 10 meters deep.



124

TAG ENDINGS – I

► Tag endings são pequenas perguntas colocadas ao final das orações,

para pedir uma informação ou confirmação do que foi dito.

►Após uma oração afirmativa, usa-se o tag ending negativo.

Ex.: Mary is working, isn’t she?

Paulo will come, won’t he?

They work in the morning, don’t they?

Bob plays the piano, doesn’t he?

Mary talked to you, didn’t he?

►Características gerais do tag ending:

a) Vem sempre após uma vírgula;

b) é sempre formado por um verbo

auxiliar ou anômalo e um pronome;

c) a forma negativa aparece sempre

abreviada.

ELEMENTARY

I –Supply the correct tag endings.

1 – He is sleeping now,…………..?

2 – They are going to work tomorrow,………..?

3 – Bob arrived late,……………..?

II – Supply the correct tag endings.

1 – It might rain,……………?

2- The firemen broke the door down, ………..?

3 – You could have arrived earlier,………..?

LESSON SIXTY



125

TAG ENDINGS – II

► Quando a oração for negativa, o tag ending será afirmativo.

Ex.: Mary isn’t working, is she?

Paul won’t come, will he?

They don’t work in the morning, do they?

Bob doesn’t play the piano, does he?

Mary didn’t talk to you, did she?

►Casos especiais:

1 – I AM very late, aren’t I ? / am I not ?

2 – Let’s go home now, shall we?

3 – Open the window, will you ?

4 – She may go now, may she not?

ELEMENTARY

I –Supply the correct tag endings.

1 – She isn’t your mother,…………..?

2 – They aren’t studying,………..?

3 – I am your friend,,……………..?

II – Supply the correct tag endings.

1 – You don’t believe her,……………?

3- The children aren’t looking for Jack, ………..?

4 – The players shouldn’t shout so much,………..?

LESSON SIXTY ONE



126

Attention People!

(perguntas no final da frase)

Muitas vezes, ao terminarmos uma frase, seja ela afirmativa ou negativa, acrescentamos-lhe uma pergunta. Essa pergunta não pede uma informação, mas, na verdade, que a confirmação do se acabou de declarar ou quer que a ouvinte concorde com a opinião emitida.

Você gosta de sorvete de chocolate, não gosta? (confirmação) A Carolina é muito simpática, não é? (opinião) Eles não foram para a chácara ontem, foram? (confirmação) O Alberto vive contando mentira, não é mesmo? (opinião)

Em inglês, a pergunta no final da frase recebe o nome de question tag (tag = acréscimo,

arremate) You like chocolate ice cream, don’t you? Carolina is very nice, isn’t she? They didn’t go to the farm yesterday, did they? Alberto is always telling lies, isn’t he?

Comparando os exemplos, em português e em inglês, podemos concluir que procedemos

basicamente da mesma forma em ambas as línguas. Vale salientar que, em português, o tag varia mais, pois temos diferentes modos de formá-lo. Por outro lado, em inglês, utilizamos sempre

um auxiliar no tag.

1 - À semelhança do português, em inglês, quando a declaração inicial for afirmativa, o tag será negativo e, quando a declaração inicial for negativa, o tag será afirmativo.

+ -

Bobby is a smart boy, Isn’t he?

Bobby é um menino inteligente, não é?

The house was very old, wasn’t it?

A casa era muito velha, não era?

- +

Your brother isn’t at home, Is he?

Seu irmão não está em casa, está?

Bobby is a smart boy, Isn’t he?

Bobby é um menino inteligente, não é?

Those bananas aren’t ripe, Are they?

Aquelas bananas não estão maduras, estão?

QUESTION TAGS



127

2 - O tag será sempre formado por um auxiliar (to do, to be, to have ou modal), no mesmo tempo verbal empregado na declaração inicial. It’s awfully hot, isn’t it? (Está terrivelmente quente, não está?)

You can ride a bicycle, can’t you? (Você sabe andar de bicicleta, não sabe?)

This could be a serious problem, couldn’t it? (Isto poderia ser um problema sério, não é mesmo?)

The books shouldn’t be left o n the bed, should they? (Os livros não deveriam ser deixados em cima da cama, deveriam?) Pedro’s English has improved a lot, hasn’t it? (O inglês do Pedro melhorou muito, não melhorou?) Shirley has beautiful hair, doesn’t she? (A Shirley tem cabelos bonitos, não tem?)

Charles doesn’t speak Greek, does he? (O Charles não fala grego, fala?)

Helen and Walter will get married next month, won’t they? (A Helen e o Walter se casarão no mês que vem, não é?)

You wouldn’t say that to your boss, would you? (Você não diria isso ao seu chefe, diria?)

3 – Se o tag for negativo, a contração é obrigatória. Observe os exemplos dados anteriormente. Obs.: a) O question tag é um recurso mais comumente utilizado na linguagem falada. b)”Para que tanto pronome no tag?”, perguntará você. Ora, como sabemos, em inglês, todo verbo exige um sujeito expresso, por isso é necessário o pronome no tag. b) As frases iniciadas com Let’s (Vamos, implicando um convite, uma sugestão) terminam c) geralmente com shall we? , que é uma espécie de tag. Let’s dance, shall we? (Vamos dançar, vamos?) Let’s have a cup of coffee, shall we? (vamos tomar uma xícara de café, vamos?) d) Freses que começam com um imperativo podem terminar com will you ou would you (menos freqüente), que também são uma espécie de tag. Bring me a glass of water, will you? (traga-me um copo de água. “tá” bom?)

Nada impede que você use um please ou mesmo um simples OK, mas, do ponto de vista gramatical, will you or wold you são mais adequados. e) Assim como em português, informalmente, usamos certo? Para corroborar uma frese afirmativa; em inglês, emprega-se seu equivalente, que é right?. You’re going to have lunch with us, right? (você vai almoçar com a gente, certo?) We are going to have a test, right? (teremos uma prova, certo?)

Attention People!

Attention People!



128

PASSIVE VOICE - I

► Como se forma: verbo to be (no tempo adequado) + particípio passado

do verbo principal.

Ex.: Jane writes a letter. - -> A letter is written by Jane.

Jane wrote a letter. - -> A letter was written by Jane.

►Tempo verbal:

Tempo verbal Voz ativa Voz passiva

Presente continuo

Passado continuo

Going to

Futuro simples

Futuro continuo

Presente simples

Passado simples

Presente perfeito

Presente perfeito

Condicional simples

Condicional perfeito

Can

is reading

was reading

is going to read

will read

will be reading

reads

read

has read

had read

would read

would have

can read

s being read

was being read

is going to be read

will be real

will be being read

is read

was read

has been read

had been read

would be read

would have been read

can be read

ELEMENTARY

I –Supply the correct form of the verbs in the Passive Voice.

1 – He writes many letters every day.

Many letters……………….by the boys.

2 – The boys have finished the report.

The report………………..by the boys.

3 – She will read the message.

The message ………….. by her.

LESSON SIXTY TWO



129

PASSIVE VOICE - II

►O objeto da voz ativa torna-se sujeito na voz passiva.

►O sujeito torna-se agente da passiva.

► O agente da passiva vem sempre precedido por by ou, então, pode ser

omitido.

Ex.: Jane is reading the book;

The book is being read (by Jane).

► Quando o verbo na voz ativa tiver dois objetos, qualquer um deles pode

ser o sujeito da passava.

Ex.: John told me a story. - A story was told to me (by John).

- I was told a story (by John).

ELEMENTARY

I –Put these sentences into the Passive Voice.

1 – We followed the leader.

_________________________________.

2 – The children have lost new doghouse.

_________________________________.

3 – Justice punishes crimes.

_________________________________.

INTERMEDIATE

Put these sentences into the Passive Voice.

1 – She tells us stories every night.

_________________________________.

2 – He explained the theory to us.

_________________________________.

3 - Donald will send a card to Betty.

_________________________________.

ADVANCED

Put these sentences into the Active Voice.

LESSON SIXTY THREE



130

1 – The Japanese lamp was broken by the girls.

_____________________________________.

2 - Information is stored by computers.

_____________________________________.

3 - The letters were sent by Karl.

_____________________________________.



131

PREPOSITIONS - IV

PREPOSITIONS – IV

beside: so lado de; junto a

besides: além de; em adição a

beyond: além de; mais longe

que

but: exceto

despite: apesar de, não

obstante

down: para baixo; abaixo

like: como

throughout: através, durante

towards: em direção a

with: com

within: dentro de

without: sem

INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply beside, besides, beyond or but.

1 – He is sitting………………Alice.

2 – Two girls won prizes…………us.

3 - Te bad man is…………salvation.

II – Supply despite, down, like or towards.

1 – Your house is just…………… mine.

2 – We climbed……………the hill and rested in the valley.

3 - I want a car……………yours.

III – Supply throughout, with , within or without.

1 – you cannot write…………..this pen.

2 – I’m going to ravel…………my mother.

3 - you can’t leave……………money.

LESSON SIXTY FOUR



132

ADVANCED

Supply the appropriate prepositions.

1 – The director will arrive…………… an hour.

2 - This road leads……………….the sea.

3 - He is sitting………………Helen.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND MOVEMENT

At, To , Down, Next To, Near, Through

► we use prepositions of place to say where a person or a

thing is or was.

I was waiting at a bus stop.

A man was sitting next to me.

►We use prepositions of movement to say where a person

or a thing is or was going:

She boarded the bus through the rear door.

Attention People!



133

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH – I

► Há duas formas de se relatar o que alguém disse: pelo discurso direto,

quando repetimos o que foi dito usando as mesmas palavras da

pessoa, e pelo discurso indireto, quando contamos com nossas

próprias palavras o que foi dito.

Ex.: John Said, “I work every Day.” (discurso direto)

John said that He worked every Day. (discurso indireto)

► Observe as mudanças mais freqüentes:

Discurso direto Discurso indireto

He Said, “I have a test today.”

He said, “ I worked yesterday.”

He said, “I’ll work tomorrow.”

He said, “I’m working now.”

He said, “I was working

5 minute ago.

He said, “ I have lived here.”

He said, “I can work.”

He said that he had a test that day.

He said that he had worked the day

before.

He said that he would work the next

day.

He said that he was working then.

He said that he had been working 5

minutes before.

He said that he had lived there.

He said that he could work.

INTERMEDIATE

Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech.

1 – He said, “I feel well today.”

______________________________________________

2 – She said, “The girls are in the garden.”

______________________________________________

3 – Mary sad, “The boys are playing chess now.”

LESSON SIXTY FIVE



134

______________________________________________

REPORTED SPEECH

Statements Reported Statements They got engaged He said (that) they had gotten engaged (past) (participle)

Yes-no Questions Reported Yes-No Questions Has the date been set? I asked him if the data had been set yet. (prest.perfect) (past perfect)

Wh-Questions Reported Wh-Questions What are you planning to do? I asked her what she was planning to do (present simple) (past simple) Commands Reported Commands Don’t say anything! My friend told me not to say anything. (Imperative) (Imperative) General Truths Reported General Truths The sun rises in the east. She said (that) the sun rises in the east. (phenomenon nature) (verb infinitive) Immediately Reported Statements Immediately Reported in Reported Speech

Steve is going to be fired. I (just) heard (that) Steve is going to be fired (simple present) (simple present)

Attention People!



135

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH – II

► Quando se relata uma ordem, usa-se o infinitivo.

Ex.: He said, “Open the

door.”H e

told me

asked

me

to open the door.

He said “Don’t open the

door.”He

told me

asked

me

not to open the

door.

►Quando se relata uma pergunta, colocar-se a frase na forma afirmativa e

observam-se as mesmas transformações feitas com as frases

afirmativas (lição 65).

Ex>; He Said, “Where is Paul?” He asked where Paul was.

He said, “Is Paul here?” He asked if Paul was there.

Nota: Pode-se usar whether no lugar de if.

►Would, could, should, must e might não mudam de forma.

Ex.: He said, “could go.” He said that he could go.

►Say é usado sem objeto indireto ou com objeto indireto precedido de

“to”.

No discurso indireto, tell é usado com objeto indireto não precedido

de “to”.

Ex.: John Said, “I Love Mary.” John said that he loved

Mary.

John said to Mary, “I love you.” John told Mary that he

loved her.

ELEMENTARY

Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech. Introduce them using told

in sentences 1 to 3 and He said that in sentences 4 to 6.

1 – Johan said to Mary, “I hate you.”

_______________________________________

2 – I said to the porter, “I am Mr. Spencer.”

LESSON SIXTY SIX



136

_______________________________________

3 – He said to Jane, “I am always here on Fridays.”

_______________________________________

4 - “I must go to the library before it closes.”

____________________________________

5 – “Nobody could paint a picture as well as you.”

____________________________________

6 – “You should leave the country at once.”

____________________________________

INTERMEDIATE

Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech using the verbs indicated.

1 – “Sit down!” (he asked)

_______________________________________________

2 – “Come here!“ (they ordered)

_______________________________________________

3 – “Don’t run away!” (she told)

_______________________________________________

ADVANCED

Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech. Introduce them using

HE/SHE asked me in sentences 1 a 3 HE/SHE wanted to know

in sentences 4 to 6.

1 – “What are you doing?”

____________________________________

2 - “Do you play the piano?”

____________________________________

3 - “How did you go to school?”



137

► DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH – III

( No have exemple)

ADVANCED

Put these sentences into the Indirect Speech.

1 – She said to me, “Can you draw a horse?”

____________________________________

2 – Frank said to us, “Why are you digging this hole in the garden?”

____________________________________

3 – My neighbor said, “My flowers didn’t grow as much as yours.”

____________________________________

LESSON SIXTY SERVEN



138

CAUSATIVE USE OF HAVE

►Para indicar uma ação realizada para alguém a nosso pedido ou em nosso

favor, usamos uma forma apropriada do verbo to HAVE ou to GET e

o particípio passado do verbo principal.

Ex.: I often have my car washed.

I often get my car washed.

He had this house painted.

He got his house painted.

We will have our hair cult tomorrow.

We will get our hair cut tomorrow.

ELEMENTARY

Check A if the subject performed the action and B when someone else

did it.

1 – She cleans her room every day. ( )

2 – I took a picture yesterday. ( )

3 – Judy was making her dress. ( )

INTERMEDIATE

Transform the sentences using causative have.

1 – They are washing their car now.

______________________________________________

2 – I have brushed my hair.

______________________________________________

3 – I’ll publish my poems some day.

______________________________________________

ADVANCED

Write sentences.

Example: Cindy/ mail / the letters / tomorrow.

Cindy will have the letters mailed tomorrow.

1 – I? just press? My clothes

_____________________________________________

LESSON SIXTY EIGHT



139

2 – Bob? pull? two teeth? Next week

_____________________________________________

3 – Doris? do? The dishes? every day

____________________________________________



140

IT TAKES

►Usa-se it takes para expressar o período de tempo que se leva para

realizar uma ação.

Ex.: It takes me 20 minutes to GO from home to school.

It took him one hour to write the letter.

It will take us 30 minutes to clean our room.

ELEMENTARY

Rewrite the sentences using it takes, it took or it will take.

Example: He goes to school in 10 minutes.

It takes him 10 minutes to go to school.

1 – I recovered from my cold in a week.

_______________________________________

2 – She went to work in 45 minutes.

_______________________________________

3 – You’ll reach him in 20 minutes.

_______________________________________

INTERMEDIATE

Answer these questions.

1 – How long does it take her to write a report? (30 minutes)

______________________________________________

2 – How long does it take you to clean the house? (one day)

______________________________________________

3 – How long will it take you to go to Rome? (7 hours)

______________________________________________

LESSON SIXTY NINE



141

GERUND

►O gerúndio é uma forma verbal caracterizada pela terminação –ing e

funciona como substantivo.

Ex.: Swimming is good to our body

►O gerúndio também é usado:

a) Após preposições.

Ex.: She is tired of working.

b) Após os verbos come e go (quando indicarem atividade física).

Ex.: Let’s GO shopping.

c) Após os verbos: admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, continue, delay,

detest, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss,

practice, resist, suggest, stop, try e understand.

Ex.: He admitted being wrong.

►Assim como o gerúndio, o particípio presente também é caracterizado

pela terminação –ing. O particípio presente é usado para formar tempos

contínuos.

Ex.: He is playing the guitar now.

ELEMENTARY

I – Supply the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – The man admitted……………………(steal) the jewelry.

2 – She is very fond of ………………….(swim).

3 – They would appreciate………………(hear) from you.

II – Supply the gerund form of the verb in parentheses.

1 – She couldn’t avoid……………..(look) at him during the concert.

2 – They’re thinking about……….. (go) to the mountains next month.

3 – She began to cry after……….(hear) the news.

LESSON SEVENTY



142

INFINITIVE

► O infinitivo é a forma original do verbo e pode aparecer com ou sem a

partícula to.

►Usa-se o infinitivo sem to:

d) Após os verbos anômalos, os verbos auxiliares do e Will e os verbos

make e let.

Ex.: I can swim.

Do you like coffee?

Let me go.

e) Após as conjunções but e except.

Ex.: I will do nothing but cry.

►Usa-se o infinitivo com to:

a) Após os verbos tell, invite, teach, remind, wish, desire, want.

Ex.: I want to go home.

He told me to stop.

b) Após as palavras too, enough, the first, the second, the last, the only.

Ex.: We are too young to die.

I was the first one to arrive.

c) Após adjetivos.

Ex.: This exercise is difficult to do.

►►Atenção! O verbo help aceita infinitivo com ou sem to.

Ex.: They helped us do our homework.

They helped us to do our homework.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Supply the infinitive with or without to.

1 – Let’s…………………… (dance), shall we?

2 – It’s hard ………………….(study) all day.

3 – I’ll do anything for you but………………(wash) your car.

II – Supply the infinitive with or without to.

LESSON SEVENTY ONE LESSON SEVENTY ONE



143

1 – It is wrong………………… (treat) animals cruelly.

2 – Please, let me …………….. (study) here.

3 – I made him…………. (answer) the letter.



144

INFINITEVE AND GERUND

► Os verbos feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch podem ser seguidos de

gerúndio ou de infinitivo sem to.

Ex.: They watched the birds flying.

They watched the bids fly.

►Verbos que podem ser seguidos de gerúndio ou de infinitivo com to:

advise forget permit

allow hate prefer

attempt intend remember

begin like start

continue love stop

dislike neglect try

Ex.: I hate getting up early.

I hate to get up early.

►Os verbos advise, permit e allow, acompanhados de objeto direto,

são seguidos do infinitivo com to. Não havendo objeto direto, esses

verbos são seguidos apenas de gerúndio.

Ex.: He allowed us to smoke.

He allowed us smoking.

►Observe o verbo stop:

They stopped to talk. (Eles pararam para conversar.)

They stopped talking. (Eles pararam de conversar.)

INTERMEDIATE

Supply the Gerund or the Infinitive of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – I heard you………………….(sing.)

2 – We observed the bird…………………(make) is nest.

3 - They started……………….(look) for the criminal.

LESSON SEVENTY TWO



145

ADVANCED

Supply the Gerund or the Infinitive of the verbs in parentheses.

1 – They had a bath before……………………….(go) to school.

2 – It’s hard…………………..(study) all day.

3 – We heard the baby……………….(cry).

Gerunds with enjoy/dislike/don’t mind/avoid (disagree)

A gerund always follows these verbs:

I enjoy meeting unusual people.

I dislike spending a lot of time by myself.

I don’t mind waiting for people.

I avoid talking on the phone.

Gerunds with like/love/hate/can’t stand (agree)

An infinitive or gerund can follow these verbs:

I like going/to go to parties.

I love watching/to watch movies alone.

I hate waiting/to wait for people.

I can’t stand staying/to stay home alone.

Example: talk on the phone (I love to talk (v. infinitive) on the phone

for hours.

Rule:

I like it= eu gusto

I don’t mind it = não me import….

I can’t stand it = não suporto…

It really me = me chatea…

It makes me happy = fico(deixa-me) doente

It embarrasses me = deixa-me constrangido

Attention!



146

WOULD RATHER / HAD BETTER

► Would rather (‘d rather) expressa preferência.

Ex.: I’m tired. I would rather take a taxi than walk home.

►Had better (‘d better) expressa conselho.

Ex.: You look sick. You had better see a doctor.

ELEMENTARY

Supply would rather or had better.

1 – I ………………….eat in a restaurant than at home.

2 – He…………………rest a while. He’s been working for five hours.

3 - You……………….go to the dentist immediately.

INTERMEDIATE

I – Transform these sentences in order to introduce would rather or

had better.

1 – It will be better if you take an umbrella.

____________________________________

2 – She prefers to go by car. She doesn’t like to walk.

____________________________________

3 – It will be better if I go home now. It’s very late.

____________________________________

II – Supply the correct tag ending.

1 – You’d rather spend the winter in the mountains,……………..?

2 – The doctor’d rather examine him in this office,………………?

3 – She’d better see him after lunch,……………………..?

Pessoas! Você necessita fazer exercícios dos cursos livre da

internet para complemento das fases: Elementary, Intermediate e

LESSON SEVENTY THREE



147

Advanced with possessive, adjectives and pronouns - para seu próprio

entendimento, por exemplo, veja abaixo:

Pessoas esta vale lembrar - o que é preposição - uma palavra que

estabelece relação entre termos (ligando oração entre si) e porque

não dizer é o tempero gramatical e não se esqueçam de memorizá-

las.

Quotation on love

Vincent Van

Gogh "Love is something eternal; the aspect may change, but not the essence."

Henry Ward

Beecher

"Young love is a flame; very pretty, often very hot and fierce, but still only

light and flickering. The love of the older and disciplined heart is as coals,

deep-burning, unquenchable."

Gilbert K.

Chesterton

"The way to love anything is to realize that it might be lost."

Johann

Wolfgang Von

Goethe

"That is the true season of love; when we believe that we alone can love,

that no one could ever have loved as much before, and that no one will ever

love in the same way again."

Virginia

Woolf

"For love... has two faces; one white, the other black; two bodies; one

smooth, the other hairy. It has two hands, two feet, two tails, two, indeed,

of every member and each one is the exact opposite of the other. Yet, so

strictly are they joined together"

Fyodor

Dostoevski

"Love all that has been created by God, both the whole and every grain of

sand. Love every leaf and every ray of light. Love the beasts and the birds,

love the plants, love every separate fragment. If you love each fragment,

you will understand the mystery of the whole resting in God."

Etienne "We always come back to our first love."

Gary Zukav

"When you interact with another, an illusion is part of this dynamic. This

illusion allows each soul to perceive what it needs to understands in order

to heal."

John Dryden

"Love works a different way in different minds, the fool it enlightens and

the wise it blinds."

Johannes

Tauler

"For where there is true love, a man is neither out of measure lifted up by

prosperity, nor cast down by mishap; whether you give or take away from

Attention People!



148

him, so long as he keeps his beloved, he has a spring of inward peace.

Thus, even though thy outward man grieve, or weep downright, that may

well be borne, if only thy inner man remain at peace, perfectly content with

the will of God."

Irwin

Federman

"People love others not for who they are, but for how they make them

feel."

Mark Van

Doren

"To fail to love is not to exist at all."

Jean Anouilh "There is love of course. And then there's life, its enemy."

Sting "Love is stronger than justice."

Zelda

Fitzgerald

"I don't want to live -- I want to love first, and live incidentally."

Francois De

La

Rochefoucauld

"If we are to judge of love by its consequences, it more nearly resembles

hatred than friendship."

http://www.curso-ingles.com/expresiones-ingles.php?id=111

Observe os diferentes tempos das palavras (word in English always)

sempre que puder tanto como nas expressoes bem como, na lei das

ações e do movimento.

Really is a word that have the meaning of the “realmente (? ! .)” so

this have a expression when you talk Really? Efaticamente, estressa,

persiste no son.

really? (é verdade?) this true? (é mesmo?) r.: I really mean that. (de

verdade). Is it really true? (de verdade?) yes! (expressa surpresa, interesse,

dúvida, etc.)

You can play baseball really well. (muito bem)

Do you really play soccer? … realmente joga…?)

This book that I researched in library to my plan this did write by Eduardo

Amos and Elisabeth Prescher then this is simplified Grammar Book.

Editora Moderna -1978. (Pessoas this well to add my instruction advanced

with book passages Cambridge university press by Jack.Richards & Chuck

Sandy and others. I am study this nivel - right!

People, good luck!

Attention People!


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