maverick block.pdf · 9most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9conducted at the level of the...

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Page 1: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

MaverickRegional Anesthesia Education, LLC

Page 2: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in
Page 3: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Most proximal block of the brachial plexus

Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks

The modern approach was introduced by Dr. AlonWinnie in 1970, needle approach is perpendicular to skin

G. Meier described a more lateral and caudadneedle approach (1997, 2001)

Pippa described the posterior approach (1990)

Page 4: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Winnie Approach

Page 5: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Surgical Procedures on shoulder and  upper arm

Shoulder arthroplasty

Mobilization and physiotherapy for frozen shoulder

CPNB provides superior postoperative analgesia (our practice 48‐60 hrs) 

Page 6: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Superficial block

Reliable block for shoulder and upper arm procedures

Continuous block with catheter is very reliable

Simple/easy positioning for patients with fractures or limited mobility

Page 7: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Inferior trunk is often missedUnsuitable for procedures on forearm, wrist and hand. 

Complications can be life threatening if not recognized and treated. 

Total spinal, pneumothorax, IV injection, hemidiaphramtic block

Page 8: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Local or systemic infection @ needle insertion site

Severe COPD (home O2 = NO block)

Contralateral pneumothorax or pneumonectomy

Contralateral paresis of recurrent laryngeal or phrenic nerve (can cause acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

Patient refusal

Page 9: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Non‐cooperative patient 

Severe respiratory compromise (may consider smaller initial bolus volume and/or weaker concentration of LA) 

The need for bilateral upper extremity anesthesia

Preexisting neuro deficits in the distribution of the block (new).

Page 10: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Brachial Plexus formed by anterior rami of C5‐T1

Roots unite to form three trunks

Trunks are stacked vertically between the anterior and middle scalene muscles

Trunks, the subclavian artery and scalene muscles are enclosed in a fascial sheath

The subclavian artery is anterior and medial to trunks of brachial plexus as they exit the interscalene space. 

Page 11: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

5 Roots: C5‐T1

3 Trunks: Upper, Middle, lower

3 Cords: Medial, Lateral, Posterior

Individual Nerves(Musculocutaneous, Radial, Median, Ulnar)

Page 12: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in
Page 13: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in
Page 14: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

The Phrenic Nerve (C3‐5) is anterior to the anterior scalene muscle

The Cervical Sympathetic Chain runs medially to anterior scalene muscle

The Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve hooks underneath the subclavian artery on the right side

The Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve hooks underneath the arch of the aorta on the left side. 

The Dorsal Scapular and Accessory nerves are lateral and posterior to the middle scalene muscle. 

Page 15: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in
Page 16: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in
Page 17: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Supine with the arms by the side

Head turned to the opposite side

Rolled blanket placed behind the shoulder to extend the neck

Take off all wraps and splints

Page 18: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Assemble appropriate supplies , needle and/or catheter 

Intravenous line started

Usual monitors (minimum EKG, Pulse Ox)

Neck, clavicle, shoulder and upper arm prepped and draped

Mild sedation (usually 1‐2mg Versed)Perform time out with nurse prior to sedation

Skin wheal at needle insertion site with 1% lidocaine

Page 19: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Palpate the cricoid cartilage

Identify and mark  posterior border of clavical head of SCM

Mark needle insertion point at posterior border of SCM at level of cricoid cartlage

Page 20: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in
Page 21: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Brachial plexus is usually contacted rather superficially (1 to 1.5cm), but due to angle of approach may be up to 3.5cm deep

Initial current on the nerve stimulator should be set at 1.0mA 

0.7mA initial current in the presence of fractures or trauma

Page 22: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Insert needle in a posterior, medial and slightly caudaddirection (~30 degrees) aiming at midpoint of clavicle

Insert needle at point marked in a medial and caudaddirection (“freehanded” without compressing anatomy with other hand)

Should not insert needle >4cm

Orient needle in caudad direction to avoid intrathecal or vertebral artery injection

50mm 18g insulated B bevel or 4 inch 22g insulated B bevel with 18g angiocath slipped over it if continuous catheter to be inserted.

Page 23: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Musculocutaneous response: Contraction of biceps and brachialis muscles (flexion of elbow).

Radial response:  Contraction of triceps muscle (extension of elbow)

Pectoral response:  Contraction of pectoral muscles (adduction of shoulder)

Axillary nerve response:  Contraction of deltoid muscles (abduction of shoulder) Most desirable for shoulder procedures

Hand/Fingers: Most desirable for Humeral or upper arm procedures

Page 24: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Diaphragmatic contraction: stimulation of phrenic nerve—needle is positioned too anterior…redirect needle slightly posterior.

Trapezius contraction (shoulder shrug):  stimulation of spinal accessory nerve—needle is positioned too posterior redirect needle slightly anterior.

Posterior compartment neck muscles (Rhomboids, levatorscapulae):  stimulation of the dorsal scalpular and levatorscapulae nerves—needle is too posterior from plexus. 

Page 25: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

The nerves of the brachial plexus most often blocked via ISB are (C5‐C8): 

AxillaryMedianRadialMusculocutaneousSuprascapular, Pectorals, and Medial Cutaneous nerve of the arm

Nerves most often missed are (T1): UlnarMedial Cutaneous nerve of the forearm

Page 26: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Phrenic nerve palsy: 90‐100% incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis on CXR

FVC is decreased and patients will experience dyspnea and inability to breathe deeply

Sympathetic chain blockade:Horner’s syndrome: Myosis (small pupil), ptosis (drooping of upper eye lid) and enophthalmoses (sinking of the eyeball).

Unilateral flushing of conjunctiva and nasal congestion. 

Recurrent Laryngeal nerve palsy: presents as hoarseness, usually with right‐sided blocks

Page 27: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Have patient turn face away from the side to be blocked. This tenses the sternocleidomastoid muscles and makes it much more prominent. 

Have patient lift head. This tenses the sternocleidomastoid muscles helping to identify posterior border of clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid muscle. 

Page 28: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

The clavicular head of sternocliedomastoid and cricoid cartilage are most important landmarks.

The external jugular vein is not a consistent landmark.   It has a highly variable course. However, we find that the brachial plexus is almost always immediately in front of or behind the EJ at the posterior border of SCM. 

In patients with difficult anatomy, the clavicle and external jugular vein often prove to be the most reliable landmarks. 

The tip of the earlobe to the mid‐clavicular line is another helpful landmark.

Page 29: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Pneumothorax

Intrathecal injection

CNS toxicity via absorption or IV injection

Phrenic nerve palsy resulting in hemidiaphragmatic paralysis

Page 30: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in

Chelly JE, Peripheral Nerve Blocks; A Color Atlas. 3rd ed. HadzicA, Vloka JD. The Practice of Peripheral nerve Blocks in the U.S.; A National Survey. Regional Anesthesia Pain 1998; 23;241‐246Meier, G. Peripheral Regional Anesthesia; An Atlas of Anatomy and Techniques; 2nd ed. Pgs 10‐23. HadzicA; Interscalene Nerve Block.  Retrieved on April 2009 from New York School of Regional Anesthesia Web siteBrown David L. Atlas of Regional Anesthesia; 3rd ed. 2006 pg 39‐43.UrmeyW, McDonald M. Hemidiaphragmatic paresis during interscalene brachial plexus block; effects on pulmonary function and chest wall mechanics. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1992; 74;352‐357.Khaladkar B. Course material provided on Peripheral nerve blocks 2008. Yung, E, Bicarbonate plus epinephrine shortens the onset and prolongs the duration of sciatic block using Chloroprocainefollowed by Bupivacaine in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management, 34, May‐June 2009, 196‐200.

Page 31: Maverick Block.pdf · 9Most proximal block of the brachial plexus 9Conducted at the level of the distal roots and trunks 9The modern approach was introduced by Dr. Alon Winnie in
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