blast and eplosion effects on fixed and portable structures - raymond bennett
TRANSCRIPT
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Blast Effects on Fixed and Portable Structures
Occupied Buildings and Facility Siting
March 1, 2011
Presented by:
Raymond Bennett, P.E., Ph.D.
©2007 Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc.©2009 Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc.
y
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Content
Determining the Blast Load Determining the Blast Load Scenario Definition Blast Load Prediction
St t l A t Structural Assessment Building Response Damage Criteriag Occupant Vulnerability
Mitigation Summary Summary
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SCENARIO DEFINITIONSCENARIO DEFINITION
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Scenario Selection
Hazards associated with operations: Loss of containment Loss of containment Releases from flares Process vent stacks Atmospheric relief devices Atmospheric relief devices
Based primarily on process specific factors: Failure rate data Equipment design Equipment design Process stream composition Operating conditions
Also consider Also consider: Company and industry losses on similar types of
process or equipment
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Identify Potential Sources
Define sources to represent all significant p ghazards within the processHighlight PFDs for the process to ensure
the main processing sections are covered.Supplement the list with scenarios
identified b the site (PHA LOPA etc )identified by the site (PHA, LOPA, etc.)Review the site for additional hazards
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Example of Highlighted PFD
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Consequence vs. Risk Approach
early north wind, early ignition (fire)N late north wind, delayed ignition (explosion)
outside of lethal concentration no impact
Initiator Wind Direction Ignition ScenarioSize Weather Toxic
ConcentrationToxic
Mitigation
outside of lethal concentration no impact10% OV Evac Successful escape from toxic plume
none PPE failure 10% perish due to toxic impact
90% OV Evac Successful escape from toxic plumePPE failure 90% perish due to toxic impact
NNE
NE
MCE
ENE
E
F1.5 ESE
SE
SSESSE
6" S
SSW
SW
WSW
Each release direction is assessed the same. Early (fire), delayed (explosion), and nonignition (toxic plume) are considered.
Release W
WNW
NW
NNW
D3
D5
B5
2"
0.5"
Each size / weather condition is assessed the same. Multiple wind directions and ignition probabilities are considered.
Each size is assessed the same. Multiple weather conditions, wind directions, and ignition probabilities are considered.
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Sequence of Events (Explosion, Fire, and Toxic)(Explosion, Fire, and Toxic)
early north wind, early ignition (fire) Fsequence = Frelease x Pw x Pwind x Pign
N late north wind, delayed ignition (explosion)th i d i iti (t i l if )
Initiator Wind Direction Ignition ScenarioSize Weather Frequency
none north wind, no ignition (toxic plume if any)
NNE
NE
ENE
E
F 2 ESE
SE
SSE
6" SEach release direction is assessed the same. Early (fire), delayed (explosion),
and nonignition (toxic plume if any under 4 weather conditions) are considered.
SSW
SW
WSW
Release W
and nonignition (toxic plume if any under 4 weather conditions) are considered.
WNW
NW
NNW
B3 E h i / th diti i d th M lti l i d di ti dD 4D7
2"
0.5"
Each size / weather condition is assessed the same. Multiple wind directions and ignition probabilities are considered.
Each size is assessed the same. Worse weather condition, wind directions, and ignition probabilities are considered.
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Frequency Analysis – Initiating Event
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Failure Rates(per year /C )
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20-in
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0.75 2.0E-3 1.1E-2 1.1E-3 1.4E-3 9.6E-6 7.0E-6 4.6E-6 3.7E-6 3.1E-6 2.9E-6 2.8E-6 1.8E-3 9.8E-6 1.0E-3 7.2E-4 7.4E-4
2 8.5E-4 3.8E-3 3.9E-4 7.5E-4 0.0E+ 0 3.0E-7 2.1E-6 1.6E-6 1.5E-6 1.4E-6 1.2E-6 5.5E-4 5.5E-6 5.2E-4 3.7E-4 3.8E-4
6 2 2E-4 7 5E-4 8 3E-5 2 6E-4 0 0E+ 0 0 0E+0 0 0E+0 1 8E-7 4 3E-7 4 0E-7 2 8E-7 1 3E-4 1 3E-6 1 1E-4 7 9E-5 8 1E-5
/Component)
6 2.2E 4 7.5E 4 8.3E 5 2.6E 4 0.0E+ 0 0.0E+0 0.0E+0 1.8E 7 4.3E 7 4.0E 7 2.8E 7 1.3E 4 1.3E 6 1.1E 4 7.9E 5 8.1E 5
m
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lineal feet of pipe
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Equipment count for
1-in
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2-in
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3-4i
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6-8i
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10-1
2in
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14-in
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20-in
dia
BFLP-01-T4201-ethy-top 100 1 1BFLP-02-T4201-mixT6201bot 1000 1 1
Source Cen
trif.
Com
Rec
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Exch
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Fin
Fan
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Filte
r
each release source
BFLP-03-D4201-ethy 1 500 1BFLP-04-Cxxx-Propy 1 1000 1 1BFLP-05-T4801-Propy-bot 100 1 1BFLP-06-T4801-Propy-top 1 1000 1Sab-01-T6201-ethy-top 100 1 1Sab-02-T6201-mixT6201bot 1 1000 1Sab 03 D6201 eth 1 500 1Sab-03-D6201-ethy 1 500 1Sab-04-D6301-Propy 1 500 1Sab-05-C5401 1 1000 1 1Sab-06-TK9811-Butadi 1 1000 1Toxic-Sab-05-C5401 1 1000 1 1
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Discharge Modelingg g Input
Storage Conditions• Type of storage
– Pressurized Gas– Liquefied Gas– Refrigerated Liquidg q– Liquid at Atmospheric temp and pressure
• Temp and Pressure of the material • Material Composition • Type of leak• Type of leak
– hole, tank rupture, pipe rupture Temperature and Pressure outside the tank
Output Discharge Rate Quantity Released or Duration The phase of a release and flash fraction The geometry of the release after expansion The geometry of the release after expansion Velocity of the release
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Examples of Released Phase
Liquid Discharge Hole in atmospheric storage tank or pipe under Hole in atmospheric storage tank or pipe under
liquid head Hole in vessel or pipe containing pressurized liquid
b l it l b ili i tbelow its normal boiling point Gas Discharge Hole in equipment containing gas under pressure Hole in equipment containing gas under pressure Boiling-off evaporation from liquid pool Relief valve discharge from top of pressurized
storage tank Two-phase Discharge Hole in pressurized storage tank or pipe containing Hole in pressurized storage tank or pipe containing
a liquid above its normal boiling point
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COMPUTING THE BLAST LOADCOMPUTING THE BLAST LOAD
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Explosion Analysis Model
Need to include in the model: Potential sources – Defined in scenarios Zones of congestion and confinement
• BST Mapped by on site evaluation• BST - Mapped by on-site evaluation• CFD – Use of 3-D Solid Modeling
Locations of buildings used to calculate incident and reflected pressures and impulses.
Need pressure, impulse, and wave shape to predict building response Shock wavespredict building response. – Shock waves assumed in most cases – but this is changing.
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Explosion Analysis
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Flammable Vapor Cloud
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Contours of Blast Overpressure or Building Damage LevelBuilding Damage Level
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Source vs. Damage Locationg
OccupiedOccupiedBuildings
Source
©2007 Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc.
Mina Al-Ahmadi Refinery, Kuwait, 2000, 4 fatalities.
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STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENTSTRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT
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Blast Resistant Design vs Conventional Design
Conventional Blast ResistantDesign Basis Defined by:
•Use•CodesConsistent among owners
ithi ifi
Defined by risk:•Implied, or•Explicitly calculatedDiffers widely among owners.
within a specific area.Structural Performance
Expected to resist normal service loads indefinitely.
Varies with “Level of Protection”.
Design Structure remains elastic, Plastic deformations typically Approach includes safety factors:
•Allowable stress design•LRFD design
allowed:•Strength Increase Factors•Dynamic Increase Factors
Static analysis used even Dynamic analysis common.for dynamic loads. “Static Equivalent Loads”
discouraged.
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Example of Acceptable Performance (non – Load Bearing)
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Levels of Protection
Varies with intended use and client philosophySelect severe threat or accident scenarios and
flow level of protectionSelect median or average threats and provide
medium levels of protectionmedium levels of protectionSelect “common” accident or threat and
provide high levels of protectionUse quantitative risk approach
Once an LOP has been selected it be tied to building damage levels
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Response Criteria
Response criteria set the amount of deformation t da component can undergo.
Response criteria per ASCE, and CIA is in terms of ductility and support rotations. High response y pp g pcorresponds to incipient failure. Ductility is maximum deflection / deflection at yield. Edge rotations defined next slideg
Response criteria per API (off-shore) is in terms of peak strain.
Models used to calculate these may be: Models used to calculate these may be: Single–Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) Multiple-Degree-of Freedom (MDOF)
Fi it El t A l i Finite Element Analysis
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Support Rotations
= Support Rotation
L
x
xm
Lxm2tan 1
Ltan
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ASCE Component Response Levels
Component Damage or Response Level Component Consequence
Low Onset of visible damage; component can be repairedLow Onset of visible damage; component can be repaired.Medium Permanent deformation of components requiring replacement.
High Substantial plastic deformation approaching incipient collapse. Replacement is required. Component failure is possible, g p q p p ,although not probable, especially near the upper bound.
Failure Complete failure of component creating debris hazard. Replacement required.
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ASCE Response Criteria
Upper Bound Criteria For Response Or Damage Levels
Low Medium High Element Type
Beams, Girts, Purlins 3 2 10 6 20 12
Frame Members 1.5 1 2 1.5 3 2
Cold-Formed Panels 1.75 1.25 3 2 6 4
Open-Web Joists 1 1 2 1.5 4 2
Plates 5 3 10 6 20 12Failure occurs when the upper bound of the High Response Level is exceeded.
Medium is typically the maximum acceptable response for design.
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ERC – BakerRisk Building Damage LevelsLevels
ERC tool (BEAST) predict a Building ( ) p gDamage Level BDL1 – MinorBDL2a or BDL2 – Light Moderate or LightBDL2b or BDL2.5 – Heavy Moderate or
ModerateBDL3 - Major
BDL4 C llBDL4 – CollapseBDL can also be based on component
responses with emphasis on load bearingresponses with emphasis on load bearing walls and roof response.
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US Corps of Engineers Damage Levels
1 – AT Standards refers to AntiTerrorism Standards1 AT Standards refers to AntiTerrorism Standards
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Comparison of Damage Criteria
ERC – IndustryDamage Level
US Army COE Damage Level
Approximate Level of g g
Protection Provided
1 Superficial HighDamage
2a RepairableDamage
High - Medium
2b Unrepairable Damage
Medium - Low
3 Heavy Damage Very Low4 Severe Damage
or FailureVery Low to None
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Comparison of Damage Criteria
ERC – IndustryDamage Level
US Army COE Damage Level
Approximate Level of g g
Protection Provided
1 Superficial HighDamage
2a RepairableDamage
High - Medium
2b Unrepairable Damage
Medium - Low
3 Heavy Damage Very Low4 Severe Damage
or FailureVery Low to None
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Building Damage 1 (Minor)
Load Bearing Masonry g yBuilding
Pre-engineered Metal BuildingPre engineered Metal Building
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Building Damage 2a (Moderate)
Load Bearing Masonry g yBuilding
Pre-engineered Metal BuildingPre engineered Metal Building
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Building Damage 2b (Heavy-Moderate)
Load Bearing Masonry g yBuilding
Pre-engineered Metal BuildingPre engineered Metal Building
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Trailer Damage Level 2B
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Building Damage 3 (Major)
Load Bearing Masonry g yBuilding
Pre-engineered Metal BuildingPre engineered Metal Building
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Occupant Vulnerability For Different Building TypesTypes
100Bldg 1
Bldg 2
60
80
ity (%
) Bldg 3
Bldg 4
20
40
ulne
rabi
l Bldg 5
Bldg 7
Bldg 8
0
20Vu Bldg 8
Bldg 9
Bldg 100 1 2 3 4
Building Damage Level
Bldg 10
Bldg 11
Bldg 12
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Example of Pressure-impulse (P-i) CurveCurve
P-I curves represent a suite of blast ploadings that will result in the same deformation of a structure.
By setting the deformation value to the bounds for damage levels the curves can b d I Dbe used as Iso-Damage curves.
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Example Generic Scaled P-i Curve
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Example of Component Specific P-i CurveCurve
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Example US DDESB Curve
690 kPa -kPa ms
69 kPa
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Building Siting Tools
Several proprietary tools:p p yBEASTSHEPPARD
US Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) has published building level P-i diagrams for limited suite of buildings
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Design and Assessment Tools Available Finite Element Analysis is becoming more widely
used but simpler methods still dominate design. Simplified Tools developed by BakerRisk for the
COE and proprietary purposes: Integrated Structural Analysis and Design Integrated Structural Analysis and Design
Spreadsheet (ISADS) (Proprietary)• SDOF and 2DOF Capabilities• Pull down menus for components
Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Upgrade Tool (Proprietary)(Proprietary)
SBEDS – Developed for COEWBiggs – SDOF (Proprietary)ggs S O ( op eta y)
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LS-DYNA Model of Motor Control Center
MCC is three story steel structure with two typesstructure with two types of walls Blast resistant walls on first
two levels on two sides Crimped plate walls on
other sides Model Parameters
3 in Shell Elements 3-in Shell Elements 422,057 Node 399,037 Elements
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FEA of Off Shore MCC
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MITIGATIONMITIGATION
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Mitigation Measures
What can be done to protect occupants p p(control risk) if the existing building performance is unacceptable?
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Hierarchy of Mitigation Measures Eliminate the hazard PASSIVE
Prevent release – upgrade design Control size of scenario – reduce inventory Mitigate Effects to Building Occupantsg g p
• Relocate them• Harden the building
ACTIVE Prevent release – Safety instrumented systems Control size of scenario – ESD systems Mitigate Effects to Building Occupants – HVAC g g
PROCEDURAL Prevent release – permits, inspections, LO/TO Control size of scenario – manual firefightingg g Mitigate Effects to Building Occupants - evacuate
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BakerRisk Shock Tube
47
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Loading Range For BakerRisk Shock Tube (10’ x 10’ Maximum Target)Tube (10 x 10 Maximum Target)
50
k
35
40
45
si)
310 kPa
15
20
25
30
Pres
sure
(ps Pressure and impulse can be
varied independently within boundaries shown.
6900 kPa - ms
0
5
10
15
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Impulse (psi-mse)
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Test of CMU WallBefore UpgradeBefore Upgrade
©2007 Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc.
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Test of CMU Wall Before Upgradef f pg
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Upgrade to CMU WallUpgrade to CMU Wall
Steel Tube Reinforcement on Loaded Sideon Loaded Side
of CMU Wall
©2007 Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc.
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Test of Upgraded CMU Wall
©2007 Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc.
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Test of Upgraded CMU Wall
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Examples of Post Upgrades in the FieldField
New Exterior Posts and AnglesNew Exterior Posts and Angles
New Door Frame for Blast Resistant Door
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Government R&D Program- Polyurea Catch Systems for Masonry and Glazing UnitsSystems for Masonry and Glazing Units
Test in Shock Tube LS-DYNA Analysis
Conducted for Sherwin Williams, funded by the US Air F
55
Force
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Additional Upgrade Examples
Modifications to “Pre-Engineered” steel gbuildings
Roof upgradesDoor strengtheningWood trailer reinforcement
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Example of Metal Building Upgrades
New wall girtsNew wall girts
N T dd d t f
New Stiffeners added to fram
New Tees added to frames
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Example of Roof Strengthening
New purlins (grey)
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Example of Wood Trailer StrengtheningStrengthening
New steel panels dd d tadded to
strengthen walls. T il b i Trailers being
prepped for attachment of steelattachment of steel panels.
Steel PanelsSteel Panels added.
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Upgrade of Conventional Hollow Metal DoorsDoors
Experimentally validated method for enhancing strength of conventional hollow metal door.strength of conventional hollow metal door.Existing door at 3 psi (21 kPA)
Upgraded door at 4 psi (28 kPa)
60
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Example of Door Strengthening
Typical Existing Door Retrofitted Door
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Monolithic Window Test
High speed video of window test g pconducted at BakerRisk shock tube facility
Window 50 in x 68 in, ¼” annealed glass 1.25 m x 1.7 m x 6 mm
Blast Load ~ 4 psi, 60 psi-ms28 kPa, 410 kPa-ms
Window fails in “High Hazard Mode”Note formation of glass fragments
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Monolithic Window Test
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Laminated Window
Window test conducted at BakerRisk shock tube facility
Blast Load ~ 5 psi, 60 psi-msec (35 kPa, 410 kPa-ms)
Window passes in “Minimal Hazard Mode”
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Laminated Window Test
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Summary and Conclusions
Blast resistant design allows for damage to the structure. Flexibility and ductility more important than
rigidity and strengthrigidity and strength A clear understanding of the desired level of
protection is required. Existing structures can be readily hardened or
upgraded. Wi d d d i t t Windows and doors are important. Use of Static Equivalent Loads generally
discouraged.discouraged.