Intro To Black DeathIntro To Black Death

• Unleashed a rampage of death across Unleashed a rampage of death across EuropeEurope

• Lasted three yearsLasted three years• 25 to 50 percent of Europe’s population had 25 to 50 percent of Europe’s population had

fallen victim to pestilencefallen victim to pestilence

www.eyewitnesstohistory.comwww.eyewitnesstohistory.comBy: MichelleBy: Michelle

Forms of Black Death Bubonic Plague (infection of the lymph

glands) Septicemia Plague (infection of the blood) Pneumonic Plague ( infection of the lungs) Pneumonic Plague can spread from person

to person

www.dhpe.org/infect/plague.htmlBy:Michelle

Causes of Black DeathCauses of Black Death Bites from infected fleasBites from infected fleas By direct contact with the tissue or body By direct contact with the tissue or body

fluids of plague infected animalsfluids of plague infected animals By inhaling infectious airborne droplets By inhaling infectious airborne droplets

from persons or animals with the plague from persons or animals with the plague

Chapple, Mike."Could we survive Plague? The Black Death Decimated Europe in Chapple, Mike."Could we survive Plague? The Black Death Decimated Europe in the Middle Ages and a New Epidemic Is Closer Than We Think." Daily Post 1 the Middle Ages and a New Epidemic Is Closer Than We Think." Daily Post 1 Sept. 2004.[Liverpool, England].Print.Sept. 2004.[Liverpool, England].Print.

By: MichelleBy: Michelle

Prevention of Black Death

• Controlling rodent fleas• Educating the public• Contacting the medical

community in places where plague occurs

• Barnett, Anthony. The Story of Rats: Their Impact on Us, and Our Impact on Them. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. 2001. Print.

• By: Michelle

Black Death in 1348Black Death in 1348 Coming out of the East, the Coming out of the East, the

Black Death reached the Black Death reached the shores of Italy in the Spring of shores of Italy in the Spring of 13481348

Men, women, and children Men, women, and children caught in it’s onslaught were caught in it’s onslaught were bewildered, panicked and bewildered, panicked and finally devastated.finally devastated.

They had no defense, and no They had no defense, and no understanding of the cause of understanding of the cause of the pestilencethe pestilence

Benedictow, Ole J. "The Black Death: The Greatest Benedictow, Ole J. "The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever." History Today Mar. 2005. Catastrophe Ever." History Today Mar. 2005. Print.Print.

By: MichelleBy: Michelle

Information about Black Information about Black PlaguePlague

• Bacterial DiseaseBacterial Disease• Spread by rodents and infected fleasSpread by rodents and infected fleas• Caught by humans and other animals who were Caught by humans and other animals who were

bitten by infected fleasbitten by infected fleas

• Defoe,Daniel. A Journal of the Plague Year. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1998. PrintDefoe,Daniel. A Journal of the Plague Year. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1998. Print• By: MichelleBy: Michelle

Historical Timing of Black PlagueHistorical Timing of Black Plague

The arrival of the Mongols and the Ottomans had The arrival of the Mongols and the Ottomans had disrupted trade routes disrupted trade routes

Certain areas of Europe were edging into Certain areas of Europe were edging into depressiondepression

Climate was changing, with cooler and wetter Climate was changing, with cooler and wetter weather creating lower crop yieldsweather creating lower crop yields

Population was increasingPopulation was increasing The Church was in poor shapeThe Church was in poor shape The Hundred Years’ War added to the plague and The Hundred Years’ War added to the plague and

faminefamine Difficulties created by war and a constricted Difficulties created by war and a constricted

economy were exacerbated by the Black Deatheconomy were exacerbated by the Black Death

Encyclopedia article; Plague. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Encyclopedia article; Plague. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York. 2009Edition. Columbia University Press. New York. 2009

By: MichelleBy: Michelle

Is The Children’s Game Lyrics really referring to the Black Death in

1348?

• Ring around the Rosy: One of the first visible signs of the infection were red rings surrounding a rosy bump, all over the victims body

• Pockets full of Posy: The plague created “foul air” so carrying flowers helped them deal with the smell of death

• Ashes, Ashes: This is referring to all the ashes in the air, after they had burned hundreds of dead bodies

We all fall down: This means that they too will eventually die of the plague

– Holmes, George. The Later Middle Ages, 1272-1485. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1962.iii.Print.

By: Michelle

Symptoms of Black DeathSymptoms of Black Death Symptoms occurred between 2 to 6 days Symptoms occurred between 2 to 6 days Hard, painful, burning lumps, on neck, Hard, painful, burning lumps, on neck,

underarms, and inner thighsunderarms, and inner thighs Lumps soon turned black, split open, and Lumps soon turned black, split open, and

began to ooze bloodbegan to ooze blood The average people who caught this disease The average people who caught this disease

died within a weekdied within a week The ill would start to smell utterly revoltingThe ill would start to smell utterly revolting

Plague Facts.2005.Web.2 Dec. 2009.< www.dhpe.org/infect/plague.html >.Plague Facts.2005.Web.2 Dec. 2009.< www.dhpe.org/infect/plague.html >. By: MichelleBy: Michelle

Black Death in Relationship to William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare lost, brothers, sisters, close friends, and fellow actorsWilliam Shakespeare lived in the Elizabethan Era, the same time when the Plague statedTheaters often closed due to the pestilenceActors and writers would leave London to try to escape the Plague

The Black Death, 1348 Ibis, 2001. Web. 3, Dec. 2009.< http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/plague.htm >.

By: Michelle

Work Cited Chapple, Mike."Could we survive Plague? The Black Death Decimated Europe in

the Middle Ages and a New Epidemic Is Closer Than We Think." Daily Post 1 Sept. 2004.[Liverpool, England].Print.

Barnett, Anthony. The Story of Rats: Their Impact on Us, and Our Impact on Them. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. 2001. Print.

Benedictow, Ole J. "The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever." History Today Mar. 2005. Print.

Defoe,Daniel. A Journal of the Plague Year. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1998. Print.

Encyclopedia article; Plague. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. New York. 2009.

Holmes, George. The Later Middle Ages, 1272-1485. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1962.iii.Print.

Plague Facts.2005.Web.2 Dec. 2009.< www.dhpe.org/infect/plague.html >. Totaro, Rebecca."English Plague and New World Promise." Utopian Studies 10

(1999). Print. The Black Death, 1348 Ibis, 2001. Web. 3, Dec. 2009.<

http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/plague.htm >.

Alchemy

A medieval philosophy and early form of chemistry

Aims were the transmutation of base metals into gold, the discovery of a cure for all diseases, and the preparation of a potion that gives external youth

The imagined substance was capable of turning other metals into gold was called the philosopher’s stone

Alchemy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Columbia Universtiy Press.New York.2009.Print.By: Carlos

Definition of Alchemy

A medieval chemical philosophy having as it’s asserted aims the transmutation of base metals into gold, the discovery of the panacea, and the preparation of the elixir of longevity A seemingly magical power or process of transmutingThe hypothetical substance sought by alchemists that was believed to transform base metals into gold and give eternal life

www.thefreedictionary.com/alchemyBy: Carlos

Practitioners of Practitioners of AlchemyAlchemy

Their goals were so unrealistic, and because they had Their goals were so unrealistic, and because they had trouble achieving them, people in the Middle Ages trouble achieving them, people in the Middle Ages gave them the reputation of fakers and con artistsgave them the reputation of fakers and con artists

While they never succeeded in turning lead into gold While they never succeeded in turning lead into gold (one of their main goals), they did make discoveries (one of their main goals), they did make discoveries that helped to shape modern chemistrythat helped to shape modern chemistry

Alchemists invented early forms of some of the Alchemists invented early forms of some of the laboratory equipment used today, including beakers, laboratory equipment used today, including beakers, crucibles, filters and stirring rods. Alchemy In the crucibles, filters and stirring rods. Alchemy In the Middle Ages.2009.Web.2 Dec. 2009. Middle Ages.2009.Web.2 Dec. 2009.

<www.historymedren.about.com/od/alchemy/Alchemy_in_the _Middle_Ages.htm>.<www.historymedren.about.com/od/alchemy/Alchemy_in_the _Middle_Ages.htm>.By: CarlosBy: Carlos

AlchemistsAlchemists

They discovered and purified a number of They discovered and purified a number of chemical elements, including mercury, sulfur, chemical elements, including mercury, sulfur, and arsenicand arsenic

The methods they developed are still important The methods they developed are still important today today

They were one of the first people to have They were one of the first people to have discovered chemical elementsdiscovered chemical elements

Alchemy.The Free Dictionary Farlex, 2009. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. < Alchemy.The Free Dictionary Farlex, 2009. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. < http://www.thefreedictionary.com/alchemy >.http://www.thefreedictionary.com/alchemy >.

By: CarlosBy: Carlos

Alchemy in the Middle AgesAlchemy in the Middle Ages

• Alchemy in the Middle Ages was a mixture of Alchemy in the Middle Ages was a mixture of scicence, philosophy, and mysticism.scicence, philosophy, and mysticism.

• Far from operating within modern definitions Far from operating within modern definitions of a scientific discipline, medieval alchemists of a scientific discipline, medieval alchemists approached their craft with a holistic attitude.approached their craft with a holistic attitude.

• They believed that purity of mind, body, and They believed that purity of mind, body, and sprit was necessary to pursue the alchemical sprit was necessary to pursue the alchemical quest successfully.quest successfully.

Henderson, Joesph L, and Dyane N. Sherwood, Transformation of the Psyche: The Symbolic Alchemy. London: Henderson, Joesph L, and Dyane N. Sherwood, Transformation of the Psyche: The Symbolic Alchemy. London: Brunner-Routledge,2003.Print.Brunner-Routledge,2003.Print.

By: CarlosBy: Carlos

Beliefs of AlchemistsBeliefs of Alchemists

At the heart of medieval alchemy was the idea At the heart of medieval alchemy was the idea that all matter was composed of four elements: that all matter was composed of four elements: earth, air, fire, and waterearth, air, fire, and water

With the right combination of elements on earth With the right combination of elements on earth it was theorized that any substance might be it was theorized that any substance might be formed.formed.

Alchemists believed that the “transmutation” of Alchemists believed that the “transmutation” of one substance into another was possibleone substance into another was possible

Osler, Margaret J. "Atoms and Alchemy; Chemsitry and the Experimental Origins of Scientific Osler, Margaret J. "Atoms and Alchemy; Chemsitry and the Experimental Origins of Scientific Revolution." Journal of History 42 (2007).Print.Revolution." Journal of History 42 (2007).Print.

By: CarlosBy: Carlos

Symbols of AlchemySymbols of Alchemy

Medieval alchemy was much as an art as Medieval alchemy was much as an art as a sciencea science

Probationers preserved their secretsProbationers preserved their secrets With an obfuscating system of symbols With an obfuscating system of symbols

and mysterious names for the materials and mysterious names for the materials they studied, they kept their studies they studied, they kept their studies undercoverundercover

Read, John.Prelude to Chemistry: An Outline Of Alchemy, It's Literature and Relationships.New Read, John.Prelude to Chemistry: An Outline Of Alchemy, It's Literature and Relationships.New York: Macmilan, 1937.Print.York: Macmilan, 1937.Print.

By: CarlosBy: Carlos

Origins and history of alchemy Origins and history of alchemy Alchemy originated in ancient times, Alchemy originated in ancient times,

evolving independently in china, evolving independently in china, India, and GreeceIndia, and Greece

In all these areas the practice In all these areas the practice ultimately degenerated into ultimately degenerated into superstition, but it migrated to Egypt superstition, but it migrated to Egypt and survived as a scholarly and survived as a scholarly disciplinediscipline

By the 13By the 13thth century it was discussed century it was discussed seriously by leading philosophers, seriously by leading philosophers, scientists, and theologians.scientists, and theologians.

Salant, Nathan S. The Mystery of Human Salant, Nathan S. The Mystery of Human Relationship: Alchemy and the Transformation of Relationship: Alchemy and the Transformation of the Self.London:Routledge,1998.Print.the Self.London:Routledge,1998.Print.

By: CarlosBy: Carlos

Goals

To discover the relationship of man to the cosmos and take advantage of that relationship to the betterment to mankind.

To find the “philosopher’s stone,” an elusive substance that was believed to make possible the creation of an elixir of immortality and the transmutation of common substances into gold.

In the later middle ages, to use alchemy as a tool in advancement of medicine

Slessor, Catherine."Alchemy and Invention." The Architectural Review Oct. 1998.Print. By: Carlos

AchievementsAchievements

Medieval alchemists produced Medieval alchemists produced hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, potash and hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, potash and sodium carbonate.sodium carbonate.

Thought their experiments, medieval Thought their experiments, medieval alchemists invented and developed alchemists invented and developed laboratory devices and procedures that laboratory devices and procedures that are, in modified form, still used todayare, in modified form, still used today

The practice of alchemy laid the The practice of alchemy laid the foundation for the development f foundation for the development f chemistry as a scientific disciplinechemistry as a scientific discipline

Alchemy In the Middle Ages.2009.Web.2 Dec. 2009. Alchemy In the Middle Ages.2009.Web.2 Dec. 2009. <www.historymedren.about.com/od/alchemy/Alchemy_in_the <www.historymedren.about.com/od/alchemy/Alchemy_in_the _Middle_Ages.htm>._Middle_Ages.htm>.

By: CarlosBy: Carlos

Work Cited Alchemy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Columbia

Universtiy Press.New York.2009.Print. Alchemy In the Middle Ages.2009.Web.2 Dec. 2009.

<www.historymedren.about.com/od/alchemy/Alchemy_in_the _Middle_Ages.htm>.

Alchemy.The Free Dictionary Farlex, 2009. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. < http://www.thefreedictionary.com/alchemy >.

Henderson, Joesph L, and Dyane N. Sherwood, Transformation of the Psyche: The Symbolic Alchemy. London: Brunner-Routledge,2003.Print.

Osler, Margaret J. "Atoms and Alchemy; Chemsitry and the Experimental Origins of Scientific Revolution." Journal of History 42 (2007).Print.

Read, John.Prelude to Chemistry: An Outline Of Alchemy, It's Literature and Relationships.New York: Macmilan, 1937.Print.

Salant, Nathan S. The Mystery of Human Relationship: Alchemy and the Transformation of the Self.London:Routledge,1998.Print.

Slessor, Catherine."Alchemy and Invention." The Architectural Review Oct. 1998.Print.