PPT used by permission of PPT used by permission of

Susan M. PojerSusan M. PojerHorace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY

Edited by Patti Summers, Conway Christian School 2012Edited by Patti Summers, Conway Christian School 2012

The Geography of Greece

The Geography of Greece

Greek Civilization PeriodsGreek Civilization Periods

• Pre-Greek – Aegean or ArchaicPre-Greek – Aegean or Archaic• Greek – HellenicGreek – Hellenic• Post-Greek – Hellenistic (from Post-Greek – Hellenistic (from

Death of Alexander to the Rise of Death of Alexander to the Rise of Rome)Rome)

• From Greek From Greek ““HellasHellas”” which is what which is what Greeks still call their own Greeks still call their own country.country.

Bronze Age GreeceBronze Age Greece

Crete: Minoan CivilizationPalace at Knossos (the ‘k ’ is

silent)

Crete: Minoan CivilizationPalace at Knossos (the ‘k ’ is

silent)

Flush toilets, running water, bathtubs!

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Flourished 2000 BCNamed for King

Minos

Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

MycenaeansTraded with Egypt and the

Fertile Crescent

Rt: The Lion Gate, entranceTo the fortified citadel of

Mycenae

MycenaeansMycenaeans• MainlandMainland• Learned art, building, culture from Learned art, building, culture from

MinoansMinoans• Might have destroyed KnossosMight have destroyed Knossos• Military expertise, fortified citiesMilitary expertise, fortified cities• Expanded through sea raids, piracy, Expanded through sea raids, piracy,

colonizationcolonization• Rival: Troy on the HellespontRival: Troy on the Hellespont• Finally conquered by the Dorians Finally conquered by the Dorians

from the northfrom the north

Trojan War p. 56Trojan War p. 56• Mycenaeans went to war against Mycenaeans went to war against

TroyTroy• 10 years10 years• Mycenaeans won using Trojan Mycenaeans won using Trojan

HorseHorse• HomerHomer’’s s IliadIliad tells the story of tells the story of

the warthe war• ““Beware of Greeks bearing gifts!Beware of Greeks bearing gifts!””

The Mask of Agamemnon ??? (Not, but it’s still a good find!)The Mask of Agamemnon ??? (Not, but it’s still a good find!)

Golden mask discovered by Schliemann with nine cities of Troy in layers!

Homeric Age: The “Heroic Age”

Greek Dark Age

Homeric Age: The “Heroic Age”

Greek Dark Age

•Iliad & Odyssey give us our knowledge of this period in Greek history•Heroic stories of dignity, strength, valor, bravery, generosity and wisdom

Greek Dark AgesGreek Dark Ages1150 – 750 BC1150 – 750 BC

• Greeks neglected the palace Greeks neglected the palace fortressesfortresses

• Little contact with outside Little contact with outside civilizationscivilizations

• Move from cities to small villagesMove from cities to small villages• This period blends many This period blends many

elements into a common Greek elements into a common Greek cultureculture

Greek Mythology p. 57-Greek Mythology p. 57-5858• 12 chief gods/goddesses12 chief gods/goddesses

• Lived on Mt. OlympusLived on Mt. Olympus• ZeusZeus – king of the gods, lightening bolts – king of the gods, lightening bolts• ApolloApollo – sun, music, medicine – sun, music, medicine• AthenaAthena – wisdom (patron of Athens) – wisdom (patron of Athens)• PoseidonPoseidon – sea, earthquakes – sea, earthquakes• Anthropomorphic (human characteristics)Anthropomorphic (human characteristics)• Prayer/sacrifices offered to themPrayer/sacrifices offered to them• Olympics honored ZeusOlympics honored Zeus• Olympiad – the four-year period between Olympiad – the four-year period between

each Olympic gameseach Olympic games

OlympiaOlympia

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

Olympia: Temple to Hera

Olympia: Temple to Hera

The 2004 OlympicsThe 2004 Olympics

Role of City States p. 59Role of City States p. 59• Greek mountains isolated the Greek mountains isolated the

various city statesvarious city states• Usually built at the foot of a hillUsually built at the foot of a hill• Fortress built on top = Fortress built on top =

““acropolisacropolis””• Polis = Polis = ““city – statecity – state”” was basic was basic

unit of governmentunit of government• Unit of authority, protection for Unit of authority, protection for

the Greek was his citythe Greek was his city

Government p. 59Government p. 59• MonarchyMonarchy: rule by one. Homeric age.: rule by one. Homeric age.• OligarchyOligarchy: rule by few. Council of : rule by few. Council of

nobles or popular assembly. Tension nobles or popular assembly. Tension between nobles and lower classes.between nobles and lower classes.

• TyrannyTyranny: gained control by force. Not : gained control by force. Not necessarily corrupt, sometimes a necessarily corrupt, sometimes a reformer.reformer.

• DemocracyDemocracy: rule by the people. Each : rule by the people. Each adult male citizen could share in ruling his adult male citizen could share in ruling his city state.city state.

• Athens and Sparta eventually became Athens and Sparta eventually became opposing strong city states with differing opposing strong city states with differing philosophies of rule.philosophies of rule.

Greek Colonies p. 60Greek Colonies p. 60

SpartaSparta• City-state located on the City-state located on the PeloponnesusPeloponnesus• Dorians conquered it and made the people Dorians conquered it and made the people

slaves, or Helotsslaves, or Helots• Made other conquests slaves as wellMade other conquests slaves as well• Slaves outnumbered free menSlaves outnumbered free men• Militaristic ways because of fear of slave Militaristic ways because of fear of slave

revoltrevolt• Warrior trainingWarrior training• Unhealthy babies left to dieUnhealthy babies left to die• Boys raised in barracks after age 7Boys raised in barracks after age 7• Learned to endure beatings, to stealLearned to endure beatings, to steal• Soldiers at 20, citizens at 30Soldiers at 20, citizens at 30

Sparta, cont.Sparta, cont.• Women told their husbands, Women told their husbands, ““Return Return

with your shield or on it.with your shield or on it.””• Oligarchy governmentOligarchy government• Peloponnesian League organized by Peloponnesian League organized by

Sparta to counter the democratic Sparta to counter the democratic principles of the Athenian city-state.principles of the Athenian city-state.

SPARTASPARTA

SPARTASPARTA

Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

Piraeus: Athens’ Port CityPiraeus: Athens’ Port City

Athens p. 61Athens p. 61• Had king during Homeric AgeHad king during Homeric Age• Later oligarchy of chief nobles, Later oligarchy of chief nobles,

with chief with chief archonarchon elected from elected from their midsttheir midst

• Common people began to resent Common people began to resent the noblesthe nobles

Phidias’ AcropolisPhidias’ Acropolis

The Acropolis TodayThe Acropolis Today

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

The AgoraThe Agora

The Classical Greek “Ideal”The Classical Greek “Ideal”

Early Athenian LawgiversEarly Athenian Lawgivers

$ Solon – reformer whose changes helped common man p. 61

$ Forbade making debtors slaves

$ Council of 400 gave representation to all sections of Athens

$ After his death, tyrants seized power for the lower classes…

$ True democracy came later with Pericles, 5th century BC

3.3 Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

3.3 Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: Famous Battles

Persian Wars: Famous Battles

Marathon (490 BCE)26 miles from Athens

Thermopylae (480 BCE)300 Spartans at the

Mountain pass

Salamis (480 BCE)Athenian navy

victorious

3.3 The Fateful Century3.3 The Fateful Century• Persian Wars – Persian Wars – Battle of Battle of

MarathonMarathon– Persia conquered Greek colonies in Persia conquered Greek colonies in

Asia MinorAsia Minor– Greeks rebelled and Darius I attacked Greeks rebelled and Darius I attacked

them at Marathonthem at Marathon– Athenians were victoriousAthenians were victorious– The distance for the Olympic The distance for the Olympic

““marathonmarathon”” comes from this event in comes from this event in history, the distance run by a history, the distance run by a messenger to tell the king that the messenger to tell the king that the Greeks had won the battle.Greeks had won the battle.

p. 62p. 62

• Battle of ThermopylaeBattle of Thermopylae– Darius IDarius I never forgot his never forgot his

humiliation at Marathon, and humiliation at Marathon, and planned to retaliateplanned to retaliate

– After his death, After his death, XerxesXerxes, his son, , his son, attacked with an enormous armyattacked with an enormous army

– Greeks defended at the mountain Greeks defended at the mountain pass at Thermopylaepass at Thermopylae• 7000 Greeks7000 Greeks• Probably 200,000 PersiansProbably 200,000 Persians• Greeks were betrayed by one of their Greeks were betrayed by one of their

ownown• Story of the Story of the ““300300”” - Video to come… - Video to come…

• Battle of Salamis Battle of Salamis – After Thermopylae, the Persians After Thermopylae, the Persians

marched on to burn Athens to the marched on to burn Athens to the groundground

– Greek leader Greek leader ThemistoclesThemistocles outwitted the Persians into outwitted the Persians into entering the Strait of entering the Strait of SalamisSalamis, , where Larger Persian ships were where Larger Persian ships were outmaneuvered by Greek smaller outmaneuvered by Greek smaller ships – see ships – see ““Greek WarshipsGreek Warships”” video video

– First great naval battle in history!First great naval battle in history!

Persian Wars: Famous Battles

Persian Wars: Famous Battles

Marathon (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens

Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the

Mountain pass

Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy

victorious

Golden “Age of Pericles”:460 BCE – 429 BCE

Golden “Age of Pericles”:460 BCE – 429 BCE

Periclean Age p. 64Periclean Age p. 64• After defeating the Persians at After defeating the Persians at

Salamis, other city states looked to Salamis, other city states looked to Athens for protectionAthens for protection

• Delian League Delian League was defensive was defensive alliance for Athensalliance for Athens

• Pericles led Athens 30 yearsPericles led Athens 30 years• Called Athens Called Athens ““the school of Greecethe school of Greece””• All adult males could vote, share in All adult males could vote, share in

govt. equallygovt. equally• Many contributions to culture and Many contributions to culture and

thought under Periclesthought under Pericles

Peloponnesian WarsPeloponnesian Wars

Peloponnesian Wars p.65Peloponnesian Wars p.65• Both Athens and Sparta had fought together Both Athens and Sparta had fought together

against Persiaagainst Persia• Later, however, Sparta was jealous of AthensLater, however, Sparta was jealous of Athens’’

power and influencepower and influence• Delian League Delian League was now an empire for Athenswas now an empire for Athens• Sparta: strong land Sparta: strong land armyarmy• Athens: best Athens: best navynavy• Plague killed may Athenians early in the warPlague killed may Athenians early in the war• Sparta eventually defeated/destroyed AthensSparta eventually defeated/destroyed Athens’’

fleetfleet• SpartaSparta wins the war! wins the war!• Sparta is a hard taskmaster and many Greeks Sparta is a hard taskmaster and many Greeks

are unhappy under her rule…are unhappy under her rule…

Macedonia Under Philip II

Macedonia Under Philip II

Macedonia Unites GreeceMacedonia Unites Greece p. 65 p. 65

• Philip II Philip II conquers Greececonquers Greece• Admired Greek culture, art, literatureAdmired Greek culture, art, literature• Treated them wellTreated them well• Wanted the conquered Greeks to help Wanted the conquered Greeks to help

him invade Persia and get revengehim invade Persia and get revenge• Died before he could do itDied before he could do it• Son, Alexander, became King at 20Son, Alexander, became King at 20• Alexander was tutored by Alexander was tutored by AristotleAristotle

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

AlexanderAlexander’’s Conquests s Conquests p.66p.66• Conquered Asia Minor and went on to Conquered Asia Minor and went on to

conquer Persia, who was led by conquer Persia, who was led by Darius Darius III.III. He avenged the Persian invasion of He avenged the Persian invasion of Greece (Thermopylae)Greece (Thermopylae)

• Conquered Syria, Tyre, EgyptConquered Syria, Tyre, Egypt• 8 years, 11,000 miles later, his army 8 years, 11,000 miles later, his army

rebelled and turned back at Indiarebelled and turned back at India• Alexander died of a fever at 32Alexander died of a fever at 32• Bible prophesied his empire would be Bible prophesied his empire would be

divided into four parts (Daniel 8:21-22, divided into four parts (Daniel 8:21-22, 11:4)11:4)

Alexander the Great in Persia

Alexander the Great in Persia

AlexanderAlexander’’s Horses Horse• Someone offered a black stallion with a white Someone offered a black stallion with a white

blaze to Philip to see if he wanted to buy it, but blaze to Philip to see if he wanted to buy it, but no one could ride the horse.no one could ride the horse.

• Alexander, then 12, asked how anyone could turn Alexander, then 12, asked how anyone could turn the horse downthe horse down

• The men laughed at himThe men laughed at him• He offered to ride the horse if it would then He offered to ride the horse if it would then

belong to himbelong to him• He turned the horse so it could not see its own He turned the horse so it could not see its own

shadow, then calmed the horse, then proceeded shadow, then calmed the horse, then proceeded to ride him.to ride him.

• Called the horse Called the horse ““BucephalusBucephalus”” because it carried because it carried the brand of the ox head. the brand of the ox head.

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Divided Empire p. 66Divided Empire p. 66

• Four generals divided AlexanderFour generals divided Alexander’’s s empireempire

• Formed ruling dynasties which Formed ruling dynasties which existed until Rome conquered existed until Rome conquered themthem

• PtolemiesPtolemies: Egypt: Egypt• SeleucidsSeleucids: Syria/Persia: Syria/Persia• AntigonidsAntigonids: Macedonia/Greece: Macedonia/Greece

Alexander’s Kingdom divided among four generals.

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

Review p. 66Review p. 661.1. Over what kingdom did Philip II Over what kingdom did Philip II

rule?rule?

2.2. Who was the teacher of Who was the teacher of Alexander the Great who instilled Alexander the Great who instilled in his youg pupil a love for Greek in his youg pupil a love for Greek culture?culture?

3.3. List the three ruling families that List the three ruling families that ruled portions of Alexanderruled portions of Alexander’’s s empire after his death. Identify empire after his death. Identify the region each ruled.the region each ruled.

3.5 Greek Culture p. 673.5 Greek Culture p. 67ValuedValued::

BeautyBeauty

FreedomFreedom

JusticeJustice

TruthTruth

KnowledgeKnowledge

AppreciatedAppreciated::

Creative spiritCreative spirit

Versatile talentsVersatile talents

Thirst for knowledgeThirst for knowledge

Physical abilityPhysical ability

Zest of lifeZest of life

Self-controlSelf-control

RestraintRestraint

BalanceBalance

ModerationModeration

Hellenic Culture: Before Hellenic Culture: Before AlexanderAlexander

• Greeks called themselves Greeks called themselves HellenesHellenes

• Called Greece Called Greece HellasHellas, still do!, still do!• Peak of Hellenic culture was Peak of Hellenic culture was

Golden Age of AthensGolden Age of Athens• Cradle of Western CultureCradle of Western Culture• Greek army never conquered the Greek army never conquered the

world, but Greek culture did!world, but Greek culture did!

HellenisticHellenistic Culture: Culture: From Alexander to RomeFrom Alexander to Rome

• Greek Language and way of life Greek Language and way of life later mixed with cultures all over later mixed with cultures all over the conquered world and formed the conquered world and formed ““HellenisticHellenistic”” culture, meaning culture, meaning ““like the Greeklike the Greek””

• Blended art, religion, philosophy, Blended art, religion, philosophy, and customsand customs

The Hellenization of Asia

The Hellenization of Asia

Pergamum: A Hellenistic CityPergamum: A Hellenistic City

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Recommendation!Recommendation!

• I recommend that you make I recommend that you make review cards to help you learn review cards to help you learn the names of the individuals in the names of the individuals in this section of the book. They this section of the book. They are important, and it will be easy are important, and it will be easy to confuse them if you donto confuse them if you don’’t t have a good study tool.have a good study tool.

• Use the Use the ““Can You Identify?Can You Identify?”” list list on p. 75 on p. 75

Focus on Man p. 67Focus on Man p. 67• Ability to think and reason made man Ability to think and reason made man

uniqueunique• Humanities: study of philosophy and Humanities: study of philosophy and

human thoughthuman thought• ““Man is the measure of all thingsMan is the measure of all things””

ProtagorasProtagoras. The ultimate source of . The ultimate source of value is man, rather than a god or value is man, rather than a god or moral law.moral law.

• Developing human capabilities Developing human capabilities toward perfection.toward perfection.

Philosophers p. 68Philosophers p. 68• Means Means ““lovers of wisdomlovers of wisdom””• Seek truth/obtain knowledgeSeek truth/obtain knowledge• ““Where did I come from?Where did I come from?””• ““Why am I here?Why am I here?””• ““What is the highest good in life?What is the highest good in life?””• Greek assumptionsGreek assumptions

– Basic goodness of manBasic goodness of man– Relied on manRelied on man’’s wisdom as a guide for s wisdom as a guide for

behavior and means of finding behavior and means of finding happinesshappiness

Important Philosophers Important Philosophers p.68p.68• ThalesThales: Father of Philosophy: Father of Philosophy

– Sought to explain origin of universeSought to explain origin of universe– Water as original substance of all thingsWater as original substance of all things

• SocratesSocrates: Golden Age. : Golden Age. – ““Know Thyself.Know Thyself.”” ““The unexamined life is not worth The unexamined life is not worth

living.living.””– Teaching through questioning. Socratic method.Teaching through questioning. Socratic method.– Absolute truth can be obtained through human Absolute truth can be obtained through human

reasonreason– Virtue = knowledge, Ignorance = evilVirtue = knowledge, Ignorance = evil– Questioned fundamental institutions of his day. Questioned fundamental institutions of his day. – Tried for corrupting youth of Athens, condemned to Tried for corrupting youth of Athens, condemned to

deathdeath– Drank hemlockDrank hemlock

Important PhilosophersImportant Philosophers• PlatoPlato – Pupil of Socrates – Pupil of Socrates p. 69p. 69

– Established the Academy in AthensEstablished the Academy in Athens– Wrote Wrote ““The RepublicThe Republic”” – ideal plan for society/govt. – ideal plan for society/govt.– Said freedom and liberty without restraint leads to anarchySaid freedom and liberty without restraint leads to anarchy– Nature of true reality: things must be permanent to be truly Nature of true reality: things must be permanent to be truly

““real.” True Reality lies outside the physical world.real.” True Reality lies outside the physical world.– Earthly things are Earthly things are ““shadowsshadows”” of eternal of eternal ““formsforms”” from an unseen from an unseen

realmrealm

• Aristotle Aristotle – Came to Athens from northern Greece– Came to Athens from northern Greece– Studied at PlatoStudied at Plato’’s Academys Academy– Tutored AlexanderTutored Alexander– Physical world IS reality. Scientific method.Physical world IS reality. Scientific method.– Best remembered for writings on logic, Best remembered for writings on logic, ““The OrganonThe Organon””– Golden Mean – Everything in moderationGolden Mean – Everything in moderation– Syllogism (3-step logical process)Syllogism (3-step logical process)

• All Greeks are human>Aristotle is a Greek>Therefore, Aristotle is human!All Greeks are human>Aristotle is a Greek>Therefore, Aristotle is human!

RaphaelRaphael’’s s ““School of School of AthensAthens””

Plato (427-345

BC) - He pointed up, emphasizin

g that he believed ultimate

reality was in things we cannot see,

such as ideas and thoughts.

Plato was a student of

Socrates.

Aristotle (384-322 BC) - He spread his hand down, emphasizing what we can see and touch. He was a student of Plato.

“The School of Athens” by Raphael

What is ultimate reality?

Epicureans & Stoics p. 70Epicureans & Stoics p. 70• Emerged after death of AlexanderEmerged after death of Alexander• EpicurusEpicurus: avoid pain and fear: avoid pain and fear• ZenoZeno founded Stoicism founded Stoicism

– Fixed laws govern the affairs of men/universeFixed laws govern the affairs of men/universe– Accept your fate and life a life of duty, self-Accept your fate and life a life of duty, self-

controlcontrol– Great impact on the Roman WorldGreat impact on the Roman World– Apostle Paul preached in Athens and was Apostle Paul preached in Athens and was

mocked by both groups for his teaching on mocked by both groups for his teaching on the resurrection, which contradicted their the resurrection, which contradicted their teachings.teachings.

Other Contributions p. Other Contributions p. 7070• PythagorasPythagoras: Geometry. Pythagorean Theorem: Geometry. Pythagorean Theorem

• HippocratesHippocrates: Father of Medicine. Illness has a : Father of Medicine. Illness has a natural cause & is not a punishment of the gods.natural cause & is not a punishment of the gods.– Hippocratic oath governed his practice.Hippocratic oath governed his practice.

• EuclidEuclid: Father of Geometry. School of math in : Father of Geometry. School of math in Alexandria, Egypt. Alexandria, Egypt. – Wrote Wrote ““ElementsElements””, basis for modern geometry textbooks, basis for modern geometry textbooks

• ArchimedesArchimedes: famous scientist : famous scientist ““Eureka!Eureka!”” (Lever) (Lever)• EratosthenesEratosthenes: found circumference of the globe : found circumference of the globe

using geometry.using geometry.– Made latitude/longitude lines still usedMade latitude/longitude lines still used– Note: they knew the world was round!!!Note: they knew the world was round!!!

Greek Literature p.71Greek Literature p.71• Herodotus: Father of HistoryHerodotus: Father of History

– Wrote history of Persian WarsWrote history of Persian Wars

• Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian WarWar– More accurate & unbiased than HerodotusMore accurate & unbiased than Herodotus

• DramaDrama was important in Greek life. was important in Greek life.– Festivals in AthensFestivals in Athens– Outdoor performances, contestsOutdoor performances, contests– Sophocles: tragedySophocles: tragedy– Aristophanes: comedyAristophanes: comedy

Greek Art & Architecture p. 72-Greek Art & Architecture p. 72-7373

• Three periods: Archaic, Classical, HellenisticThree periods: Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic• ArchaicArchaic: Egyptian influence, more crude forms: Egyptian influence, more crude forms• ClassicalClassical: highest achievement, ideal forms: highest achievement, ideal forms• HellenisticHellenistic: lost simple beauty and became : lost simple beauty and became

more emotional, post-Alexandermore emotional, post-Alexander• Golden Age of Greece = Classical Age of Golden Age of Greece = Classical Age of

ArchitectureArchitecture– Standard was copied by many generationsStandard was copied by many generations– Athenian Acropolis, rebuilt after the Persian War Athenian Acropolis, rebuilt after the Persian War

destroyed the buildings after the defeat at destroyed the buildings after the defeat at ThermopylaeThermopylae

– Pericles had many temples rebuiltPericles had many temples rebuilt– Parthenon – Temple to Athena in AthensParthenon – Temple to Athena in Athens