biso environmental sustainability assessment · 2016-06-03 · biso environmental sustainability...
TRANSCRIPT
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www.jrc.ec.europa.eu
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Stimulating innovation
Supporting legislation
BISO Environmental Sustainability Assessment
Jorge Cristobal, Cristina T. Matos, Jean-Philippe Aurambout,
Simone Manfredi, Boyan Kavalov
21.11.2014
European Commission
JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability
Sustainability Assessment Unit (JRC.H.08)
3 Bioeconomy Pillars
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Bio-based ProductsBioenergy Food and Feed
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Environmental factsheets
All factsheets available on the WEB
http://biobs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/analysis
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Environmental Factsheets structure
• SECTION 1: Process / Product information
• SECTION 2: Environmental data and information
• SECTION 3: References / Further information
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Environmental Factsheets
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• Schematic value chain
• Technological overview
• Technology readiness levels
• SWOT
SECTION 1: PROCESS/PRODUCT INFORMATION
Environmental Factsheets
SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION
• Objective:
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Environmental Factsheets
MAP AND
PRESENT
AvailableRelevant
EnvironmentalData
BioeconomyValue Chains
for
• Identify differences and similarities in LCA methodologies;
• Normalize reported data � compare impact categories.
• Identify Knowledge gaps;
Addressedby further research
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SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION
• Content:
Environmental Factsheets
System boundaries of the environmental assessment1
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SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION• Content:
Environmental Factsheets
Environmental assessment: settings and impacts2
Collected Data
Impact Category
Climate Change
Ozone Depletion
Freshwater Ecotoxicity
Human Toxicity - cancer effects
Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects
Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics
Ionising Radiation – human health effects
Photochemical Ozone Formation
Acidification
Eutrophication – terrestrial
Eutrophication – aquatic
Resource Depletion – water
Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil
Land Transformation
TABLE
• Different impact categories analysed.
PEF
Mainly using Product Environmental Footprint
methodology.
• LCA data presented in ranges �
Maximum and minimum values for the
same functional unit.
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SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION• Content:
Environmental Factsheets
Comments and interpretation of the environmental performance3
• Explanations on the collected LCA results
(identification of methodology and
technology issues that influence the
results)
• Using normalisation factors � emissions from the EU27 in 2010
• Inventory reported in the 2014 JRC technical report on normalisation
• Other impact categories � ReCiPe or IFEU reports
• Graphical representation of the
normalised results
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SECTION 3: REFERENCES / FURTHER INFORMATION
• References
• Main FP7 projects � with LCA info on the process/product
Further info in CORDIS – Community Research and Development
Information Service:
http://cordis.europa.eu/home_en.html
Environmental Factsheets
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Bioenergy Pillar
Bioenergy Pillar
Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION
Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Biofuels
Small-scale heating
Large-scale heating
Electricity
Combined Heat and Power
Small-scale heating
Large-scale heating
Electricity
Combined Heat and Power
Biofuels
Hydrogen
Heat and/or Power
Biofuels
Hydrogen
Heat and/or Power
Factsheets Published
Factsheets Under Construction
Via DIRECT COMBUSTION
CHP
Via GASIFICATION
Factsheets Under Consideration
Biodiesel via HYDROGENATIONBiodiesel via HYDROGENATION
Heat and/or Power via TORREFACTIONHeat and/or Power via TORREFACTION
Biofuels
H2
CHP
CHP
Biofuels
Heat and/or Power
Fuel
Heat and/or Power
Fuel
CHPVia A. DIGESTION
Biofuels
Heat and/or Power Heat and/or Power CHPVia PYROLYSIS12
2nd Generation Ethanol via HYDROLYSIS2nd Generation Ethanol via HYDROLYSIS Biofuels
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Bioenergy Pillar
Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION
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TRL
Bioalcohol via
FERMENTATION
Biodiesel via
TRANSESTERIFICATION
TRL – TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVELS
Process information
Feedstock
Feedstock
Esterfi/Transeterif
Extraction
Saccharification/ Fermentation
Distillation
Hydrolysis
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Environmental data
- Esterification – Transesterification
- Hydrolysis – Fermentation
� Different system boundaries:
� Cradle to Grave
� Cradle to Gate
� Gate to Gate
� Depending on the feedstock, the process
must include:
� Esterification previous to
transesterification for biodiesel
� Hydrolysis previous to fermentation
for bioethanol
� Special case for biofuels in transport:
� well to wheel – same as cradle to
grave (without considering the car
manufacturing or disposal).
Focused on GHG and energy
efficiency.
LCA
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� Data availability
� Data in line with PEF methodology
� Priority to studies accounting for the highest number of
impact categories
� Peer-reviewed, most cited and most recent
Selection Criteria
Mid point
Identification of gaps
Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION
9 STUDIES
34 CASE STUDIES
7 STUDIES
24 CASE STUDIES
Environmental data
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Impact Category Biodiesel Bioethanol
Climate Change
Ozone Depletion
Freshwater Ecotoxicity
Human Toxicity - cancer effects
Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects UNITS UNITS
Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics
Ionising Radiation – human health effects
Photochemical Ozone Formation UNITS UNITS
Acidification UNITS UNITS
Eutrophication – terrestrial
Eutrophication – aquatic
Resource Depletion – water
Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil
Land Transformation
Impact categories
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Environmental data
Data
In the factsheet � presented as ranges TABLETable 1. LCA results for Functional Unit (F.U.) 1 kilometre driven
Raw material input (feedstock) Rapeseed Soybean FFA-rich wastes Microalgae
Impact categories from Environmental Sustainability Assessment methodology
Climate change (kgCO2eq) (4.8E-3 – 0.2) 1.15 1.08 (0.031 – 0.043) (0.032 – 0.044) (0.33 – 5.24) (0.15 – 1)
Table 1. LCA results for Functional Unit (F.U.) 1 kilometre driven
Raw material input (feedstock) Wheat Sugar cane Willow Glycerol Corn
Impact categories from Environmental Sustainability Assessment methodology
Climate change (kgCO2eq) (-0.016 –
1.15)
0.15 (0.05-0.25) (0.06-1.59) (-0.032-
0.072)
-9.75E-
7
0.22 (-1.23-0.39) 0.11
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Environmental data
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Normalization
� Negative values when substitution – system expansion is used as allocation
criteria (wheat straw and DDGS replace animal feed production)
� Ozone depletion and Resource depletion – high due to the use of fossil
fuels in agriculture
� Fresh water eutrophication – use of agrochemicals and fertilizers in
feedstock production
Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION
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Environmental data
Normalization
� Negative values – due to substitution (glycerin – from fossil propane gas;
rapemeal – imported soymeal)
� High values due to intensive agricultural activities for rapeseed cultivation
� Assumption of a lower utilization efficiency of biodiesel in the car engine
Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION
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Environmental data
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Bio-based Products Pillar
Bio-based Products
Lactic Acid
Acetic Acid
Adipic Acid
Succinic Acid
Organic Acids
1,3- Propanediol
Gycerol
Polylactic Acid (PLA)
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
Alcohols
Polymers
Citric AcidCitric Acid Organic Acid
Lysine
Glutamic Acid
Lysine
Glutamic AcidAmino Acids
PaperPaper
Factsheets Published
Factsheets Under Construction
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Chemical Building Blocks
Bio-polymers
� Data availability;
� Technology readiness: demonstration to
full scale application;
� Market importance of the bio-based
production pathway;
� Actual and future perspectives for market
growth.
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Lignocellulosic
Crops and
Residues
Starch Crops
Sugar Crops
Oil Crops
Animal Fats
Used Cooking
Oil
Saccharose
Starch
Cellulose
Vegetable Oils
Oils
Tallow Fatty Acids
Glycerol
1,3-
Propanediol
Acetic Acid
Adipic Acid
Succinic Acid
Lactic Acid
Polyhydroxyalk
anoates
Polylactic Acid
Glucose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
Solvents
Polymer
Inks
Food Additives
Pharmaceutical
Soaps
Resins
Lubricants
Biomass Intermediate Platforms Bio-polymers
Building Blocks
Applications
Coatings
Packaging
Medical Devices
Fibers
Process information Value Chain
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Lignocellulosic
Crops and
Residues
Starch Crops
Sugar Crops
Oil Crops
Animal Fats
Used Cooking
Oil
Filtration
Fermentation
Crystallisation
Distillation
Glycerol
1,3-
Propanediol
Acetic Acid
Adipic Acid
Succinic Acid
Lactic Acid
Polyhydroxyalk
anoates
Polylactic Acid
HydrolysisSolvents
Polymer
Inks
Food Additives
Pharmaceutical
Soaps
Resins
Lubricants
Biomass Conversion Bio-polymers
Building Blocks
Applications
Coatings
Packaging
Medical Devices
Fibers
Extraction
Transesterification Electrodialysis
PolymerisationCell Disruption
Process information Value Chain
Centrifugation
Hydrogenation
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Acetic Acid
Lactic Acid
1,3- Propanediol
Glycerol
Polylactic Acid
PHAs
Succinic Acid
Adipic Acid
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TRL of Bio-Based Products Production
Demonstration
Scale
Full Commercial
Application
Chemical Building Blocks
Bio-polymers
TRLProcess information
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Demonstration
Scale
Full Commercial
Application
TRL of Feedstock Use
Technology readiness levels
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Identification of gapsEnvironmental data
30 publications / 175 LCA case studies
� Limited reliable and available data;
� Few impact categories analysed, most common impacts
reported: climate change, non-renewable energy, primary
energy, acidification, freshwater eutrophication and land use;
� Few studies using large scale data.
Identification of gaps
Impact Category 1,3- Propanediol Gycerol Polylactic Acid PHA Lactic Acid Acetic Acid Adipic Acid Succinic Acid
Climate Change 2 6 8 7 1 1 1 2
Ozone Depletion 3 2 1
Freshwater Ecotoxicity 1
Human Toxicity - cancer effects 1 1 1 1
Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects 1 2 1 1 1
Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics 1
Ionising Radiation – human health effects
Photochemical Ozone Formation 1 3 2 2
Acidification 1 6 4 1 1 2
Eutrophication – terrestrial 1
Eutrophication – aquatic 1 6 5 3
Resource Depletion – water 2
Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil 3 1
Land Transformation 1 6 4 2 1 1 1 1
Total number of publications 2 6 8 7 1 1 1 2
28Data Dif. Units No data
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System boundaries of the environmental assessment:
� Most of the studies consider a LCA cradle-to-gate approach;
� Few studies compare different end-of-life options;
� Most of the studies use one kg of product as LCA functional unit;
� Most studies refer to European and US case-studies.
Environmental data
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Bio-polymers
� The LCA data was reported in the environmental factsheets in the form of ranges (maximum minimum).
� Credits are usually assigned to the sugar cane processes for the energy surplus generated from bagasse burning; decreasing climate change and non-renewable energy impacts.
� When burning of lignin-rich wastes are considered in the LCA analyses, the climate change and non-renewable impacts associated with lignocellulosic decreases.
� LCA data was available for large scale production systems of PLA. While for PHA only lab to pilot scale systems were reported.
Environmental data
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Chemical Building Blocks
� The LCA data available for acetic acid, succinic acid and adipic acid was obtained mainly from systems at lab to pilot scale.
� LCA data for lactic acid and 1,3-propanediol, was also available from large scale production systems.
� Lower conversion yields are reported for acetic acid and adipic acid, which increase their environmental impacts when compered with other products.
Environmental data
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Normalisation
� The data shows high variability.
� When reported, the higher (normalised) impacts were found for eutrophication of freshwater and primary energy demand.
� The methodological assumptions and the technologies chosen for the LCA study influence the results.
PLA1,3-PropanediolGlycerol
Environmental data
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Conclusions
� The higher environmental impacts are reported for cradle-to-grave LCA systems.
� Few studies account for the carbon uptake during biomass growth, which in some cases can have a significant impact in the LCA results.
� The approach used to model multi functionality influences the results. The lower LCA results are associated with the use of substitution. Different allocation assumptions (mass, economic, energy) can significantly impact the results.
� Few impact categories are reported. A complete environmental picture of bio-based products is missing.
Methodological
Findings
Environmental data
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Conclusions
� The lower values found for climate change and non-renewable energy demand were obtained when using sugar cane as feedstock; owing to the credits assigned to the process for energy surplus generated from bagasse burning.
� Lower impacts are reported, when considering the burning of lignin-rich waste in lignocellulosic systems.
� Low land requirements are reported for the use of corn stover as feedstock.
� Generally, lower impacts are reported when wastes are used as feedstock, because the generation of these wastes is not included with in system boundaries.
� Lower impacts are reported for organic acids productions when continuous fermentation processes are used compared with batch case studies.
Technology
Environmental data
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Food & Feed Pillar
Food & Feed Pillar
Wheat
Sugar
Factsheets Published
Factsheet Under Construction
� Significant EU production;
� Produced across the EU;
� LCA data availability;
� Potential use in the bioeconomy
Selection Criteria
Milk
Wine
Eggs
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Food & Feed Pillar
Wheat
- 284 Mt- Starch
Milk
- 140 Mt- Whey
Wine
- 15.7 Ml- Seed oil
Eggs
- 7.4 Mt
Food & Feed Pillar
Wheat
- 284 Mt- StarchPublications
29 (11)
Milk
- 140 Mt- WheyPublications
46 (18)
Wine
- 15.7 Ml- Seed oilPublications
15 (5)
Eggs
- 7.4 Mt
Publications
16 (11)
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Technology readiness level
Technology and processes in food and feed production are well
known, standardized and mostly in “full commercial application”.
- Exploratory research exists but few LCA publication available
- GM crops / Variety selection / Management practices / Precision ag.
- Organic production less advanced.
We looked at:
- Production systems: intensive / extensive / organic
- Crop variety
- Geographic location
System boundaries: Cradle to farm gate39
Food & Feed Pillar
Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats
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Food & Feed Pillar
Common strength:
� Strong R&D
Common issues:
� Weed and pest control: reliance on chemical inputs and pesticides
� N Fertilization or Nutriment management
� Animal welfare and feed digestibility
Common Threats:
� Climate change (more for crops)
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Identification of gaps
Impact Category Wheat Wine Milk Egg
Climate Change
Ozone Depletion
Freshwater Ecotoxicity
Human Toxicity - cancer effects
Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects
Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics
Ionising Radiation – human health effects
Photochemical Ozone Formation
Acidification
Eutrophication – terrestrial
Eutrophication – aquatic
Resource Depletion – water
Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil
Land Transformation
Good data Data but... No data
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Climate Change Ozone Depletion Ecotoxicity for
aquatic fresh water
Acidification Eutrophication –
aquatic
Land
Transformation
Pro
du
ct R
efe
ren
ces
Wheat Wine Milk Eggs
Identification of gaps
Data but…Good data
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What we found out: Milk• Large variability between studies
• Divide: Organic / conventional practices in the literature
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Food & Feed Pillar
What we found out: Milk• Large variability between studies
• Divide: Organic / conventional practices in the literature
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Food & Feed Pillar
Organic
Conventional
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What we found out: Wheat• Large variability between studies
• Divide: Organic / conventional practices in the literature
45
Food & Feed Pillar
What we found out: Wheat• Large variability between studies
• Divide: Organic / conventional practices in the literature
46
Food & Feed Pillar
Organic
Conventional
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What we found out: Wine• Large variability between studies
• Divide: Organic / conventional practices in the literature
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Food & Feed Pillar
What we found out: Wine• Large variability between studies
• Divide: Organic / conventional practices in the literature
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Food & Feed Pillar
Organic
Conventional
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What we found out: Eggs• Large variability between studies
• Divide: Organic / conventional practices in the literature
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Food & Feed Pillar
What we found out: Eggs• Large variability between studies
• Divide: Organic / conventional practices in the literature
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Food & Feed Pillar
Organic
Conventional
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What we found out
• Divide: Organic / conventional practices in the literature (not necessarily justified)
• No “silver bullet” practice or technology but trends are visible. High emission are associated with low land transformation (and vice versa).
However, no studies incorporated all 14 categories so we do not have a complete picture.
+ Missing elements such as taste…
We could not find any studies looking at “closed systems”
food or feed production (no fossil fuel inputs: N fixation /
Diesel for machinery).51
Food & Feed Pillar
Thanks for your attention!
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