birth and the newborn baby
DESCRIPTION
Birth and the Newborn Baby. The Three Stages of Birth. The stages of childbirth. Dilation and effacement of the cervix Delivery of the baby Birth of the placenta. Assessing the newborn ’ s physical condition: The Apgar Scale(p133). A ppearance P ulse G rimace 表情 A ctivity R espiration. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The stages of childbirth• Dilation and effacement of the
cervix• Delivery of the baby• Birth of the placenta
Assessing the newborn’s physical
condition:The Apgar Scale(p133)
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace 表情
Activity
Respiration
Elements of Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth
• Classes• Relaxation &
Breathing Techniques• Labor Coach
– Social support
Medical Interventions in Childbirth(p137)
• Fetal Monitoring• Medication
– Analgesics (止痛剂)– Anesthetics (麻醉剂)
• Instrument Delivery• Induced Labor• Cesarean Delivery(剖腹产)
Birth complications:Anoxia (缺氧症)
• Oxygen deprivation at birth.• Can lead to brain damage or later
cognitive, language problems– Cerebral palsy(脑瘫)
• Causes include:– Squeezing by umbilical cord (脐带挤压)– Placenta abruption (胎盘剥离)– Failing to breathe after birth
• Respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
Preterm and Small-for-Date Babies
Preterm
• Born weeks before their due date.
• May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy.
Small-for-Date
• May be born at due date or preterm.
• Below expected weight for length of pregnancy.
Interventions for Preterm Infants(p142)
• Isolette (早产婴儿保育箱)
• Respirator (呼吸器)• Feeding tube• Intravenous medication
– 静脉注射
• Special Infant
Stimulation• Parent Training in Caregiving
Newborn Reflexes
• Eye Blink• Sucking• Swimming• Moro 惊跳反射
(莫罗反射)
• Palmar Grasp 抓握反射(达尔文发射)
• Tonic Neck 强直的颈反射• Stepping 行走反射• Babinski 足趾反射(巴宾
斯基反射)
Infant States of Arousal
• Regular Sleep• Irregular Sleep• Drowsiness• Quiet Alertness• Waking Activity
and Crying
Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby
• Hold on shoulder and rock or walk
• Swaddle• Pacifier• Ride in carriage, car,
swing• Combine methods• Let cry for short time
Newborn Sense of Touch
• Reflexive response to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals
• Sensitive to pain– Pain can affect later behavior– Relieve pain with anesthetics,
sugar, gentle holding
Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell
• Prefer sweet tastes at birth• Quickly learn to like new
tastes• Have odor preferences from
birth• Can locate odors and identify
mother by smell from birth
Newborn Sense of Hearing
• Can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth
• Prefer complex sounds to pure tones
• Learn sound patterns within days
• Sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language
Newborn Sense of Vision• Least developed of
senses at birth• Unable to see long
distances, focus clearly
• Scan environment and try to track interesting objects
• Color vision improves in first two months