birkbeck college, university of london
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Jessica Reinisch Birkbeck College, University of London
The United Nations Relief and
Rehabilitation Administration
(UNRRA) and the ‘world task in
public health’ after the Second
World War
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UNRRA DP camps in occupied Germany, 1945
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1. Starting Conditions – contagion & war2. Planning & Coordination
3. Internationalism
4. Science & Expertise
5. Political programmes & Publicity
6. Outcomes
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Post-war population
movements in Europe
(numbers in
thousands)
1947 borders
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“Scorched Earth”, Murmansk 1941
(photo by Yevgeni Chaldey)
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January 1946 – street in Warsaw, Poland
United Nations Photo
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1. Starting Conditions – contagion & war
2. Planning & Coordination3. Internationalism
4. Science & Expertise
5. Political programmes & Publicity
6. Outcomes
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Members of UNRRA’s Health Division inspect medical equipmentUnited Nations Photo
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Population Category Average Daily Calorie Requirements
CHILDRENChildren under one year
1-3 years4-6 years7-9 years
10-12 years
9001,2001,6002,0002,500
ADOLESCENTSBoys 13-15 yearsGirls 13-15 yearsBoys 16-20 yearsGirls 16-20 years
3,2002,8003,8002,400
MENSedentary
Moderately activeActive
Heavy workers
2,5003,0003,6004,200
WOMENSedentary
Moderately activeActive
Pregnant and nursing
2,1002,5003,0003,000
Recommended Minimum Daily Calorie Requirements of Different Population Groups under Emergency Conditions, 1944
Based on reports of the Inter- Allied Committee on Post-War Requirements
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1. Starting Conditions – contagion & war
2. Planning & Coordination
3. Internationalism4. Science & Expertise
5. Political programmes & Publicity
6. Outcomes
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Polish DPs from the UNRRA camp at Landsberg, on their way to board a
repatriation train
United Nations Photo
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1. Starting Conditions – contagion & war
2. Planning & Coordination
3. Internationalism
4. Science & Expertise5. Political programmes & Publicity
6. Outcomes
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DDT for Typhus Control DDT for Malaria Control
Recipient Country
10% DDT Powder
(in Pounds)
20% DDT Powder
(in Gallons)
26% DDT Powder
(in Gallons)
100% DDT Powder
(in Pounds)
Albania 198,100 39,000 50,000 24,000
China 2,394,410 …. 130,000 250,000
Czecho- slovakia
216,040 …. …. 6,450
Ethiopia 170,000 …. 4,000 ….
Greece 205,175 275,204 253,000 533,100
Hungary 8,900 …. …. ….
Italy 224,640 …. 225,000 406,000
Korea 100,000 …. …. ….
Philippines …. …. …. 20,000
Poland 2,014,980 …. …. 157,525
Yugoslavia 1,254,236 90,000 270,000 55,000
Totals 6,786,481(3,393 tons)
404,204 932,000 1,452,075
UNRRA Total Programme for Shipping DDT
from: Wilbur A.Sawyer, 'Achievements of UNRRA as an International Health Organisation', American Journal of Public Health, Vol.37, No.1, January 1947
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Geesthacht, Germany – Displaced Persons stir the fats to make soft and hard soaps supplied to UNRRA Assembly Centres in the Lubeck area.
United Nations Photo
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“Incoming to UNRRA, or heading out to work with it abroad, citizens of many nations attend courses at UNRRA’s Training Center. Held in the heart of the University of Maryland’s Campus, each UNRRA class numbers 30 to 40 trainees, whose courses run approx. 6 weeks.”
United Nations Photo
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April 1946 – Various stages of a demonstration of DDT dusting, given by Lt.Col. Greely (UNRRA Typhus Control Commission) to Polish doctors at the
Ministry of Health
United Nations Photo
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United Nations Photo
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United Nations Photo
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1. Starting Conditions – contagion & war
2. Planning & Coordination
3. Internationalism
4. Science & Expertise
5. Political Programmes & Publicity6. Outcomes
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1946 – “UNRRA wheat and other foodstuffs are eaten by the orphans at Boduen”
(photos by John Vachon)
United Nations Photo
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Gdansk, Poland – “Fresh milk on the dock. These children have each received a mug of warm milk right from one of the U.S. cows unloaded from the UNRRA livestock
ship” (photo by John Vachon)
United Nations Photo
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1946 – UNRRA tractors en route from Gdynia to farms in southern Poland, parked for the night in Central Warsaw.
United Nations Photo
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UNRRA repatriation train, stopping at a feeding station in Bamberg
United Nations Photo
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1. Starting Conditions – contagion & war
2. Planning & Coordination
3. Internationalism
4. Science & Expertise
5. Political Programmes & Publicity
6. Results
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Dr. H.Holle (Chief of UNRRA Medical Services) and Dr. Franciszek Litwin (Polish Minister of Health) inspect infectious disease rates in Poland
United Nations Photo
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1919 1920 1945 1946
January 14,207 34,530 …. 1,235
February 17,061 25,858 …. 635
March 23,272 27,843 …. 516
April 28,190 24,616 1,867 417
May 33,929 24,339 2,987 221
June 20,445 12,329 1,795 89
July 22,287 5,366 1,536 99
August 14,735 1,388 794 78
September 11,986 1,650 782 47
October 12,980 2,195 869 ….
November 12,382 3,013 601 ….
December 18,333 4,576 682 ….
Number of cases of Typhus Fever in Poland – 1919-1920 and 1945-1946, From: Wilbur A.Sawyer, 'Achievements of UNRRA as an International Health Organisation', American Journal of Public Health, Vol.37, No.1, January 1947
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Immunisation at DP camp Kloster Indersdorf (Germany)United Nations Photo