birds classification by deepak rawal
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Presentation by-Deepak Rawal
Assistant ProfessorMohanlal Sukhadia University
Udaipur India
![Page 2: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AVES CLASSIFICATION
![Page 3: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Air sacs
![Page 5: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Figure 34.30
(a) Wing
Vane
Shaft
ForearmWrist
ShaftBarbBarbuleHook(c) Feather structure
(b) Bone structure
Finger 1
Finger 2
Finger 3
Palm
![Page 6: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
General characters• Feathered bipedal vertebrates• Birds are glorified reptiles-Huxley• Feathers are modified scales evolved as heat insulators• Scales present on legs• Claws on toes• Birds have high body temp. (40-44) due to a fast metabolism• Some eat up to ½ their body weight in a day• Bones of birds are thin and hallow• 3- chambered Cloaca present• Heart 4 chambered and R.B.C. nucleated and oval• Study of birds- Ornithology• Body of vertebra are heterocoelous (saddle shaped)• Synsacrum forms by fusion of posterior thoracic, lumbar, sacral and anterior
caudal vertebras• Posterior caudal vertebra fused to form pygostyle• Teeth are absent and beak present as flight adaptation• Forelimbs are modified into wings• Long bones are pneumatic or hollow as flight adaptation• Sternum large with keel for the attachment of flight muscles (pectoral muscles)
![Page 7: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Both clavice and one interclavicle fused to form v-shaped furcula or wishbone
• Esophagus is dilated into a crop• Stomach is divided into proventriculus and gizzard• Lungs with attached air sacs by which they exchange gases at
both inhalation and exhalation • Larynx without vocal cords but syrinx (voice box) present at
the junction of trachea and bronchi• Eyes with vascular pecten• Uricotelic metanephric kidneys• right ovary and oviduct is reduced as flight adaptation• Urinary bladder is absent as flight adaptation• Parental care is well developed• Oviparous and eggs with calcareous shell• Amniotic cleidoic egg• Preen glands (oil glands) are located at the end of tail• Skull monocondylic• Beak tells about type of feeding
![Page 8: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
FLIGHTLESS BIRDS
![Page 9: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ORDER –†ARCHAEOPTERYGIFORMES
• Ancient crow like birds• Extinct jurassic birds• Teeth present• Fossils found in Germany• Forelimbs with 3-clawed
digits• Keel was absent• Tail without pygosyle• Power of flight was poor• Connecting links between
reptiles and birds• Example- †Archaeopteryx
![Page 10: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fossil of archaeoptryx
![Page 11: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ORDER- † HESPERONITHIFORMES
• Teeth present in beak• Extinct flightless marine
birds• Sternum without keel• Vertebrae
amphicoelous• Pleurodont teeth• Pectoral girdles reduced• E.g.- Hesperonis
![Page 13: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ORDER- † ICHTHYORNITHIFORMES
• Extinct flightless birds• Teeth present in beak• Sternum with well
developed keel• Pectoral girdles well
developed• E.g.- Ichthyornis
![Page 14: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ORDER- SPHENISCIFORMES
• Aquatic flightless birds• forelimbs are paddle
like• Feet are webbed• Thick layer of fat
present beneath skin• Found in antarctica and
galapagos islands• E.g.- Aptenodytes
(penguin)
![Page 16: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SUPERORDER-PALAEOGNATHAE
• Mnemonics-TADACRS• ORDER-TINAMIFORMES• ORDER-AEPYORNITHIFORMES• ORDER-DINOORNITHIFORMES• ORDER-APTERYGIFORMES• ORDER-CASUARIFORMES• ORDER-RHEIFORMES• ORDER-STRUTHIONIFORMES
![Page 17: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ORDER- TINAMIFORMES
• Eggshells are glossy• Have power of short
flight due to short wings• Cursorial terrestrial
birds• Pygostyle reduced• Sternum with keel• E.g.- Tinamus
![Page 18: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ORDER- AEPYORNITHIFORMES
• Recently extinct• Wings vestigial so
flightless• 4-toed legs• Example- Aepyornis
(elephant bird)
![Page 19: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ORDER- DINORNITHIFORMES
• Giant birds recently extinct
• Wings absent• Sternum without keel• Massive legs with 3-4
toes• Example- Dinornis
(moa) of new zealand
![Page 20: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ORDER- APTERYGIFORMES
• Hair like feathers • Wings vestigial• flightless• Long bill with nostril
near the tip• Example- Apteryx (kiwi)
of new zealand
![Page 21: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ORDER-CASUARIFORMES
• 3-toes• flightless• Head bears a comb like
structure• Sternum without keel• Example- Casuaris
(cassowary) of australia and Dromaius (Emu) of new zealand
![Page 22: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ORDER- RHEIFORMES
• 3 clawed toes• flightless• Sternum without keel• Head and neck partially
feathered• Feathers lack aftershaft• Example- Rhea
![Page 23: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ORDER- STRUTHIONIFORMES
• Legs with 2 toes• Flightless• Sternum lacks keel• Pygostyle absent• Feathers without
aftershafts• Pubic symphysis
present• Example- Struthio
(ostrich)
![Page 24: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SUPERORDER-NEOGNATHAE• ORDER-PSITTACIFORMES• ORDER-PICIFORMES• ORDER-PASSERIFORMES• ORDER-COLUMBIFORMES• ORDER-GALLIFORMES• ORDER-CUCULIFORMES• ORDER-ANSERIFORMES• ORDER-CORACIIFORMES• ORDER-GAVIIFORMES• ORDER-COLYMBIFORMES• ORDER-PROCELLARIFORMES• ORDER-PELECANIFORMES• ORDER-CHARADRIIFORMES• ORDER-CICONIIFORMES• ORDER-GRUIFORMES• ORDER-FALCONIFORMES• ORDER-STRIGIFORMES• ORDER-MICROPODIFORMES• ORDER-CAPRIMULGIFORMES
ARBOREAL BIRDS
TERRESTRIAL BIRDS
AERIAL BIRDS
PREDATOR BIRDS
SHORE/WADING BIRDS
SWIMMING BIRDS
Mnemonics- CCCCCCCPPPPPGGGMAFS
![Page 25: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ORDER-PSITTACIFORMES
• Parrot like birds• Feathers are green,
yellow, blue or red• Feet zygodactylus (two
toes infront and two toes behind)
• Beak stout and hooked at tip
• Example- Psittacula (green parrot)
![Page 26: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ORDER-PICIFORMES
• Protrusible tongue• Two toes infront and
one behind• Tail feathers are stiff
with pointed tip• Tough beak• Dig insect and larva out
of wood• Example- Dendrocopos
(wood pecker)
![Page 27: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ORDER-PASSERIFORMES
• Largest order • Feet adapted for perching
and beak for cutting• 3 toes infront and one
behind• Example- Passer domesticus
(house sparrow)
and Corvus splendens (crow)
![Page 28: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ORDER-COLUMBIFORMES
• Skin thick and soft• Large crop prouce
pigeon milk to feed offspring
• Graminivorous and frugivorous
• Example- columba livia (blue rock pigeon)
![Page 29: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ORDER-GALLIFORMES
• Short flight• Game birds• Feathers with aftershaft• Feet massive adapted
for scratching• Beak is short• Example- Gallus (jungle
fowl) and Pavo (peacock)
![Page 30: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ORDER-CUCULIFORMES
• Tail long • Toes 2 front and 2
behind• Show brood parasitism
(female lays eggs in nest of other birds)
• Example- Eudynamis (koel)
![Page 31: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ORDER-ANSERIFORMES
• Aquatic birds• Beak is broad• Tongue is fleshy• Tails and feet are short• Feet are webbed• Example- Anas (duck)
![Page 32: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ORDER- CORACIIFORMES
• Beak is strong• Third and fourth toes
are fused at the base• Long tail• Example- Halcyon
(kingfisher)
![Page 33: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ORDER-GAVIIFORMES
• Marine birds• Legs are at the end of
the body• Toes are webbed• Powerful flight• Example- Gavia
![Page 34: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ORDER- COLYMBIFORMES/PODICIPEDIFORMES
• Good divers• Patella is large• Legs are placed far back
at body• Example- Podiceps
(GREBES)
![Page 35: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
ORDER- PROCELLARIFORMES
• Long and oily wings• Tubular nostril• Large nasal glands• Marine birds• Example- Diomedea
(albatross)
![Page 36: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ORDER- PELECANIFORMES
• Aquatic fish eating birds • Nostrils are vestigial • Presence of gular pouch
on the throat• 4 toed webbed feet• Beak long with wide gap• Example- Pelicanus
(pelican)
![Page 37: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ORDER-CHARADRIIFORMES
• Mud probing beaks• Webbed feet• Dense wings• Hind limbs are slender
and elongated• Example- Larus (gull)
![Page 38: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ORDER- CICONIIFORMES
• Snake like neck• Long legs• Pincer like beak• Toes without web• Feathers are decorative• Example- Phonicopterus
(flamingo)
![Page 39: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ORDER-GRUIFORMES
• Long legs • Feathers with
aftershafts• Beaks heavy• Show migration• Example- Antegona
(sarus crane)
![Page 40: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ORDER- FALCONIFORMES
• Sharp hooked beak• Strong curved claws• Diurnal • Example- Aquila (eagle)
![Page 41: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ORDER- STRIGIFORMES
• Nocturnal birds• Huge frontal yellow eyes• Example- Bubo (owl)
![Page 42: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ORDER-MICROPODIFORMES/APODIFORMES
• Smallest birds• Legs are very short• Pointed wings• Long slender beak• Example- Humming
birds
![Page 43: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ORDER-CAPRIMULGIFORMES
• Nocturnal • Insectivorous birds• Legs are small• Mouth is with long
bristle like sensory feathers
• Example- Caprimulgus (goat sucker)
![Page 44: birds classification by deepak rawal](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052214/5594d9f21a28ab2c578b46cb/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)