bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western colorado,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
United StatesDepartmentof Agriculture
Forest Service
Rocky MountainResearch Station
General TechnicalReport RMRS-GTR-48
March 2000
Bird Communitiesof Gambel Oak: ADescriptive AnalysisAndreas LeidolfMichael L. WolfeRosemary L. Pendleton
![Page 2: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Authors ______________________________________Andreas Leidolf is a Graduate Research Assistant in the Department of Fisheries andWildlife at Utah State University (USU). He received a B.S. degree in Forestry/WildlifeManagement from Mississippi State University in 1995. He is currently completing his M.S.degree in Fisheries and Wildlife ecology at USU.
Michael L. Wolfe is a Professor in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at USU. Hereceived a B.S. degree in Wildlife Management at Cornell University in 1963 and hisdoctorate in Forestry/Wildlife Management at the University of Göttingen, Germany, in1967. He conducted post-doctoral studies on moose and wolves at Isle Royale NationalPark from 1967 to 1970, while affiliated with Purdue University. He has been a facultymember at USU since 1970.
Rosemary L. Pendleton is a Research Ecologist for the Shrubland Biology and Restora-tion Work Unit at the Rocky Mountain Research Station’s Shrub Sciences Laboratory inProvo, Utah. Her degrees are from Brigham Young University (B.S. in Botany, 1978; M.S.in Range Science, 1980) and Wayne State University (Ph.D. in Biological Science, 1986).She has worked as a scientist at the Shrub Sciences Laboratory since 1986 and has heldappointments as Adjunct Assistant Research Professor at Brigham Young University sincethat time.
Acknowledgments ________________________________This work was made possible, in part, by financial support from the Utah Army National
Guard and the Ecology Center at Utah State University. Dr. Jimmie R. Parrish of the UtahDivision of Wildlife Resources provided Partners in Flight (PIF) concern scores for speciesdiscussed in this report. Dan Godec of the Arizona Game and Fish Department provideda draft of “Wildlife of Special Concern in Arizona.” Carol Beardmore, PIF Western RegionalCoordinator, provided valuable assistance and helpful comments. We thank Timothy J.Nuttle and Drs. John A. Bissonette, Thomas C. Edwards, James N. Long, and Victoria A.Saab for their comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.
Cover art of Virginia’s warbler in gambel oak by Joyce VanDeWater.
AbstractLeidolf, Andreas; Wolfe, Michael L.; Pendleton, Rosemary L. 2000. Bird communities of gambel oak:
a descriptive analysis. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 30 p.
Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) covers 3.75 million hectares (9.3 million acres) of the westernUnited States. This report synthesizes current knowledge on the composition, structure, and habitatrelationships of gambel oak avian communities. It lists life history attributes of 183 bird speciesdocumented from gambel oak habitats of the western United States. Structural habitat attributesimportant to bird-habitat relationships are identified, based on 12 independent studies. This reportalso highlights species of special concern, provides recommendations for monitoring, and givessuggestions for management and future research.
Keywords: Avian ecology, bird-habitat relationships, neotropical migrant, oakbrush, oak woodlands,scrub oak, Quercus gambelii, Western United States
![Page 3: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailinginformation in label form through one of the following media. Please specifythe publication title and Research Paper number.
Fort Collins Service Center
Telephone (970) 498-1392
FAX (970) 498-1396
E-mail [email protected]
Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/rm
Mailing Address Publications DistributionRocky Mountain Research Station240 W. Prospect RoadFort Collins, CO 80526-2098
Contents
Introduction ...................................................................................... 1
Ecology of Gambel Oak: An Overview ............................................. 1
Avian Communities of Gambel Oak ................................................. 2
Community Composition .......................................................... 2
Community Structure ................................................................ 2
Bird-Habitat Relationships ........................................................ 4
Bird Species of Concern ........................................................... 6
Implications for Management and Future Research ........................ 7
References ..................................................................................... 11
Appendix A ..................................................................................... 13
Appendix B ..................................................................................... 20
Appendix C..................................................................................... 25
Bird Communities of Gambel Oak:A Descriptive Analysis
Andreas LeidolfMichael L. WolfeRosemary L. Pendleton
![Page 4: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 1
Introduction
Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) covers 3.75 mil-lion hectares (9.3 million acres) of the western UnitedStates (Harper and others 1985). In the past, range andwildlife managers considered the abundant gambel oakto be a nuisance species occupying valuable rangeland(Engle and others 1983). Managers often targeted thisplant species for eradication. Investigations of gambeloak-wildlife relationships to date have been largely lim-ited forage and cover value for mule deer (Odocoileushemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus; Harper and others1985).
Recent declines in bird populations (Robbins and oth-ers 1989) have prompted renewed research interest inbird communities. Declines are most pronounced for for-est-interior species but are also prominent among grass-land and shrubland birds (Askins 1993; Robbins and oth-ers 1993). Avian communities of gambel oak havereceived little attention by researchers and, as a result,are still poorly understood. Gambel oak avifaunas, likethose of the sagebrush (Artemisia) and pinyon (Pinus)-juniper (Juniperus) vegetation types, occupy a habitatlargely comprised of a single plant species (Marti 1977).
This review synthesizes current knowledge of bird com-munities of the gambel oak vegetation type. We hope thisreview will be useful to natural resource professionals inmaking more informed decisions. At the same time, wehope that by identifying relationships between gambeloak and birds for which our knowledge is yet incom-plete, others may be encouraged to conduct furtherresearch.
Ecology of Gambel Oak: An Overview
Gambel oak woodlands and shrublands usually occurat elevations ranging from 1500 to 2800 m (4900 to 9200ft; Brown 1958; McKell 1950) in Arizona, Colorado, NewMexico, and Utah (figure 1; Clary and Tiedemann 1986;Little 1971). Extremes of 1000 and 3100 m (3300 to10200 ft) have been recorded in Utah, the central part ofits range (Christensen 1949). The growth form of gambeloak is exceedingly variable. It grows as a tall shrub orsmall tree over much of its range. However, it may alsooccur in dense shrub patches to 1 m (3.3 ft) high or aswidely dispersed trees to 23 m (75 ft) tall and 90 cm(35 inches) in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.=1.4 m[4.5 ft]; Clary and Tiedemann 1986; Reynolds and oth-ers 1970). Gambel oak reproduces both by seed and veg-etatively. However, reproduction by seed is less evident(Christensen 1955; Reynolds and others 1970), especiallyin the northern part of its range (Clary and Tiedemann1992; but see Neilson 1981; Rogers 1982).
Gambel oak may occur in either mixed or pure stands.Where it occurs in mixed stands, it is usually associated
with conifers such as white fir (Abies concolor [Gordon& Glend.] Lindl.), Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperusscopulorum Sarg.), Utah juniper (J. osteosperma [Torr.]Little), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson and C.Lawson), two-needle pinyon (P. edulis Engelm. in Wisl.),and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco;Clary and Tiedemann 1986; Harper and others 1985; West1989). In both mixed and pure stands, gambel oak canalso be associated with a variety of shrubs, forbs, andgraminoids (that is, grasses, sedges, and rushes). Herba-ceous vegetation is sparse under gambel oak but com-monly occurs in open areas between individual oakclumps (Allman 1953; Brown 1958). Although over 250plant taxa have been reported from different gambel oakhabitats (Allman 1953; Arnow 1971; Berrett 1958; Brown1958; Christensen 1949; Forsling and Storm 1929; Hay-ward 1948; Kunzler and others 1981; McKell 1950;Shultz and Hysell 1996), it should be noted that any givengambel oak stand is likely to contain considerably fewerspecies. Kunzler and others (1981) found that gambeloak stands in central Utah supported only 25 plant spe-cies on average.
Gambel oak provides for a variety of uses and values.Because of its good heat-yielding qualities and prolificsprouting habit, it is of particular interest as fuelwood(Clary and Tiedemann 1992; Wagstaff 1984). Gambel oakalso plays an important role in watershed protection bystabilizing soil, controlling erosion, and retarding snowmelt (Brown 1958; Clary and Tiedemann 1992; Wright
Figure 1—Biogeographic distribution of gambel oak (Quercusgambelii Nutt.) (redrawn from Little 1971).
![Page 6: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 20002
and Bailey 1982). Numerous animal species use gambeloak to satisfy one or more of their habitat requirements,including food, food storage, refuge, and nesting (Hay-ward 1948; Marti 1977; Reynolds and others 1970).Gambel oak provides ample browse and hard mast formany game species, such as mule deer, white-tailed deer(Odocoileus virginianus), elk, peccary (Pecariangulatus), tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti),Merriam’s wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo merriami),band-tailed Pigeon (Columba fasciata), and montezumaquail (Cyrtonyx montezumae; Brown 1958; Clary andTiedemann 1986; Reynolds and others 1970; Wright andBailey 1982). In addition, it is used by many non-gamespecies such as Lewis’ woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis;Hayward 1948; Marti 1977).
Avian Communities of Gambel Oak
Community Composition
The earliest, although somewhat anecdotal, account ofgambel oak bird communities was given by Tanner andHayward (1934), who cite 13 species as occurring in thishabitat. Since then, several authors have investigated birdcommunity composition and structure in different gambeloak habitats in varying degrees of detail (Behle and Perry1975; Berrett 1958; Block and others 1992; Frost 1947;Hayward 1948; LaRue 1994; Marti 1977; Perry 1973;Steinhoff 1978; Tatschl 1967; Walters 1981; Woodburyand Cottam 1962). Although most of these studies arenot quantitative in nature, they do provide descriptiveinformation on bird-habitat relationships in this vegeta-tion type.
Compilation of results from these studies reveals 183bird species that use gambel oak for at least part of theyear (appendix A). Authors of Utah studies reported thatbetween 49 and 140 (13 to 38 percent) of the 367 birdspecies known to occur in Utah could be found in gambeloak woodland and submontane shrub habitats (Behle andPerry 1975; Berrett 1958; Frost 1947; Hayward 1948;Marti 1977; Perry 1973; Walters 1981; Woodbury andCottam 1962). The large variation in total number of spe-cies observed is likely a function of sampling area andeffort. Reporting on bird communities of different gambeloak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff(1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands,40 species in ponderosa pine/gambel oak forests, and 37species in mixed conifer/gambel oak forests. Tatschl(1967), reporting only on residents and breeding migrants,documented a total of 50 bird species in a ponderosa pine/gambel oak forest in north-central New Mexico, as op-posed to 20 species in woodland dominated by gambeloak. Block and others (1992), in an investigation ofneotropical migrants, documented 45 species in a mixed
conifer forest in southeastern Arizona, where gambeloak comprised the understory component. LaRue(1994), in his investigation of a similar vegetation typein northern Arizona, found 64 species, as opposed toonly six in submontane shrub dominated by gambel oak(appendix A).
The most common bird species of gambel oak (table 1)vary by geographic (northern vs. southern distribution limitof gambel oak) and habitat range (gambel oak woodlandvs. mixed conifer-gambel oak forest). Species most char-acteristic of gambel oak woodlands in the northern part ofthe range include spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus),Virginia’s warbler (Vermivora virginiae), mourning dove(Zenaida macroura), and lazuli bunting (Passerinaamoena). Species commonly found in the southern part ofthe range are hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus), red-facedwarbler (Cardellina rubrifrons), Grace’s warbler(Dendroica graciae), painted redstart (Myioborus pictus),and plumbeous vireo (Vireo plumbeus). Species commonacross the range include black-headed grosbeak(Pheucticus melanocephalus) and broad-tailed humming-bird (Selasphorus platycerus; table 1).
Although some species are extremely abundant ingambel oak, it should be noted that none of the specieslisted in appendix A and table 1 are confined to this veg-etation type. Rather, gambel oak is the most characteris-tic habitat for many of these species.
Community Structure
Despite numerous accounts of avian community com-position in gambel oak habitat, investigations of residencyand guild structure are few. Several studies, however,suggest that gambel oak avian communities are charac-terized by a high proportion of breeding birds, a markedseasonality of use, and a guild structure dominated byshrub/tree nesting, ground feeding, and insectivorousbirds. Breeding birds, the majority of which are migrants,constitute 79-95% of the gambel oak avian community;non-breeding birds, i.e., winter migrants, comprise 5-21%. From 53 to 87% of birds use gambel oak season-ally as either breeding (67-89%) or winter migrants (11-33%); 13-47% are residents, i.e., they occupy gambeloak year-round (Behle and Perry 1975; Berrett 1958;Hayward 1948; LaRue 1994; Marti 1977; Perry 1973;Walters 1981; table 2). Thus, large numbers of speciesuse gambel oak throughout the year, although the num-ber of species present within one season is low. Bird spe-cies richness is highest during summer, with a maximumof 63 different species having been reported from a par-ticular site (Hayward 1948; appendix A).
We applied life history information from Ehrlich andothers (1988) to bird species using gambel oak (appen-dix B), and subsequently grouped them into categoriesbased on similarities in use of three resources: nesting
![Page 7: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 3
substrate, foraging substrate, and food type. For selectedstudies (Behle and Perry 1975; Hayward 1948; Marti1977; Perry 1973), we then summarized life history traitsof all species to describe nesting and feeding guild struc-ture for this community (figure 2). Nesting guild is domi-nated by species nesting in shrubs and trees (56%), fol-lowed by ground (23%) and snag nesters (9%; figure 2A).The feeding guild consists of primarily ground feeders(56%), followed by birds feeding in shrubs and trees(23%) and aerial feeders (18%; figure 2B). Ground-feed-ing birds are especially prominent among permanent resi-dents and less pronounced among summer residents.Aerial feeders are restricted almost exclusively to summerresidents and are absent during winter. Species feeding
on herbaceous vegetation or in the water are extremelyrare (3% and 1%, respectively; figure 2B). Most birdsare insectivores (58%), followed by granivores (16%),carnivores (13%), and omnivores (5%; figure 2C). In-sectivores are especially prominent among summer resi-dents and less pronounced among permanent residents.Granivores are most prominent during winter, whereascarnivores are most pronounced among permanent resi-dents. Omnivores, which account for only a small por-tion of the overall bird community, assume a more promi-nent role among permanent residents (15%; figure 2C).The pronounced seasonal variation of food habits is sup-ported by Frost (1947), who examined 278 stomachs of56 bird species in gambel oak (figure 3).
Table 1–List of most frequent/abundant bird species in three gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) community studies.
Gambel oak woodland Mixed conifer-Gambel oak forest(North-central Utah) (Southeast Arizona)
Hayward (1948) Wolfe and Reynolds (1996) Block and others (1992)
Speciesa % Frequencyb Species % Abundance Species % Frequencyc
Spotted towhee 93.3 Spotted towhee 34.8 Hermit thrush 70.9Virginia’s warbler 80.0 Blue-gray gnatcatcher 10.2 Red-faced warbler 70.9Black-headed grosbeak 73.3 Virginia’s warbler 8.6 Black-headed grosbeak 65.8Black-billed magpie 73.3 Lazuli bunting 4.9 Grace’s warbler 63.3Broad-tailed hummingbird 56.6 Warbling vireo 4.3 Painted redstart 60.8Green-tailed towhee 53.3 Lark sparrow 3.1 Plumbeous vireo 60.8Mourning dove 50.0 Brown-headed cowbird 3.1 Western tanager 57.0Red-tailed hawk 50.0 Gray flycatcher 2.5 American robin 54.4Western scrub-jay 50.0 Mourning dove 2.2 Yellow-rumped warbler 46.8Lazuli bunting 36.6 Rock wren 2.2 Broad-tailed hummingbird 45.6
Dark-eyed junco 2.2
a Common names follow American Ornithologists’ Union (1998).b Expressed as percent of times a species was observed (n=30).c Expressed as percent of census stations where a species was observed (n=79).
Table 2–Proportion of breeding/non-breeding and resident/migrant birds in different gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.)communities.
Gambel oak woodland Submontane shrub Mixed coniferHayward Berrett Perry Marti Behle and Walters LaRue LaRue
(1948) (1958) (1973) (1977) Perry (1975) (1981) (1994) (1994)
Breeding birds 0.83 0.79 0.88 0.83 0.93 0.80 0.80 0.95Residents 0.43 0.35 0.39 0.25 0.51 0.17 0.50 0.55Migrants 0.57 0.65 0.61 0.75 0.49 0.83 0.50 0.45
Non-breeding birds (winter migrants) 0.17 0.21 0.12 0.17 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.05
Residents 0.36 0.28 0.35 0.21 0.47 0.13 0.40 0.52Migrants 0.64 0.72 0.65 0.79 0.53 0.87 0.60 0.48
Breeding migrant 0.73 0.71 0.82 0.78 0.88 0.77 0.67 0.89Winter migrants 0.27 0.29 0.18 0.22 0.12 0.23 0.33 0.11
![Page 8: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 20004
Ground Herb
Primary foraging substrate
Primary nesting substrate
Primary food source
B.
A.
Shrub/tree Air Water
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
Ground
Inse
ctiv
ore
Shrub/tree Snag Cliff Other
Pro
port
ion
ofsp
ecie
s
C.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Pro
port
ion
ofsp
ecie
sP
ropo
rtio
n of
spec
ies
Pis
civo
re
Car
nivo
re
Sca
veng
er
Fol
ivor
e
Gra
nivo
re
Fru
givo
re
Inse
ctiv
ore
Nec
tariv
ore
Om
nivo
re
Bird-Habitat Relationships
Feeding relationships–Gambel oak provides birdswith a variety of food resources on a year-round basis,including acorns, fruits, buds, seeds, insects, and mam-malian and avian prey (Woodbury and Cottam 1962). Infall and winter, acorns are used by several species, in-cluding montezuma quail, Merriam’s wild turkey, band-tailed pigeon, Lewis’ woodpecker, Steller’s jay(Cyanocitta stelleri), western scrub-jay (Aphelocomacalifornica), pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus),black-billed magpie (Pica pica), and spotted towhee(Christensen 1949; Frost 1947; Harper and others 1978;Hayward 1948; Hoffman 1962; Reynolds and others1970). Neff (1947) found that the inland range of the
band-tailed pigeon closely coincides with the range ofgambel oak. Ligon (1946) noted that gambel oak is themost dependable and preferred acorn producer withinMerriam’s wild turkey range.
Shrubs associated with gambel oak (for example, ser-viceberry, Amelanchier alnifolia [Nutt.] Nutt. exM.Roem.; chokecherry, Prunus virginiana L.; and netleafhackberry, Celtis laevigata Willd. var. reticulata [Torr.]L.D.Benson) provide fruits that are used by northernflicker (Colaptes auratus), American robin (Turdusmigratorius), Townsend’s solitaire (Myadestestownsendi), waxwings (Bombycilla spp.), and spottedtowhee throughout fall and winter. The winter buds ofmany shrubs are eaten by blue grouse (Dendragapusobscurus), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), eveninggrosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus), and pine gros-beak (Pinicola enucleator).
Ground-feeding birds, such as California quail(Callipepla californica), ring-necked pheasant(Phasianus colchicus), western meadowlark (Sturnellaneglecta), house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), rosyfinch (Leucosticte arctoa), pine siskin (Carduelis pinus),American goldfinch (C. tristis), spotted towhee, dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), and white-crowned spar-row (Zonotrichia leucophrys) glean a variety of seedsfrom the herbaceous plant layer and the well-developedlitter layer found under gambel oak during late summer,fall, and winter (Frost 1947; Hayward 1948).
Invertebrates from vegetation, ground, and air repre-sent the primary food source for many birds during springand summer, including black-capped chickadee (Poecileatricapillus), rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), warbling
Figure 3—Proportion of animal matter, plant matter, and gravelby month in 278 stomachs of 56 bird species collected fromgambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) woodland in north-centralUtah (Frost 1947).
Figure 2—Proportion of overall (white, S = 135), resident (gray,S = 33), breeding migrant (black, S = 75), and winter migrant(hatched, S = 27) bird species in different nesting (A) and feed-ing (B, C) guilds for gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) wood-lands/shrublands in north-central Utah (life history informationfrom Ehrlich and others 1988; occurrence data from Hayward1948, Perry 1973, Behle and Perry 1975, and Marti 1977). Whereauthors differed on residency status, personal knowledge ofgambel oak avian communities in north-central Utah was usedto determine residency status.
![Page 9: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 5
vireo (Vireo gilvus), orange-crowned warbler (Vermivoracelata), Virginia’s warbler, yellow-rumped warbler(Dendroica coronata), and lazuli bunting (Frost 1947).Hayward (1948) compared invertebrate densities amongdifferent layers of gambel oak vegetation. He found sixtimes fewer invertebrates on the ground in open areasthan under oak, where invertebrates were protected andable to move more freely, and 30 times as many inverte-brates on the ground under oak than in either the herb/low shrub or the tall shrub layer (table 3). In winter, dor-mant invertebrates found on twig surfaces are used byblack-capped chickadee and mountain chickadee (Poecilegambeli), whereas insect larvae found in twig and leafgalls of gambel oak and netleaf hackberry (Brewster1951; Hayward 1948) are used by western scrub-jay,Steller’s jay, and northern flicker.
The gambel oak vegetation type also provides a vari-ety of mammalian and avian prey for carnivorous birds.Raptors such as red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis),golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and long-eared owl(Asio otus) take advantage of high rodent and lagomorphdensities associated with gambel oak (Hayward 1948),whereas sharp-shinned and Cooper’s hawk (Accipiterstriatus, A. cooperii) are able to prey on an abundanceof avian species.
Nesting relationships–The lack in structural diversityof gambel oak reported by some authors (Marti 1977;Woodbury and Cottam 1962) suggests limited opportu-nities for bird diversity. Nonetheless, this habitat offers avariety of nesting opportunities for breeding birds.Ground-nesting birds, such as Virginia’s warbler and spot-ted towhee, are known to take advantage of the denselitter layer and abundant roots under oak thickets to con-ceal their nests. The herbaceous layer, which is too sparseand fragile to support any nests itself, affords additionalprotection to ground nests (Hayward 1948). The densebranching habit of gambel oak also provides ample sub-strate for shrub-nesting birds, such as gray flycatcher(Empidonax wrightii), western scrub-jay, black-billedmagpie, MacGillivray’s warbler (Oporornis tolmiei),green-tailed towhee (Pipilo chlorurus), black-headedgrosbeak, and lazuli bunting (Hayward 1941, 1948).These bird species rely exclusively on dense foliage forprotection. Clary and Tiedemann (1986, 1987) found thatsnags comprised 12.3% and 7.6% of aboveground stand-ing biomass in shrub/small tree and large tree gambeloak stands, respectively. This apparent abundance ofsnags provides opportunities for cavity-nesting birds, suchas Lewis’ woodpecker, northern flicker, black-cappedchickadee, and mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides).The rocky substrate often associated with this vegetationtype also features an abundance of crevices, which areused for nesting by canyon wren (Catherpes mexicanus)and rock wren (Ehrlich and others 1988).
The dense branches and foliage of gambel oak are well-suited as escape cover for many bird species (Woodburyand Cottam 1962). Hayward (1948) noted that rather thanfleeing from shrub to shrub, birds in gambel oak habitatoften rely on the protection offered by the interior of in-dividual oak clumps, from which they are difficult to dis-lodge. Birds that exemplify this behavior includeVirginia’s warbler, western scrub-jay, and spotted towhee(Hayward 1948). Ground-feeding birds, such as dark-eyed junco or chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina), of-ten use exposed branches to watch for predators betweenfeeding bouts, and when disturbed, also seek refuge inclumps of gambel oak (Hayward 1948).
Gambel oak also provides birds with perch sites forsinging and displaying. Although some species, such asblack-headed grosbeak, sing from well within the pro-tection of dense foliage, many birds, including the spot-ted towhee and lazuli bunting, prefer exposed positions.These snags and dead branches (Hayward 1948) can makeup 18.9-23.4% of aboveground standing biomass ingambel oak stands (Clary and Tiedemann 1986, 1987).
Spatial distribution of bird-habitat relationships–Using mostly anecdotal evidence, Hayward (1948) in-vestigated relationships between birds and gambel oakhabitat by recognizing three layers used by birds: groundlayer, shrub layer, and aerial layer. He found that manybird species used different layers for different activities,such as nesting and feeding (table 4). The spotted to-whee uses the ground layer for nesting, feeding, and es-cape cover, but perches and sings from exposed branchesin the shrub layer. The Virginia’s warbler nests on theground, but uses the shrub layer for feeding and cover.Lazuli bunting and black-headed grosbeak are entirelyconfined to the shrub layer. Both western scrub-jay andblack-billed magpie nest in the shrub layer; however,the western scrub-jay feeds in the shrub layer and seekscover on the ground, whereas the black-billed mag-pie feeds on the ground and escapes into the shrub layerwhen disturbed. The common poorwill (Phalaenoptilusnuttallii) nests and hides on the ground but feeds exclu-sively in the aerial layer.
Table 3–Invertebrate densities in different layers of gambel oak(Quercus gambelii Nutt.) woodland in north-centralUtah, 1940-1945 (Hayward 1948).
Layer Average no. of invertebrates/m2
Ground, open 255.9Ground, under oak 1641.4Herb/low shrub 54.3Tall shrub 48.4
![Page 10: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 20006
Bird Species of Concern
A number of species occurring in gambel oak habitatrequire special management consideration, either becausethey are listed as endangered or threatened under the fed-eral Endangered Species Act (ESA; 16 U.S.C.A. §§ 1531-1543), or because they are listed as endangered, threat-ened, or of special concern by a state wildlife agency(table 5). Currently, only two species likely to be foundin gambel oak are listed under ESA by the United StatesFish and Wildlife Service: bald eagle (Haliaeetusleucocephalus), and southwestern willow flycatcher(Empidonax traillii extimus; table 5). A third, the Ameri-can peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum), was re-cently delisted (effective date August 25, 1999). The bald
eagle and American peregrine falcon forage in a widevariety of vegetation types, including gambel oak. Thesouthwestern willow flycatcher is found in riparian ar-eas, including those within the gambel oak vegetationtype. In addition to these species, 12 others are listed asendangered, threatened, or of special concern by indi-vidual states. These listings are usually the responsibil-ity of the state wildlife agency and may afford legal pro-tection to the species in question. Species may also belisted to characterize their conservation status only, withno special protection afforded, such as in Utah (Messmerand others 1998).
Conservation concerns have also been identified forspecies experiencing population declines, as determined
Table 4–Principal nesting and feeding layers of 30 bird speciesfound in gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) wood-land in north-central Utah (Hayward 1948).
Principal Principalnesting feeding
Speciesa layer layer
Turkey vulture Ground GroundSharp-shinned hawk Shrub ShrubRed-tailed hawk Ground GroundAmerican kestrel Ground GroundPrairie falcon Ground GroundRing-necked pheasant Ground GroundRuffed grouse Ground GroundMourning dove Shrub GroundCommon poorwill Ground AerialWhite-throated swift Ground AerialBroad-tailed hummingbird Shrub GroundNorthern flicker Shrub GroundWarbling vireo Shrub ShrubSteller’s jay Shrub ShrubWestern scrub-jay Shrub ShrubBlack-billed magpie Shrub GroundBlack-capped chickadee Shrub ShrubRock wren Ground GroundCanyon wren Ground GroundAmerican robin Shrub GroundOrange-crowned warbler Ground ShrubVirginia’s warbler Ground ShrubYellow-rumped warbler Shrub ShrubMacGillivray’s warbler Shrub ShrubGreen-tailed towhee Ground GroundSpotted towhee Ground GroundChipping sparrow Shrub ShrubDark-eyed junco Ground GroundBlack-headed grosbeak Shrub ShrubLazuli bunting Shrub Shrub
a Common names and order in which species are presented followAmerican Ornithologists’ Union (1998).
Table 5–Bird species occurring in the gambel oak (Quercusgambelii Nutt.) vegetation type listed as endangered(E), threatened (T), or of special concern (SC) by theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Fed) under the Endan-gered Species Act (16 U.S.C.A. §§ 1531-1543), or bythe responsible state agency in the four principal statesof gambel oak range.
Speciesa Category Listing Agencyb
Bald eagle T Fed, CO, NM, UTSC AZ
American peregrine falcon E UTT NM
*cSouthwestern willow flycatcher E Fed, NM, UTSC AZ
*Northern goshawk SC AZ, UT*Swainson’s hawk SC AZ, UT*Ferruginous hawk T UT
SC AZ, CO*Northern sage grouse SC CO, UT*Gunnison’s sage grouse SC CO*Burrowing owl T CO
SC UT*Short-eared owl SC UT*Lewis’s woodpecker SC UT*Williamson’s sapsucker SC UT*Bell’s vireo T NM
SC UT*Blue grosbeak SC UT*Veery SC AZ*Gray catbird SC AZ
a Nomenclature for common and scientific names, as well asorder in which species are presented, follow American Ornithologists’Union (1998).
b Sources: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Database; ArizonaGame and Fish Department (In prep.); Colorado Division of WildlifeDatabase; New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Database;Messmer and others (1998). Arizona does not list threatened orendangered species; New Mexico does not list species of specialconcern.
c Asterisks denote species for which oak is a primary nestinghabitat.
![Page 11: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 7
by Breeding Bird Survey data (DeGraaf and Rappole1995; appendix C). Twelve species known to nest andfeed in the gambel oak vegetation type experienced sig-nificant (P < 0.05) declines within the physiographicprovinces of gambel oak range. Five species (westernwood-pewee [Contopus sordidulus], horned lark[Eremophila alpestris], MacGillivray’s warbler, chippingsparrow, and savannah sparrow [Passerculussandwichensis]) show significant, long-term declinesbetween 1966 and 1994. Of these, western wood-pewee,horned lark, and chipping sparrow also declined through-out Western North America. Four additional species(American kestrel [Falco sparverius], common night-hawk [Chordeiles minor], yellow-rumped warbler, andvesper sparrow [Pooecetes gramineus]) show a more re-cent, short-term decline over the period of 1980 to 1994.Of these, American kestrel declined across Western NorthAmerica during the same time period. Three species (log-gerhead shrike [Lanius ludovicianus], violet-green swal-low [Tachycineta thalassina], and Brewer’s blackbird[Euphagus cyanocephalus]) declined over both periods,with Brewer’s blackbird showing a similar decreasethroughout Western North America. An additional 18species known to use gambel oak that do not show a sig-nificant trend within gambel oak range show a signifi-cant decline across Western North America (appendix C).
Eleven species within the physiographic provinces orstates comprising the Gambel oak vegetation zone areaccorded a very high conservation priority by Partnersin Flight (PIF; tables 6 and 7; figure 4), based on cumu-lative concern scores ranging from 7 to 35 (appendix C).Three of these, the Virginia’s warbler, Grace’s warbler,and red-faced warbler, are common species of gambeloak vegetation (table 1). All three are neotropical migra-tory birds that use gambel oak extensively for both nest-ing and feeding. An additional two species, the Lewis’woodpecker, which is also considered to be of specialconcern in Utah (table 5), and the ferruginous hawk (Bu-teo regalis), are considered characteristic of gambel oakand mixed gambel oak woodlands (Steinhoff 1978). TheBell’s vireo (Vireo bellii), which is listed as threatened inNew Mexico (table 5), is a breeding migrant in the south-ern portion of gambel oak range (tables 6 and 7).
An additional 76 species are given high conservationpriority by PIF (tables 6 and 7). Of these, the most com-mon or characteristic of gambel oak and mixed gambeloak/conifer woodlands include California quail, broad-tailed hummingbird, western wood-pewee, gray fly-catcher, cordilleran flycatcher (Empidonax occidentalis),ash-throated flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens),plumbeous vireo, warbling vireo, western scrub-jay, rockwren, western bluebird (Sialia mexicana), mountain blue-bird, black-throated gray warbler (Dendroica nigrescens),painted redstart, western tanager (Piranga ludoviciana),
green-tailed towhee, lark sparrow (Chondestesgrammacus), black-headed grosbeak, and lazuli bunting.Ten of the 76 species are listed by Steinhoff (1978) asbeing dependent on (dusky flycatcher [Empidonaxoberholseri] and pinyon jay) or influenced by (pygmynuthatch [Sitta pygmaea]) mixed oak/conifer woodlands,or as strongly influenced by all gambel oak vegetationtypes (blue grouse, band-tailed pigeon, common night-hawk, common poorwill, violet-green swallow,Townsend’s solitaire, and MacGillivray’s warbler).
Implications for Management and FutureResearch
Oak woodlands provide a variety of resources includ-ing watershed protection, grazing, and recreation (Harperand others 1985; Thomas 1997). Recent publications in-dicate an increasing concern over loss of oak habitat instates bordering the Pacific coast, as a burgeoning popu-lation puts increasing pressure on oak vegetation throughrecreation and urban expansion (Pillsbury and others1997; Saab and Rich 1997). The gambel oak vegetationtype, with its foothill location and proximity to manyurban centers, is likely to suffer a similar fate. Residen-tial and commercial development and a concomitant in-crease in recreation from expanding populations mayresult in substantial habitat loss, fragmentation, and suc-cessional changes over the next decade. Issues of landownership and public perceptions regarding managementoptions may further exacerbate these changes.
Gambel oak vegetation is particularly vulnerable todamage and loss. For example, Utah Gap analysis(Edwards and others 1997) reveals that fully one-third(36%) of the 800,000 ha (2 million acres) dominated byoak are privately owned and designated as category 4management status; that is, they have little or no govern-ment protection from development. Much of this landmay thus be lost to urbanization and commercial devel-opment in the near future. Another 58% of oak wood-lands in Utah are accorded limited protection as publiclands with unrestricted access (category 3). These landswill be subject to increased fragmentation due to recre-ational activities, trail building, and campground devel-opment. Currently, only 0.01% of oak woodlands in Utahare strictly protected (category 1).
Traditional management practices are aimed at in-creasing understory vegetation to provide for grazingof domestic livestock and big game species. Gambeloak can provide up to 75% of the forage available tooverwintering deer populations (Harper and others1985). Grazing and the suppression of natural fire cycleshave resulted in a decrease in herbaceous undergrowthand an increase in less fire-tolerant woody species such
![Page 12: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 20008
Table 6–Species occurring in the gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) vegetation type that are of conservation concern, based on Partners in Flight (PIF) state scoresa.
Range in PIFconcern scoreand definition(Hunter and Speciesb and PIF concern score, in decreasing order of concern, by stateothers 1993) Arizonac Coloradoc New Mexicoc Utahd
30-35 none none none noneExtremely
highconservation
priority
24-29 Red-faced warbler - 28 Sage grouse - 25 Red-faced warbler - 26 Lewis’ woodpecker - 28Very high Virginia’s warbler - 26 Ferruginous hawk - 24 Virginia’s warbler - 25 Virginia’s warbler -26
conservation Cassin’s kingbird - 25 Virginia’s warbler - 24 Sage grouse - 24 Sage grouse -25priority Bell’s vireo - 25 Bell’s vireo -25
Lewis’ woodpecker - 24 Black rosy-finch -25
19-23 Willow flycatcher - 23 Black-chinned hummingbird - 23 Prairie falcon - 23 Ferruginous hawk -23High Gray flycatcher - 23 Bell’s vireo - 23 Lewis’s woodpecker - 23 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 23
conservation Western bluebird - 23 Burrowing owl - 22 Greater pewee - 23 Gray flycatcher -23priority Painted redstart - 23 Lewis’ woodpecker - 22 Cassin’s kingbird - 23 Cordilleran flycatcher - 23
Swainson’s hawk - 22 Williamson’s sapsucker - 22 Bell’s vireo - 23 Black-throated gray warbler -23Ferruginous hawk - 22 Grace’s warbler - 22 Olive warbler - 23 Brewer’s sparrow -23Prairie falcon - 22 Flammulated owl - 21 Ferruginous hawk - 22 Franklin’s gull -22Flammulated owl - 22 Red-naped sapsucker - 21 Flammulated owl - 22 Western screech-owl - 22Greater pewee - 22 Cordilleran flycatcher - 21 Black-chinned hummingbird - 22 Calliope hummingbird - 22Olive warbler - 22 Black-throated gray warbler - 21 Williamson’s sapsucker - 22 Williamson’s sapsucker - 22Black-throated gray warbler - 22 Northern harrier - 20 Loggerhead shrike - 22 Olive-sided flycatcher - 22Grace’s warbler - 22 Swainson’s hawk - 20 Black-throated gray warbler - 22 Hammond’s flycatcher - 22Rufous-crowned sparrow - 22 Prairie falcon - 20 Grace’s warbler - 22 Northern goshawk - 21Scott’s oriole - 22 Blue grouse - 20 Painted redstart - 22 Peregrine falcon - 21Blue grouse - 21 Short-eared owl - 20 Swainson’s hawk - 21 Prairie falcon - 21Common poorwill - 21 Common poorwill - 20 Blue grouse - 21 Ruffed grouse - 21Black-chinned hummingbird - 21 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 21 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 20 Blue grouse - 21Williamson’s sapsucker - 21 Gray flycatcher - 20 Red-naped sapsucker - 21 Northern pygmy-owl - 21Red-naped sapsucker - 21 Dusky flycatcher - 20 Hammond’s flycatcher - 21 Red-naped sapsucker - 21Dusky flycatcher - 21 Cassin’s kingbird - 20 Gray flycatcher - 21 Dusky flycatcher - 21Cordilleran flycatcher - 21 Plumbeous vireo - 20 Violet-green swallow - 21 Cassin’s kingbird - 21Pygmy nuthatch - 21 Juniper titmouse - 20 Juniper titmouse - 21 Plumbeous vireo - 21Mountain bluebird - 21 MacGillivray’s warbler - 20 Mountain bluebird - 21 Pinyon jay - 21Sage sparrow - 21 Western tanager - 20 Rufous-crowned sparrow - 21 Juniper titmouse - 21Band-tailed pigeon - 20 Sage sparrow - 20 Sage sparrow - 21 Pygmy nuthatch - 21Broad-tailed hummingbird - 20 Scott’s oriole - 20 Scott’s oriole - 21 Townsend’s solitaire - 21Hammond’s flycatcher - 20 Peregrine falcon - 19 Common poorwill - 20 Veery - 21Hutton’s vireo - 20 Band-tailed pigeon - 19 Dusky flycatcher - 20 Grace’s warbler - 21Pinyon jay - 20 Olive-sided flycatcher - 19 Cordilleran flycatcher - 20 Rufous-crowned sparrow - 21Juniper titmouse - 20 Hammond’s flycatcher - 19 Plumbeous vireo - 20 Blue grosbeak - 21Bald eagle - 19 Western scrub-jay - 19 Hutton’s vireo - 20 Scott’s oriole - 21Northern goshawk - 19 Violet-green swallow - 19 Warbling vireo - 20 Bald eagle - 20Peregrine falcon - 19 Pygmy nuthatch - 19 Pygmy nuthatch - 20 Common poorwill - 20Olive-sided flycatcher - 19 Western bluebird - 19 Green-tailed towhee - 20 Black-chinned hummingbird - 20Western wood-pewee - 19 Green-tailed towhee - 19 Northern goshawk - 19 Willow flycatcher - 20Sulphur-bellied flycatcher - 19 Rufous-crowned sparrow - 19 Peregrine falcon - 19 Loggerhead shrike - 20Plumbeous vireo - 19 Brewer’s sparrow - 19 Band-tailed pigeon - 19 Mountain chickadee - 20Rock wren - 19 Lazuli bunting - 19 Burrowing owl - 19 Mountain bluebird - 20Canyon wren - 19 Common nighthawk - 19 Gray catbird - 20MacGillivray’s warbler - 19 Western wood-pewee - 19 Sage thrasher - 20Green-tailed towhee - 19 Pinyon jay - 19 Green-tailed towhee - 20Black-throated sparrow - 19 Western bluebird - 19 Black-throated sparrow - 20Black-headed grosbeak - 19 MacGillivray’s warbler - 19 Sage sparrow - 20
Black-headed grosbeak - 19 White-throated swift - 19Bullock’s oriole - 19 Flammulated owl - 19
Burrowing owl - 19Short-eared owl - 19Western wood-pewee - 19Clark’s nutcracker - 19Canyon wren - 19Golden-crowned kinglet - 19Western bluebird - 19Lark sparrow - 19Black-headed grosbeak - 19Lazuli bunting - 19Bullock’s oriole - 19
a PIF assigns species concern scores using a geographically based prioritization scheme that can be defined either ecologically (by physiographic province) or politically (by state). Species areassigned a rank score from 1 (low concern) to 5 (high concern) in seven criteria that reflect a species’ potential to become extirpated: global abundance, global breeding distribution, global winteringdistribution, threats to breeding within state or physiographic province, threats to non-breeding within state or physiographic province, state or physiographic province population trend, and areaimportance (abundance and distribution relative to global range). The cumulative concern score thus ranges from 7 to 35 (Hunter and others 1993).
b Common names follow American Ornithologists’ Union (1998).c Source: Colorado Bird Observatory Database.d Source: Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Database.
![Page 13: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 9
Table 7–Species occurring in the gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) vegetation type that are of conservation concern, based on Partners in Flight (PIF) physiographic province scoresa.
Range in PIFconcern score and
definition Speciesb and PIF concern scorec, in decreasing order of concern, by physiographic province number and name(Hunter and others 62 69 80 84 87
1993) Southern Rocky Mountains Utah Mountains Basin and Range Mogollon Rim Colorado Plateau
30-35Extremely high none none none none none
conservationpriority
24-29Very high none Lewis’ woodpecker - 24 Sage grouse - 25 Red-faced warbler - 27 Red-faced warbler - 25
conservation Virginia’s warbler - 24 Prairie falcon - 24 Virginia’s warbler - 26priority Franklin’s gull - 24 Cassin’s kingbird - 24
Grace’s warbler - 24
19-23 Lewis’ woodpecker - 23 Gray flycatcher - 22 Ferruginous hawk - 23 Flammulated owl - 23 Black-chinned hummingbird - 23High conservation Williamson’s sapsucker - 23 Dusky flycatcher - 22 Virginia’s warbler - 23 Lewis’ woodpecker - 23 Gray flycatcher - 23
priority Virginia’s warbler - 23 Black-throated gray warbler - 22 Sage sparrow - 23 Gray flycatcher - 23 Ferruginous hawk - 22Grace’s warbler - 23 Prairie falcon - 21 Black rosy-finch - 23 Bell’s vireo - 23 Lewis’ woodpecker - 22Flammulated owl - 22 Calliope hummingbird - 21 Flammulated owl - 22 Western bluebird - 23 Cassin’s kingbird - 22Swainson’s hawk - 21 Pinyon jay - 21 Short-eared owl - 22 Black-throated gray warbler - 23 Bell’s vireo - 22Ferruginous hawk - 21 Lazuli bunting - 21 Calliope hummingbird - 22 Painted redstart - 23 Juniper titmouse - 22Red-naped sapsucker - 21 Swainson’s hawk - 20 Lewis’ woodpecker - 22 Black-chinned hummingbird - 22 Virginia’s warbler - 22Cordilleran flycatcher - 21 Scott’s oriole - 20 Williamson’s sapsucker - 22 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 22 Grace’s warbler - 22Prairie falcon - 20 Golden eagle - 19 Gray flycatcher - 22 Williamson’s sapsucker - 22 Swainson’s hawk - 21Blue grouse - 20 Common poorwill - 19 Pinyon jay - 22 Red-naped sapsucker - 22 Flammulated owl - 21Broad-tailed hummingbird - 20 Clark’s nutcracker - 19 California quail - 21 Greater pewee - 22 Common poorwill - 21Hammond’s flycatcher - 20 Juniper titmouse - 19 Black-chinned hummingbird - 21 Rufous-crowned sparrow - 22 Williamson’s sapsucker - 21Plumbeous vireo - 20 Canyon wren - 19 Red-naped sapsucker - 21 Scott’s oriole - 22 Red-naped sapsucker - 21Black-throated gray warbler - 20 Western bluebird - 19 Hammond’s flycatcher - 21 Swainson’s hawk - 21 Dusky flycatcher - 21Sage sparrow - 20 Townsend’s solitaire - 19 Black-throated gray warbler - 21 Ferruginous hawk - 21 Cordilleran flycatcher - 21Lazuli bunting - 20 Green-tailed towhee - 19 Scott’s oriole - 21 Willow flycatcher - 21 Pinyon jay - 21Peregrine falcon - 19 Blue grouse - 20 Dusky flycatcher - 21 Black-throated gray warbler - 21Band-tailed pigeon - 19 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 20 Cordilleran flycatcher - 21 Scott’s oriole - 21Common poorwill - 19 Rufous hummingbird - 20 Juniper titmouse - 21 Prairie falcon - 20Dusky flycatcher - 19 Cordilleran flycatcher - 20 Pygmy nuthatch - 21 Blue grouse - 20Cassin’s kingbird - 19 Loggerhead shrike - 20 Black-headed grosbeak - 21 Band-tailed pigeon - 20Pinyon jay - 19 Sage thrasher - 20 Northern goshawk - 20 White-throated swift - 20Violet-green swallow - 19 Brewer’s sparrow - 20 Blue grouse - 20 Willow flycatcher - 20Pygmy nuthatch - 19 Northern harrier - 19 Band-tailed pigeon - 20 Hammond’s flycatcher - 20Wilson’s warbler - 19 Northern goshawk - 19 Hutton’s vireo - 20 Western bluebird - 20Green-tailed towhee - 19 Swainson’s hawk - 19 Pinyon jay - 20 Green-tailed towhee - 20Brewer’s sparrow - 19 Peregrine falcon - 19 Violet-green swallow - 20 Sage sparrow - 20
California gull - 19 Prairie falcon - 19 Black-headed grosbeak - 20Northern pygmy-owl - 19 Common poorwill - 19 Burrowing owl - 19Common poorwill - 19 Olive-sided flycatcher - 19 Short-eared owl - 19Dusky flycatcher - 19 Say’s phoebe - 19 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 19Plumbeous vireo - 19 Ash-throated flycatcher - 19 Western wood-pewee - 19Juniper titmouse - 19 Plumbeous vireo - 20 Western kingbird - 19Veery - 19 Bewick’s wren - 19 Loggerhead shrike - 19Black-headed grosbeak - 19 Mountain bluebird - 19 Western scrub-jay - 19Lazuli bunting - 19 MacGillivray’s warbler - 19 Pygmy nuthatch - 19Bullock’s oriole - 19 Green-tailed towhee - 19 Red-naped sapsucker - 21
Mountain bluebird - 19MacGillivray’s warbler - 19Rufous-crowned sparrow - 19
a PIF assigns species concern scores using a geographically based prioritization scheme that can be defined either ecologically (by physiographic province) or politically (by state). Species are assigned a rank score from 1 (lowconcern) to 5 (high concern) in seven criteria that reflect a species’ potential to become extirpated: global abundance, global breeding distribution, global wintering distribution, threats to breeding within state or physiographic province,threats to non-breeding within state or physiographic province, state or physiographic province population trend, and area importance (abundance and distribution relative to global range). The cumulative concern score thus ranges from 7 to35 (Hunter and others 1993).
b Common names follow American Ornithologists’ Union (1998).c Source: Colorado Bird Observatory Database.
as bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) andwhite fir (Harper and others 1985). Fire, herbicides, andmechanical treatments coupled with seeding programshave been used to reduce the dominance of oak and in-crease palatable grasses and forbs (Harper and others1985, and references therein).
More recently, increased emphasis has been placedon recreation management issues, both in gambel oakand other vegetation types. Managers and recreationistsare recognizing the importance of non-game species,including birds, both in inherent value and as part of thetotal “outdoor experience” sought by an urban populace.
![Page 14: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 200010
With over half of gambel oak woodlands occurring onpublic lands, it will become increasingly important forfederal and state managers to consider non-game birdpopulations in their overall management plan. The ef-fects of management practices on non-game birds mustbe considered if viable bird populations are to be main-tained. Currently, little information exists on the effectsof specific management actions on avian communities.Steinhoff (1978) provides some information on individualspecies’ responses to fire, grazing, and cutting for Colo-rado oak associations; however, this information is notreadily available because it is an unpublished report.
Future research of avian ecology in gambel oak shouldfocus on closing apparent gaps in our knowledge of thiscommunity. A question that warrants further investiga-tion is the response of gambel oak bird communities towildfire, browsing by native ungulates, fuelwood har-vesting, and management practices commonly associatedwith oakbrush control such as prescribed burning, herbi-cide application, or browsing by domestic livestock. Inparticular, it would be useful to investigate how type,intensity, and frequency of disturbance affects structuralcharacteristics of gambel oak stands.
Figure 4—Physiographic provinces in gambel oak (Quercusgambelii Nutt.) range used by Partners in Flight for purpose ofspecies prioritization: 62 = Southern Rocky Mountains, 69 = UtahMountains, 80 = Basin and Range, 84 = Mogollon Rim, 87 = Colo-rado Plateau.
Other research needs include more basic questionsabout individual species’ life histories and resource andhabitat requirements. This includes species for which lifehistory information in general is still sparse (for example,green-tailed towhee), as well as species that have not beenstudied in the gambel oak vegetation type, even thoughtheir life history may be very well known in other veg-etation types. This understanding of individual species’relationships with different vegetation types may provecrucial in understanding and managing the dynamics ofindividual populations.
Increasing anthropogenic pressure predicted forgambel oak associations suggests that managers will needto use active management strategies to mitigate the ef-fects of habitat loss and fragmentation. In the absence ofneeded definitive studies and until such studies can becompleted, a few common-sense suggestions can bemade.
The protection of riparian areas within the oak zone isof critical importance. Riparian areas are disproportion-ately valuable to birds and other wildlife species, par-ticularly in the arid west (Saab and Rich 1997). In addi-tion, some areas of contiguous habitat should bemaintained. Where possible, management practicesshould mimic natural disturbance regimes such that avariety of successional stages, including the mature plantcommunity, are available (Anderson 1980; Saab and Rich1997). To ensure that this goal is being accomplished,monitoring of population trends of individual bird spe-cies may be desirable. Unfortunately, the current state ofour knowledge about gambel oak woodlands does notallow us to easily identify species that may serve as indi-cators of the relative health of this community.
Until such knowledge becomes available, natural re-source professionals involved in gambel oak managementare referred to the list of frequent and abundant speciesprovided in table 1. Because all species listed in this tableare common, monitoring of population trends should bean easy task (for a review of methods, refer to Hameland others 1996; Ralph and others 1993, 1995). In se-lecting species from this list, care should be taken tochoose a representative sample of the community. Asample might include the following, for example: ground-nesting species requiring an extensive litter layer, suchas Virginia’s warbler or spotted towhee; shrub-nestingspecies requiring dense, thicket-like gambel oak stands,such as western scrub-jay, black-billed magpie, or lazulibunting; and tree-nesting species, requiring tall tree standsof gambel oak characteristic of wetter sites, such asplumbeous vireo, warbling vireo, or chipping sparrow.With this kind of sample, it may be possible to assess thestatus of individual successional stages/growth forms ofgambel oak.
![Page 15: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 11
References
Allman, V. P. 1953. A preliminary study of the vegetation in anexclosure in the chaparral of the Wasatch Mountains, Utah. Pro-ceedings of the Utah Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters. 30(1):63-73.
American Ornithologists’ Union. 1998. Check-list of North Ameri-can birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arcticthrough Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands.7th ed. Washington, DC: American Ornithologists’ Union. 829 p.
Andrews, R.; Righter, R. 1992. Colorado birds: a reference to theirdistribution and habitat. Denver, CO: Denver Museum of NaturalHistory. 442 p.
Anderson, S. H. 1980. Habitat selection, succession, and bird com-munity organization. In: DeGraff, R. M.; Tilghman, N. G., comps.Workshop proceedings: management of western forest and grass-lands for nongame birds. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-86. Ogden, UT:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, IntermountainForest and Range Experiment Station: 13-26.
Arizona Game and Fish Department. [In preparation]. Wildlife ofspecial concern in Arizona. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Game andFish Department, Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program.37 p.
Arnow, L. A. 1971. Vascular flora of Red Butte Canyon, Salt LakeCo., Utah. Salt Lake City: University of Utah, 388 p. Thesis.
Askins, R. A. 1993. Population trends in grassland, shrubland, andforest birds in eastern North America. In: Power, D. M., ed. Cur-rent ornithology, Volume 11. New York: Plenum Press: 1-34.
Behle, W. H.; Perry, M. L. 1975. Utah birds: check-list, seasonal andecological occurrence charts and guides to bird finding. Salt LakeCity, UT: Utah Museum of Natural History. 143 p.
Behle, W. H.; Sorensen, E. D.; White, C. M. 1985. Utah birds: arevised checklist. Occasional Publ. 4. Salt Lake City: Utah Mu-seum of Natural History. 108 p.
Berrett, D. G. 1958. Bird populations of the Wasatch foothills. Provo,UT: Brigham Young University. 126 p. Thesis.
Block, W. M.; Ganey, J. L.; Severson, K. E.; Morrison, M. L. 1992.Use of oaks by neotropical migratory birds in the southwest. In:Ffolliott, P. F.; Gottfried, G. J; Bennett, D. A.; Hernandez C. V.M.; Ortega-Rubio, A.; Hamre, R. H., tech. coords. Ecology andmanagement of oak and associated woodlands: perspectives in theSouthwestern United States and northern Mexico. Gen. Tech. Rep.RM-218. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, For-est Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 65-70.
Brewster, W. W. 1951. The gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)producing galls on scrub oak, Quercus gambelii Nuttall, in SaltLake County. Salt Lake City: University of Utah. 43 p. Thesis.
Brown, H. E. 1958. Gambel oak in west-central Colorado. Ecology.39(2): 317-327.
Christensen, E. M. 1949. The ecology and geographic distributionof oak brush (Quercus gambelii) in Utah. Salt Lake City:Universityof Utah. 70 p. Thesis.
Christensen, E. M. 1955. Ecological notes on the mountain brush inUtah. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Science, Arts, andLetters. 32(1): 107-111.
Clary, W. P.; Tiedemann, A. R. 1986. Distribution of biomass withinsmall tree and shrub from Quercus gambelii stands. Forest Sci-ence. 32(1): 234-242.
Clary, W. P.; Tiedemann, A. R. 1987. Fuelwood potential in large-tree Quercus gambelii stands. Western Journal of Applied Forestry.2(3): 87-90.
Clary, W. P.; Tiedemann, A. R. 1992. Ecology and values of Gambeloak woodlands. In: Ffolliott, P. F.; Gottfried, G. J; Bennett, D. A.;Hernandez C. V. M.; Ortega-Rubio, A.; Hamre, R. H., tech. coords.
Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: per-spectives in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico.Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-218. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station:85-95. DeGraaf, R. M; Rappole, J. H. 1995. Neotropical migra-tory birds: natural history, distribution, and population change.Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates. 676 p.
Edwards, T. C., Jr.; Falconer, A.; Ramsey, R. D.; Homer, C. G.; Bas-set, S. D.; Wight, D. W. 1997. Utah GAP analysis: an environ-mental information system. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah State Uni-versity, Department of Geography and Earth Resources. CD-ROM.
Ehrlich, P. R.; Dobkin, D. S.; Wheye, D. 1988. The birder’s hand-book: a field guide to the natural history of North American birds.New York: Simon and Schuster. 785 p.
Engle, D. M.; Bonham, C. D.; Bartel, L. E. 1983. Ecological charac-teristics and control of Gambel oak. Journal of Range Manage-ment. 36(3): 363-365.
Forsling, C. L.; Storm, E. V. 1929. The utilization of browse forageas summer range for cattle in southwestern Utah. Circ. 62. Wash-ington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 29 p.
Frost, H. H. 1947. A seasonal study of the food of some birds of theWasatch chaparral. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 68 p.Thesis.
Hamel, P. B.; Winston, P. S.; Twedt, D. J.; Woehr, J. R.; Morris, E.;Hamilton, R. B.; Cooper, R. J. 1996. A land manager’s guide topoint counts of birds in the Southeast. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-120.Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,Southern Research Station. 39 p.
Harper, K. T.; Freeman, D. C.; Ostler, W. K.; Klikoff, L. G. 1978.The flora of Great Basin mountain ranges: diversity, sources, anddispersal ecology. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. 2: 81-103.
Harper, K. T.; Wagstaff, F. J.; Kunzler, L. M. 1985. Biology andmanagement of the Gambel oak vegetative type: a literaturereview. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-179. Ogden, UT: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station.31 p.
Hayward, C. L. 1941. Notes on the nesting habits of some mountaindwelling birds in Utah. Great Basin Naturalist. 2(1): 1-9.
Hayward, C. L. 1948. Biotic communities of the Wasatch chaparral,Utah. Ecological Monographs. 18(4): 473-506.
Hoffman, D. M. 1962. The wild turkey in eastern Colorado. Denver,CO: Colorado Game and Fish Deptartment. 47 p.
Hunter, W. C.; Carter, M. F.; Pashley, D. N.; Barker, K. 1993. ThePartners in Flight species prioritization scheme. In: Finch, D. M.;Stangel, P. W., eds. Status and management of neotropical migra-tory birds. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-229. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. De-partment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain ResearchStation: 109-119.
Kunzler, L. M.; Harper, K. T.; Kunzler, D. 1981. Compositional simi-larity within the oakbrush type in central and northern Utah. GreatBasin Naturalist. 41(1): 147-153.
LaRue, C. T. 1994. Birds of northern Black Mesa, Navajo County,Arizona. Great Basin Naturalist. 54(1): 1-63.
Ligon, J. S. 1946. History and management of Merriam’s wild tur-key. Santa Fe, NM: New Mexico Game and Fish Commission.84 p.
Ligon, J. S. 1961. New Mexico birds and where to find them. Albu-querque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. 360 p.
Little, E. L., Jr. 1971. Atlas of United States trees, Volume 1, coni-fers and important hardwoods. Misc. Publ. 1146. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 14 p. plus 200maps.
Marti, C. D. 1977. Avian use of an oakbrush community in northernUtah. Southwestern Naturalist. 22(3): 367-374.
![Page 16: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 200012
McKell, C. M. 1950. A study of plant succession in the oakbrush(Quercus gambelii) zone after fire. Salt Lake City: University ofUtah. 79 p. Thesis.
Messmer, T. A.; Drake, R.; McElrone, A., eds. 1998. Endangeredand threatened animals of Utah. Publ. 17. Logan, UT: BerrymanInstitute. 60 p.
Monson, G.; Phillips, A. R. 1981. Annotated checklist of the birds ofArizona. 2d ed. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. 240 p.
Neff, J. A. 1947. Habits, food, and economic status of the band-tailedpigeon. North American Fauna. 58(1): 1-76.
Neilson, R. P. 1981. Biogeography of Quercus gambelii and Quercusturbinella in relation to atmospheric flow structure. Salt Lake City:University of Utah. 70 p. Dissertation.
Perry, M. L. 1973. Species composition and density of the birds ofRed Butte Canyon. Salt Lake City: University of Utah. 141 p.Thesis.
Pillsbury, N. H.; Verner, J.; Tietje, W. D., tech. coords. 1997. Pro-ceedings of a symposium on oak woodlands: ecology, manage-ment, and urban interface issues. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-160. Al-bany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, PacificSouthwest Research Station. 738 p.
Ralph, C. J.; Geupel, G. R.; Pyle, P.; Martin, T. E.; DeSante, D. F.1993. Handbook of field methods for monitoring landbirds. Gen.Tech. Rep. PSW-144. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agricul-ture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 41 p.
Ralph, C. J.; Sauer, J. R.; Droege, S., eds. 1995. Monitoring birdpopulations by point counts. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-149. Albany,CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific South-west Research Station. 181 p.
Reynolds, H. G.; Clary, W. P.; Ffolliott, P. F. 1970. Gambel oak forsouthwestern wildlife. Journal of Forestry. 68(9): 545-547.
Robbins, C. S.; Sauer, J. R.; Greenberg, R. S.; Droege, S. 1989. Popu-lation declines in North American birds that migrate to theneotropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science ofthe United States of America. 86: 7658-7662.
Robbins, C. S.; Sauer, J. R.; Peterjohn, B. G. 1993. Population trendsand management opportunities for neotropical migrants. In: Finch,D. M.; Stangel, P. W., eds. Status and management of neotropicalmigratory birds. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-229. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Re-search Station: 17-23.
Rogers, G. F. 1982. Then and now: a photographic history of vegeta-tion change in the central Great Basin desert. Salt Lake City: Uni-versity of Utah Press. 152 p.
Saab, V. A.; Rich, T. D. 1997. Large-scale conservation assessmentfor neotropical migratory land birds in the interior Columbia Riverbasin. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-399. Portland, OR: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Sta-tion. 56 p.
Shultz, L. M; Hysell, M. T. 1996. Camp W. G. Williams floristicsurvey. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agri-culture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, ShrubSciences Laboratory, Provo, UT. 76 p.
Steinhoff, H. W. 1978. Management of Gambel oak associations forwildlife and livestock. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Sta-tion, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, UT. 119 p.
Tanner, V. M.; Hayward, C. L. 1934. A biological study of the La SalMountains, Utah: Rep. 1 (Ecology). Proceedings of the Utah Acad-emy of Science, Arts, and Letters. 11: 209-235.
Tatschl, J. L. 1967. Breeding birds of the Sandia Mountains and theirecological distributions. Condor. 69(5): 479-490.
Thomas, J. W. 1997. California’s oak woodlands: where we havebeen, where we are, where we need to go. In: Pillsbury, N. H.;Verner, J.; Tietje, W. D., tech. coords. Proceedings of a sympo-sium on oak woodlands: ecology, management, and urban inter-face issues. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-160. Albany, CA: U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest ResearchStation: 3-9.
Wagstaff, F. J. 1984. Economic considerations in use and manage-ment of Gambel oak for fuelwood. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-165.Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, In-termountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 8 p.
Walters, R. E., ed. 1981. Utah bird latilong distribution. Publ. 81-15.Salt Lake City: Utah Department of Natural Resources and En-ergy, Division of Wildlife Resources. 84 p.
West, N. E. 1989. Vegetation types of Utah. In: Johnson, K. L., ed.Rangeland resources of Utah. Logan, UT: Utah State University,Cooperative Extension Service: 18-56.
Wolfe, M. L.; Reynolds, M. C. 1996. Camp W. G. Williams faunalsurvey. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agri-culture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Shrub Sci-ences Laboratory, Provo, UT. 23 p.
Woodbury, A. M.; Cottam, C. 1962. Ecological studies of birds inUtah. Bulletin of the University of Utah Biological Series. 12(7):1-28.
Wright, H. A.; Bailey, A. W. 1982. Fire ecology. New York: Wiley.501 p.
![Page 17: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 13
Ap
pen
dix
A–B
ird
sp
ecie
s re
po
rted
fro
m d
iffe
ren
t g
amb
el o
ak (
Qu
ercu
s g
amb
elii
Nu
tt.)
co
mm
un
itie
s in
th
e W
este
rn U
nit
edS
tate
s. R
esid
ency
sta
tus
is g
iven
as
R =
res
iden
t, B
= b
reed
ing
mig
ran
t, W
= w
inte
r m
igra
nt,
T =
loca
l tra
nsi
ent
fro
mad
jace
nt
hab
itat
s o
r tr
ansi
ent
du
rin
g s
pri
ng
/fal
l mig
rati
on
, X =
pre
sen
ce/a
bse
nce
on
ly, N
/A =
sp
ecie
s d
oes
no
t o
ccu
r in
resp
ecti
ve s
tate
, as
det
erm
ined
by
Lig
on
(19
61),
Mo
nso
n a
nd
Ph
illip
s (1
981)
, Beh
le a
nd
oth
ers
(198
5), a
nd
An
dre
ws
and
Rig
hte
r (1
992)
.
Po
nd
ero
sa p
ine/
Mix
ed c
on
ifer
/S
ub
mo
nta
ne
gam
bel
oak
gam
bel
oak
Gam
bel
oak
wo
od
lan
dsh
rub
fore
stfo
rest
N.C
.W
.N
.C.
N.C
.N
.W
.N
.C.
W.
N.
S.E
.U
TC
ON
MU
TU
TU
TA
ZC
ON
MC
OA
ZA
ZS
pec
iesa
Ab
BC
DE
FG
cH
IJ
KF
Gc
FK
Ld
Her
on
s an
d v
ult
ure
s (C
ico
niif
orm
es)
Gre
at b
lue
hero
n (A
rdea
her
odia
s )-
T-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-B
lack
-cro
wne
d ni
ght-
hero
n (N
yctic
orax
nyc
ticor
ax)
-T
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Tur
key
vultu
re (
Cat
harte
s au
ra)
-B
--
-X
-B
-B
-X
BX
-B
Wat
erfo
wl (
An
seri
form
es)
Mal
lard
(A
nas
plat
yrhy
ncho
s )-
T-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-N
orth
ern
pint
ail (
Ana
s ac
uta )
-T
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Buf
flehe
ad (
Buc
epha
la a
lbeo
la)
-T
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Com
mon
gol
dene
ye (
Buc
epha
la c
lang
ula )
-T
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Rap
tors
(F
alco
nif
orm
es)
Bal
d ea
gle
(Hal
iaee
tus
leuc
ocep
halu
s )-
--
--
--
W-
--
--
-T
-N
orth
ern
harr
ier
(Circ
us c
yane
us)
-T
BT
W-
-B
-R
W-
--
W-
Sha
rp-s
hinn
ed h
awk
(Acc
ipite
r stri
atus
)X
RT
BB
X-
B-
--
-B
XR
-C
oope
r’s h
awk
(Acc
ipite
r coo
perii
)-
BR
--
X-
BX
B-
XR
-R
-N
orth
ern
gosh
awk
(Acc
ipite
r gen
tilis
)-
R-
-M
X-
B-
--
XR
XR
-S
wai
nson
’s h
awk
(But
eo s
wai
nson
i )-
T-
T-
--
B-
--
--
--
-R
ed-t
aile
d ha
wk
(But
eo ja
mai
cens
is)e
-R
BB
-X
-B
-R
-X
--
RB
Fer
rugi
nous
haw
k (B
uteo
rega
lis)
-B
--
--
-B
-R
--
-X
--
Rou
gh-le
gged
haw
k (B
uteo
lago
pus )
--
--
--
-W
--
--
--
--
Gol
den
eagl
e (A
quila
chr
ysae
tos )
-R
RR
TX
-R
-R
--
--
--
Am
eric
an k
estr
el (
Falc
o sp
arve
rius )
eX
BB
BT
X-
BX
R-
X-
X-
-M
erlin
(Fa
lco
colu
mba
rius )
--
--
--
-W
-T
--
--
--
Per
egrin
e fa
lcon
(Fa
lco
pere
grin
us)
--
--
--
--
XT
--
--
--
Pra
irie
falc
on (
Falc
o m
exic
anus
)-
B-
--
--
BX
R-
--
--
-
(con
.)
![Page 18: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 200014
(con
.)
Gal
linac
eou
s b
ird
s (G
allif
orm
es)
Chu
kar
(Ale
ctor
is c
huka
r )f,
g-
--
RB
--
R-
R-
--
--
-G
ray
part
ridge
(P
erdi
x pe
rdix
)f, g
--
--
-N
/AN
/AB
-R
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Rin
g-ne
cked
phe
asan
t (P
hasi
anus
col
chic
us)f,
gX
RR
RR
--
-X
R-
--
--
-R
uffe
d gr
ouse
(B
onas
a um
bellu
s )f
-R
-R
T-
N/A
RX
RN
/A-
N/A
-N
/AN
/AS
age
grou
se (
Cen
troce
rus
urop
hasi
anus
)f-
--
-T
--
WX
RN
/A-
--
N/A
N/A
Blu
e gr
ouse
(D
endr
agap
us o
bscu
rus )
f-
R-
RT
X-
R-
R-
--
--
-C
alifo
rnia
qua
il (C
allip
epla
cal
iforn
ica )
f-
RR
RR
N/A
N/A
R-
RN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/A
Sh
ore
bir
ds
(Ch
arad
riif
orm
es)
Spo
tted
sand
pipe
r (A
ctiti
s m
acul
aria
)-
BT
--
--
--
--
--
--
-F
rank
lin’s
gul
l (La
rus
pipi
xcan
)-
--
-T
--
--
--
--
--
-R
ing-
bille
d gu
ll (L
arus
del
awar
ensi
s )-
-T
--
--
--
--
--
--
-C
alifo
rnia
gul
l (La
rus
calif
orni
cus )
-T
T-
T-
N/A
--
--
-N
/A-
--
Pig
eon
s an
d d
ove
s (C
olu
mb
ifo
rmes
)R
ock
dove
(C
olum
ba li
via )
g-
-T
--
--
--
--
--
--
-B
and-
taile
d pi
geon
(C
olum
ba fa
scia
ta)
--
--
-X
-B
X-
--
BX
-B
Mou
rnin
g do
ve (
Zena
ida
mac
rour
a )X
BB
BB
X-
BX
B-
XB
X-
B
Ow
ls (
Str
igif
orm
es)
Bar
n ow
l (Ty
to a
lba )
--
--
--
-R
--
--
--
--
Fla
mm
ulat
ed o
wl (
Otu
s fla
mm
eolu
s )-
--
--
X-
--
--
--
-T
-W
este
rn s
cree
ch-o
wl (
Otu
s ke
nnic
ottii
)-
R-
--
--
R-
R-
--
-R
-G
reat
hor
ned
owl (
Bub
o vi
rgin
ianu
s )X
R-
R-
X-
B-
R-
X-
XR
-N
orth
ern
pygm
y-ow
l (G
lauc
idiu
m g
nom
a )-
--
--
--
R-
R-
--
-R
-B
urro
win
g ow
l (A
then
e cu
nicu
laria
)-
--
--
--
B-
--
--
--
-Lo
ng-e
ared
ow
l (A
sio
otus
)-
R-
--
--
BX
R-
--
-R
-S
hort
-ear
ed o
wl (
Asi
o fla
mm
eus )
--
--
--
-B
--
--
--
--
Nor
ther
n sa
w-w
het o
wl (
Aeg
oliu
s ac
adic
us)
X-
--
--
-R
XR
--
--
B-
Nig
htj
ars
(Cap
rim
ulg
ifo
rmes
)C
omm
on n
ight
haw
k (C
hord
eile
s m
inor
)-
B-
TT
X-
BX
B-
X-
X-
-C
omm
on p
oorw
ill (
Pha
laen
optil
us n
utta
llii )
XB
-T
--
-B
XB
--
B-
--
Ap
pen
dix
A (
Con
.)
Po
nd
ero
sa p
ine/
Mix
ed c
on
ifer
/S
ub
mo
nta
ne
gam
bel
oak
gam
bel
oak
Gam
bel
oak
wo
od
lan
dsh
rub
fore
stfo
rest
N.C
.W
.N
.C.
N.C
.N
.W
.N
.C.
W.
N.
S.E
.U
TC
ON
MU
TU
TU
TA
ZC
ON
MC
OA
ZA
ZS
pec
iesa
Ab
BC
DE
FG
cH
IJ
KF
Gc
FK
Ld
![Page 19: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 15
Sw
ifts
an
d h
um
min
gb
ird
s (A
po
dif
orm
es)
Whi
te-t
hroa
ted
swift
(A
eron
aute
s sa
xata
lis)
-B
B-
TX
-B
-B
--
B-
-B
Bla
ck-c
hinn
ed h
umm
ingb
ird (
Arc
hilo
chus
ale
xand
ri )-
BB
BB
--
BX
B-
-B
-B
-C
allio
pe h
umm
ingb
ird (
Ste
llula
cal
liope
)-
--
--
--
TX
B-
--
--
-B
road
-tai
led
hum
min
gbird
(S
elas
phor
us p
laty
cerc
us)
XB
BB
BX
BB
XB
-X
BX
BB
Ruf
ous
hum
min
gbird
(S
elas
phor
us ru
fus )
-T
--
-X
-T
X-
--
--
-B
Kin
gfi
sher
s (C
ora
ciif
orm
es)
Bel
ted
king
fishe
r (C
eryl
e al
cyon
)-
B-
--
--
--
R-
--
--
-
Wo
od
pec
kers
(P
icif
orm
es)
Lew
is’ w
oodp
ecke
r (M
elan
erpe
s le
wis
)-
T-
--
X-
-X
R-
--
--
-W
illia
mso
n’s
saps
ucke
r (S
phyr
apic
us th
yroi
deus
)-
--
--
X-
--
--
--
XT
-R
ed-n
aped
sap
suck
er (
Sph
yrap
icus
nuc
halis
)X
T-
-T
X-
W-
--
XB
-T
BD
owny
woo
dpec
ker
(Pic
oide
s pu
besc
ens )
XR
T-
--
-B
--
-X
--
--
Hai
ry w
oodp
ecke
r (P
icoi
des
villo
sus )
--
--
W-
-B
X-
-X
RX
R-
Nor
ther
n fli
cker
(C
olap
tes
aura
tus )
XR
R-
TX
RB
--
-X
RX
R-
So
ng
bir
ds
and
pas
seri
nes
(P
asse
rifo
rmes
)O
live-
side
d fly
catc
her
(Con
topu
s co
oper
i )X
T-
--
--
B-
--
--
--
BG
reat
er p
ewee
(C
onto
pus
perti
nax )
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
-N
/AN
/AN
/A-
N/A
-N
/A-
BW
este
rn w
ood-
pew
ee (
Con
topu
s so
rdid
ulus
)-
BB
--
-B
B-
--
-B
-B
BW
illow
flyc
atch
er (
Em
pido
nax
traill
ii )-
B-
-T
--
--
B-
--
--
-H
amm
ond’
s fly
catc
her
(Em
pido
nax
ham
mon
dii )
-T
--
TX
-B
--
-X
--
--
Gra
y fly
catc
her
(Em
pido
nax
wrig
htii )
--
--
-X
-B
--
--
-X
B-
Dus
ky fl
ycat
cher
(E
mpi
dona
x ob
erho
lser
i )-
B-
BT
--
BX
B-
--
-B
BC
ordi
llera
n fly
catc
her
(Em
pido
nax
occi
dent
alis
)-
--
B-
XB
BX
B-
-B
-B
BS
ay’s
pho
ebe
(Say
orni
s sa
ya)
--
--
-X
-B
--
-X
--
B-
Dus
ky-c
appe
d fly
catc
her
(Myi
arch
us tu
berc
ulife
r )N
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/A-
-N
/AN
/AN
/A-
--
--
BA
sh-t
hroa
ted
flyca
tche
r (M
yiar
chus
cin
eras
cens
)-
--
--
X-
B-
--
-B
-B
BS
ulph
ur-b
ellie
d fly
catc
her
(Myi
odyn
aste
s lu
teiv
entri
s )N
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/A-
N/A
N/A
N/A
-B
Cas
sin’
s ki
ngbi
rd (
Tyra
nnus
voc
ifera
ns)
--
--
--
-T
--
--
--
--
Wes
tern
kin
gbird
(Ty
rann
us v
ertic
alis
)-
-B
-T
--
B-
--
--
--
-E
aste
rn k
ingb
ird (
Tyra
nnus
tyra
nnus
)-
--
--
--
B-
--
--
--
-Lo
gger
head
shr
ike
(Lan
ius
ludo
vici
anus
)-
--
--
X-
R-
--
--
--
-N
orth
ern
shrik
e (L
aniu
s ex
cubi
tor )
--
W-
--
-W
--
--
--
-- (con
.)
Ap
pen
dix
A (
Con
.)
Po
nd
ero
sa p
ine/
Mix
ed c
on
ifer
/S
ub
mo
nta
ne
gam
bel
oak
gam
bel
oak
Gam
bel
oak
wo
od
lan
dsh
rub
fore
stfo
rest
N.C
.W
.N
.C.
N.C
.N
.W
.N
.C.
W.
N.
S.E
.U
TC
ON
MU
TU
TU
TA
ZC
ON
MC
OA
ZA
ZS
pec
iesa
Ab
BC
DE
FG
cH
IJ
KF
Gc
FK
Ld
![Page 20: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 200016
Bel
l’s v
ireo
( Vire
o be
llii )
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-B
Plu
mbe
ous
vire
o (V
ireo
plum
beus
)-
-T
--
XB
BX
B-
XB
-B
BH
utto
n’s
vire
o (V
ireo
hutto
ni)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
X-
N/A
N/A
N/A
--
--
--
War
blin
g vi
reo
(Vire
o gi
lvus
)X
BT
BB
-B
BX
B-
-B
--
BR
ed-e
yed
vire
o (V
ireo
oliv
aceu
s )-
--
--
-N
/AT
--
--
N/A
--
-S
telle
r’s ja
y (C
yano
citta
ste
lleri )
fX
RW
WW
XR
R-
W-
XR
XR
-B
lue
jay
(Cya
noci
tta c
rista
ta)
--
--
--
-T
--
--
--
--
Wes
tern
scr
ub-ja
y (A
phel
ocom
a ca
lifor
nica
)X
RR
RR
X-
BX
RR
-R
XR
-P
inyo
n ja
y (G
ymno
rhin
us c
yano
ceph
alus
)-
T-
-T
X-
T-
--
--
-R
-C
lark
’s n
utcr
acke
r (N
ucifr
aga
colu
mbi
ana )
-T
--
--
--
--
--
--
R-
Bla
ck-b
illed
mag
pie
(Pic
a pi
ca)
XR
RR
RX
-B
XR
-X
-X
--
Am
eric
an c
row
(C
orvu
s br
achy
rhyn
chos
)-
W-
-T
X-
W-
--
-R
--
-C
omm
on r
aven
(C
orvu
s co
rax )
-R
--
-X
-B
-R
-X
-X
R-
Hor
ned
lark
(E
rem
ophi
la a
lpes
tris )
--
--
--
-B
--
--
--
--
Tre
e sw
allo
w (
Tach
ycin
eta
bico
lor )
-T
--
-X
--
--
-X
--
--
Vio
let-
gree
n sw
allo
w (
Tach
ycin
eta
thal
assi
na)
-T
T-
TX
BB
-B
-X
BX
BB
N. r
ough
-win
ged
swal
low
(S
telg
idop
tery
x se
rrip
enni
s )-
-B
-T
--
B-
--
--
--
-B
ank
swal
low
(R
ipar
ia ri
paria
)-
BB
--
--
--
--
--
--
-C
liff s
wal
low
(H
irund
o py
rrho
nota
)-
B-
--
X-
--
--
--
--
-B
arn
swal
low
(H
irund
o ru
stic
a )-
--
-T
--
B-
--
--
X-
-B
lack
-cap
ped
chic
kade
e (P
oeci
le a
trica
pillu
s )X
RW
RR
X-
RX
R-
X-
X-
-M
ount
ain
chic
kade
e (P
oeci
le g
ambe
li )f
XW
WW
W-
RT
-W
-X
R-
R-
Juni
per
titm
ouse
(B
aeol
ophu
s gr
iseu
s )-
T-
--
--
B-
--
-R
-R
-B
usht
it (P
saltr
ipar
us m
inim
us)
-T
T-
--
-B
XR
--
--
R-
Red
-bre
aste
d nu
that
ch (
Sitt
a ca
nade
nsis
)-
--
--
--
--
--
-R
XW
-W
hite
-bre
aste
d nu
that
ch (
Sitt
a ca
rolin
ensi
s )-
--
--
XR
R-
R-
XR
-R
-P
ygm
y nu
that
ch (
Sitt
a py
gmae
a )-
--
--
--
W-
--
-R
-R
-B
row
n cr
eepe
r (C
erth
ia a
mer
ican
a )X
W-
--
--
W-
--
-R
-R
-R
ock
wre
n (S
alpi
ncte
s ob
sole
tus )
XB
--
--
R-
--
--
-X
--
Can
yon
wre
n (C
athe
rpes
mex
ican
us)
XR
T-
--
-B
--
--
--
R-
Bew
ick’
s w
ren
(Thr
yom
anes
bew
icki
i )-
-T
--
--
WX
R-
--
XR
-H
ouse
wre
n (T
rogl
odyt
es a
edon
)X
BT
BT
X-
BX
B-
-B
X-
BW
inte
r w
ren
(Tro
glod
ytes
trog
lody
tes )
-W
--
--
-W
--
--
--
--
Gol
den-
crow
ned
king
let (
Reg
ulus
sat
rapa
)-
W-
--
--
W-
--
--
-W
-R
uby-
crow
ned
king
let (
Reg
ulus
cal
endu
la)
XW
TW
T-
-W
-W
--
R-
T-
Blu
e-gr
ay g
natc
atch
er (
Pol
iopt
ila c
aeru
lea )
XT
TB
BX
-B
XB
--
-X
BB
(con
.)
Ap
pen
dix
A (
Con
.)
Po
nd
ero
sa p
ine/
Mix
ed c
on
ifer
/S
ub
mo
nta
ne
gam
bel
oak
gam
bel
oak
Gam
bel
oak
wo
od
lan
dsh
rub
fore
stfo
rest
N.C
.W
.N
.C.
N.C
.N
.W
.N
.C.
W.
N.
S.E
.U
TC
ON
MU
TU
TU
TA
ZC
ON
MC
OA
ZA
ZS
pec
iesa
Ab
BC
DE
FG
cH
IJ
KF
Gc
FK
Ld
![Page 21: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 17
Wes
tern
blu
ebird
(S
ialia
mex
ican
a )-
--
--
X-
BX
B-
-R
-R
BM
ount
ain
blue
bird
(S
ialia
cur
ruco
ides
)X
B-
B-
X-
BX
B-
X-
XR
-T
owns
end’
s so
litai
re (
Mya
dest
es to
wns
endi
)X
WT
--
--
B-
W-
XR
XR
BV
eery
(C
atha
rus
fusc
esce
ns)
-B
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Her
mit
thru
sh (
Cat
haru
s gu
ttatu
s )X
B-
--
--
B-
--
XB
-B
BA
mer
ican
rob
in (
Turd
us m
igra
toriu
s )X
RB
RB
XR
BX
R-
XR
XR
BG
ray
catb
ird (
Dum
etel
la c
arol
inen
sis )
-B
--
B-
-B
-B
--
--
--
Nor
ther
n m
ocki
ngbi
rd (
Mim
us p
olyg
lotto
s )-
--
--
--
R-
--
--
--
-S
age
thra
sher
(O
reos
copt
es m
onta
nus )
-T
T-
T-
-T
--
--
--
--
Eur
opea
n st
arlin
g (S
turn
us v
ulga
ris)g
--
--
T-
-B
-R
--
--
--
Boh
emia
n w
axw
ing
(Bom
byci
lla g
arru
lus )
XW
--
--
-W
--
--
--
--
Ced
ar w
axw
ing
(Bom
byci
lla c
edro
rum
)X
W-
--
--
W-
--
--
--
-O
live
war
bler
(P
euce
dram
us ta
enia
tus )
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
-N
/AN
/AN
/A-
N/A
-N
/A-
BT
enne
ssee
war
bler
(V
erm
ivor
a pe
regr
ina )
--
--
-X
N/A
--
--
XN
/A-
--
Ora
nge-
crow
ned
war
bler
(V
erm
ivor
a ce
lata
)X
BT
B-
--
BX
BB
--
-B
BN
ashv
ille
war
bler
(V
erm
ivor
a ru
ficap
illa )
XT
--
--
-T
--
--
--
--
Virg
inia
’s w
arbl
er (
Ver
miv
ora
virg
inia
e )X
BB
BB
XB
BX
BB
XB
-B
BY
ello
w w
arbl
er (
Den
droi
ca p
etec
hia )
-B
-B
B-
--
-B
--
--
--
Yel
low
-rum
ped
war
bler
(D
endr
oica
cor
onat
a )X
BT
BT
X-
-X
B-
XB
-B
BB
lack
-thr
oate
d gr
ay w
arbl
er (
Den
droi
ca n
igre
scen
s )-
-T
--
X-
B-
--
-B
-B
BH
erm
it w
arbl
er (
Den
droi
ca o
ccid
enta
lis)
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-B
Gra
ce’s
war
bler
(D
endr
oica
gra
ciae
)-
--
--
--
--
--
-B
-B
BA
mer
ican
red
star
t (S
etop
haga
rutic
illa )
--
--
--
-B
--
--
--
--
Nor
ther
n w
ater
thru
sh (
Sei
urus
nov
ebor
acen
sis )
--
--
--
-T
--
--
--
--
Mac
Gill
ivra
y’s
war
bler
(O
poro
rnis
tolm
iei )
XB
TB
TX
BT
XB
T-
B-
--
Wils
on’s
war
bler
(W
ilson
ia p
usill
a )X
T-
--
--
T-
--
--
--
BR
ed-f
aced
war
bler
(C
arde
llina
rubr
ifron
s )N
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/AN
/A-
N/A
N/A
N/A
-N
/A-
N/A
-B
Pai
nted
red
star
t (M
yiob
orus
pic
tus )
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
--
N/A
N/A
N/A
--
--
-B
Yel
low
-bre
aste
d ch
at (
Icte
ria v
irens
)-
BB
-B
--
BX
B-
--
--
-H
epat
ic ta
nage
r (P
irang
a fla
va)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
--
N/A
N/A
N/A
--
--
-B
Wes
tern
tana
ger
(Pira
nga
ludo
vici
ana )
XT
TM
/TT
XB
T-
B-
XB
-B
BG
reen
-tai
led
tow
hee
(Pip
ilo c
hlor
urus
)-
BT
BT
XB
BX
B-
XB
X-
-S
potte
d to
whe
e (P
ipilo
mac
ulat
us)
XR
RR
RX
RB
XR
R-
RX
RB
Ruf
ous-
crow
ned
spar
row
(A
imop
hila
rufic
eps )
--
--
--
--
--
-X
--
--
Am
eric
an tr
ee s
parr
ow (
Spi
zella
arb
orea
)-
--
--
--
WX
--
X-
--
-
(con
.)
Ap
pen
dix
A (
Con
.)
Po
nd
ero
sa p
ine/
Mix
ed c
on
ifer
/S
ub
mo
nta
ne
gam
bel
oak
gam
bel
oak
Gam
bel
oak
wo
od
lan
dsh
rub
fore
stfo
rest
N.C
.W
.N
.C.
N.C
.N
.W
.N
.C.
W.
N.
S.E
.U
TC
ON
MU
TU
TU
TA
ZC
ON
MC
OA
ZA
ZS
pec
iesa
Ab
BC
DE
FG
cH
IJ
KF
Gc
FK
Ld
![Page 22: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 200018
Chi
ppin
g sp
arro
w (
Spi
zella
pas
serin
a )X
BT
BT
XB
BX
B-
XB
XB
-C
lay-
colo
red
spar
row
(S
pize
lla p
allid
a )-
--
--
--
T-
--
--
--
-B
rew
er’s
spa
rrow
(S
pize
lla b
rew
eri )
-T
T-
BX
-B
--
--
--
--
Ves
per
spar
row
(P
ooec
etes
gra
min
eus )
-T
-B
T-
-B
XB
--
--
B-
Lark
spa
rrow
(C
hond
este
s gr
amm
acus
)X
-B
-T
--
TX
B-
--
X-
-B
lack
-thr
oate
d sp
arro
w (
Am
phis
piza
bili
neat
a )-
--
--
--
B-
--
--
--
-S
age
spar
row
(A
mph
ispi
za b
elli )
--
--
--
-B
--
--
--
--
Sav
anna
h sp
arro
w (
Pas
serc
ulus
san
dwic
hens
is)
--
--
TX
-T
--
--
-X
--
Fox
spa
rrow
(P
asse
rella
ilia
ca)
XB
T-
--
-B
-B
--
--
--
Son
g sp
arro
w (
Mel
ospi
za m
elod
ia)
XR
W-
-X
-B
-R
--
--
--
Linc
oln’
s sp
arro
w (
Mel
ospi
za li
ncol
nii )
--
--
--
-T
--
--
--
--
Whi
te-t
hroa
ted
spar
row
(Zo
notri
chia
alb
icol
lis)
--
--
--
-W
--
--
--
--
Har
ris’ s
parr
ow (
Zono
trich
ia q
ueru
la)
--
-W
--
-W
--
--
--
--
Whi
te-c
row
ned
spar
row
(Zo
notri
chia
leuc
ophr
ys)
XW
W-
T-
-T
--
--
--
--
Gol
den-
crow
ned
spar
row
(Zo
notri
chia
atri
capi
lla)
--
--
--
-W
--
--
--
--
Dar
k-ey
ed ju
nco
(Jun
co h
yem
alis
)X
RW
R-
--
TX
--
XR
XB
-S
now
bun
ting
(Ple
ctro
phen
ax n
ival
is)
--
--
--
-W
--
N/A
--
-N
/AN
/AR
ose-
brea
sted
gro
sbea
k (P
heuc
ticus
ludo
vici
anus
)-
--
--
--
T-
--
--
--
-B
lack
-hea
ded
gros
beak
(P
heuc
ticus
mel
anoc
epha
lus )
XB
BB
B-
BB
XB
--
B-
BB
Blu
e gr
osbe
ak (
Gui
raca
cae
rule
a )-
--
--
--
R-
--
-B
--
-La
zuli
bunt
ing
(Pas
serin
a am
oena
)X
BB
BB
--
BX
B-
--
--
BW
este
rn m
eado
wla
rk (
Stu
rnel
la n
egle
cta )
XR
-T
TX
-B
-R
--
--
--
Bre
wer
’s b
lack
bird
(E
upha
gus
cyan
ocep
halu
s )-
TB
--
X-
B-
--
--
--
-B
row
n-he
aded
cow
bird
(M
olot
hrus
ate
r )-
-B
-B
X-
B-
--
XB
X-
BB
ullo
ck’s
orio
le (
Icte
rus
bullo
ckii )
--
-B
B-
-B
-B
-X
--
--
Sco
tt’s
orio
le (
Icte
rus
paris
orum
)-
--
--
--
B-
--
--
--
BB
lack
ros
y-fin
ch (
Leuc
ostic
te a
trata
)-
WW
-W
--
W-
--
--
--
-P
ine
gros
beak
(P
inic
ola
enuc
leat
or)
-W
--
--
-W
--
--
--
W-
Cas
sin’
s fin
ch (
Car
poda
cus
cass
inii )
X-
--
--
-B
--
--
--
BB
Hou
se fi
nch
(Car
poda
cus
mex
ican
us)
XR
RR
TX
-B
-R
--
-X
--
Red
cro
ssbi
ll (L
oxia
cur
viro
stra
)-
--
--
--
--
--
-R
-R
-C
omm
on r
edpo
ll (C
ardu
elis
flam
mea
)-
--
--
-N
/AW
--
N/A
-N
/A-
N/A
N/A
Pin
e si
skin
(C
ardu
elis
pin
us)
XR
RW
BX
R-
XR
-X
R-
RB
Less
er g
oldf
inch
(C
ardu
elis
psa
ltria
)X
-B
--
--
R-
R-
-B
--
-A
mer
ican
gol
dfin
ch (
Car
duel
is tr
istis
)X
RR
RT
X-
--
R-
--
--
-
(con
.)
Ap
pen
dix
A (
Con
.)
Po
nd
ero
sa p
ine/
Mix
ed c
on
ifer
/S
ub
mo
nta
ne
gam
bel
oak
gam
bel
oak
Gam
bel
oak
wo
od
lan
dsh
rub
fore
stfo
rest
N.C
.W
.N
.C.
N.C
.N
.W
.N
.C.
W.
N.
S.E
.U
TC
ON
MU
TU
TU
TA
ZC
ON
MC
OA
ZA
ZS
pec
iesa
Ab
BC
DE
FG
cH
IJ
KF
Gc
FK
Ld
![Page 23: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 19
Eve
ning
gro
sbea
k ( C
occo
thra
uste
s ve
sper
tinus
)X
WT
--
--
WX
W-
--
-T
-H
ouse
spa
rrow
(P
asse
r dom
estic
us)g
--
--
T-
-B
--
--
--
--
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
spe
cies
:53
104
6649
6762
2014
049
786
4050
3764
N/A
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
res
iden
ts:
N/A
2711
156
N/A
816
N/A
362
N/A
21N
/A30
N/A
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
bre
edin
g m
igra
nts:
N/A
3620
2318
N/A
1280
N/A
352
N/A
29N
/A25
45T
otal
num
ber
of w
inte
r m
igra
nts:
N/A
138
55
N/A
N/A
24N
/A5
1N
/AN
/AN
/A3
N/A
Tot
al n
umbe
r of
loca
l/mig
ratio
nal t
rans
ient
s: N
/A28
276
38N
/AN
/A20
N/A
21
N/A
N/A
N/A
6N
/A
a Com
mon
and
sci
entif
ic n
ames
, as
wel
l as
orde
r in
whi
ch s
peci
es a
re p
rese
nted
, fol
low
Am
eric
an O
rnith
olog
ists
’ Uni
on (
1998
).b C
olum
n he
adin
gs in
dica
te s
ourc
e: A
= F
rost
(19
47),
B =
Hay
war
d (1
948)
, C =
Ber
rett
(195
8), D
= P
erry
(19
73),
E =
Mar
ti (1
977)
, F =
Ste
inho
ff (1
978)
, G =
Tat
schl
(19
67),
H =
Wal
ters
(19
81),
I =
Woo
dbur
y an
d C
otta
m (
1962
), J
= B
ehle
and
Per
ry (
1975
), K
= L
aRue
(19
94),
L =
Blo
ck a
nd o
ther
s (1
992)
.c A
utho
r re
port
s br
eedi
ng b
irds
only
.d A
utho
r re
port
s su
mm
er r
esid
ents
onl
y.e S
peci
es is
pre
sent
yea
r ro
und,
but
indi
vidu
al b
irds
mig
rate
latit
udin
ally
, suc
h th
at b
reed
ing
bird
s ar
e re
plac
ed b
y m
igra
nts
from
fart
her
nort
h du
ring
win
ter.
f Spe
cies
is a
ltitu
dina
l mig
rant
.g S
peci
es is
intr
oduc
ed.
Ap
pen
dix
A (
Con
.)
Po
nd
ero
sa p
ine/
Mix
ed c
on
ifer
/S
ub
mo
nta
ne
gam
bel
oak
gam
bel
oak
Gam
bel
oak
wo
od
lan
dsh
rub
fore
stfo
rest
N.C
.W
.N
.C.
N.C
.N
.W
.N
.C.
W.
N.
S.E
.U
TC
ON
MU
TU
TU
TA
ZC
ON
MC
OA
ZA
ZS
pec
iesa
Ab
BC
DE
FG
cH
IJ
KF
Gc
FK
Ld
![Page 24: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 200020
Appendix B–Life history traits (taken from Ehrlich and others 1988) of bird species reported fromthe gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) vegetation type in the western United States (occurrencedata from Hayward 1948, Woodbury and Cottam 1962, Tatschl 1967, Perry 1973, Behle and Perry1975, Marti 1977, Steinhoff 1978, Walters 1981, Block and others 1992).
Nesting guild Foraging guildNest Nest Foraging Foraging Food
Speciesa Activityb locationc typed layere methodf typeg
Herons and vultures (Ciconiiformes)Great blue heron D N/A N/A WAT SS PIBlack-crowned night-heron D N/A N/A WAT SS PITurkey vulture D CL - GR HS SC
Waterfowl (Anseriformes)Mallard D N/A N/A WAT DA GVNorthern pintail D N/A N/A WAT DA GVBufflehead D N/A N/A WAT SD INCommon goldeneye D N/A N/A WAT SD IN
Raptors (Falconiformes)Bald eagle D N/A N/A GR HS CANorthern harrier D GR PL GR LS CASharp-shinned hawk D TR PL AIR AP CACooper’s hawk D TR PL AIR AP CANorthern goshawk D TR PL AIR AP CASwainson’s hawk D TR PL GR HS CARed-tailed hawk D TR PL GR HS CAFerruginous hawk D TR PL GR HP CARough-legged hawk D N/A N/A GR HP CAGolden eagle D CL PL GR HS CAAmerican kestrel D SN CA GR HP IN/CAMerlin D N/A N/A AIR AP CAPeregrine falcon D N/A N/A AIR AP CAPrairie falcon D CL SC AIR AP CA
Gallinaceous birds (Galliformes)Chukar D GR SC GR GG GVGray partridge D GR SC GR GG GVRing-necked pheasant D GR SC GR GG OMRuffed grouse D GR SC GR GG OMSage grouse D GR SC GR/SH/TR GG/FG IN/FOBlue grouse D GR SC GR/SH/TR GG/FG IN/FOCalifornia quail D GR SC GR GG GV
Shorebirds (Charadriiformes)Spotted sandpiper D GR SC GR GG INFranklin’s gull D N/A N/A GR GG INRing-billed gull D GR SA GR GG OMCalifornia gull D N/A N/A WAT LD IN
Pigeons and doves (Columbiformes)Rock dove D CL SA GR GG GVBand-tailed pigeon D TR PL SH/TR FG GV/FRMourning dove D SH/TR SA GR GG GV
(con.)
![Page 25: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 21
Owls (Strigiformes)Barn owl N SN CA GR LS CAFlammulated owl N SN CA AIR HA INWestern screech-owl N SN CA GR SW CAGreat horned owl N TR - GR SW CANorthern pygmy-owl N SN CA GR SW CABurrowing owl D/N GR BU GR SW IN/CALong-eared owl N TR - GR LS CAShort-eared owl N GR SC GR LS CANorthern saw-whet owl N SN CA GR SW CA
Nightjars (Caprimulgiformes)Common nighthawk D/N GR - AIR AF INCommon poorwill N GR - AIR AF IN
Swifts and hummingbirds (Apodiformes)White-throated swift D CL CR AIR AF INBlack-chinned hummingbird D SH/TR CU HERB HG NECalliope hummingbird D SH/TR CU HERB HG NEBroad-tailed hummingbird D SH/TR CU HERB HG NERufous hummingbird D VN/TR CU HERB HG NE
Kingfishers (Coraciiformes)Belted kingfisher D BA BU WAT HD PI
Woodpeckers (Piciformes)Lewis’ woodpecker D TR/SN CA AIR/GR HA/GG IN/GVWilliamson’s sapsucker D TR CA TR BG INRed-naped sapsucker D TR CA TR BG INDowny woodpecker D SN CA TR BG INHairy woodpecker D TR CA TR BG INNorthern flicker D SN CA GR/TR GG/BG IN
Songbirds and passerines (Passeriformes)Olive-sided flycatcher D TR CU AIR HA INGreater pewee D TR CU AIR HA INWestern wood-pewee D TR CU AIR HA INWillow flycatcher D SH CU AIR HA INHammond’s flycatcher D TR CU AIR HA INGray flycatcher D SH CU AIR HA INDusky flycatcher D SH CU AIR HA INCordilleran flycatcher D TR CU AIR HA INSay’s phoebe D CL CU AIR HA INDusky-capped flycatcher D TR CU AIR HA INAsh-throated flycatcher D TR CA SH/TR HG INSulphur-bellied flycatcher D TR CA AIR HA INCassin’s kingbird D N/A N/A AIR HA INWestern kingbird D TR CU AIR HA INEastern kingbird D TR CU AIR HA INLoggerhead shrike D TR CU GR SW IN/CANorthern shrike D N/A N/A GR SW CA
Appendix B (Con.)
Nesting guild Foraging guildNest Nest Foraging Foraging Food
Speciesa Activityb locationc typed layere methodf typeg
(con.)
![Page 26: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 200022
Appendix B (Con.)
Nesting guild Foraging guildNest Nest Foraging Foraging Food
Speciesa Activityb locationc typed layere methodf typeg
(con.)
Bell’s vireo D SH CU SH/TR FG INPlumbeous vireo D TR CU SH/TR FG INHutton’s vireo D TR CU SH/TR FG INWarbling vireo D SH/TR CU SH/TR FG INRed-eyed vireo D N/A N/A SH/TR HG INSteller’s jay D SH/TR CU GR GG OMBlue jay D N/A N/A GR GG OMWestern scrub-jay D SH/TR CU GR GG OMPinyon jay D N/A N/A GR GG OMClark’s nutcracker D N/A N/A SH/TR FG OMBlack-billed magpie D SH/TR SP GR GG OMAmerican crow D TR CU GR GG OMCommon raven D CL CU GR GG OMHorned lark D GR SA GR GG GVTree swallow D N/A N/A AIR AF INViolet-green swallow D SN CA AIR AF INN. rough-winged swallow D BA BU AIR AF INBank swallow D BA BU AIR AF INCliff swallow D VF SP AIR AF INBarn swallow D VF CU AIR AF INBlack-capped chickadee D TR CA SH/TR FG INMountain chickadee D TR CA SH/TR FG INJuniper titmouse D TR CA SH/TR FG INBushtit D TR PN SH/TR FG INRed-breasted nuthatch D TR CA SH/TR BG INWhite-breasted nuthatch D TR CA TR BG INPygmy nuthatch D TR CA TR BG INBrown creeper D TR CA TR BG INRock wren D GR CR GR GG INCanyon wren D CL CR GR GG INBewick’s wren D TR CA GR GG INHouse wren D TR CA GR GG INWinter wren D N/A N/A GR GG INGolden-crowned kinglet D N/A N/A SH/TR FG INRuby-crowned kinglet D TR PN SH/TR FG INBlue-gray gnatcatcher D TR CU SH/TR FG INWestern bluebird D SN CA AIR HA INMountain bluebird D SN CA GR SW INTownsend’s solitaire D GR CU AIR HA INVeery D GR CU GR GG INHermit thrush D SH/TR CU GR GG INAmerican robin D SH/TR CU GR/SH/TR GG/FG IN/FRGray catbird D SH CU GR/SH/TR GG/FG INNorthern mockingbird D SH CU GR/SH/TR GG/FG IN/FRSage thrasher D N/A N/A GR GG OMEuropean starling D TR CA GR GG INBohemian waxwing D N/A N/A SH/TR FG FRCedar waxwing D N/A N/A SH/TR FG FROlive warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INTennessee warbler D GR CU SH/TR FG INOrange-crowned warbler D GR/SH CU SH/TR FG IN
![Page 27: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 23
Nashville warbler D N/A N/A SH/TR FG INVirginia’s warbler D GR CU SH/TR FG INYellow warbler D SH CU SH/TR FG INYellow-rumped warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INYellow-rumped warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INBlack-throated gray warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INHermit warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INGrace’s warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INAmerican redstart D TR CU SH/TR HG INNorthern waterthrush D N/A N/A WAT/GR GG INMacGillivray’s warbler D SH CU SH/TR FG INWilson’s warbler D GR CU SH/TR FG INRed-faced warbler D GR CU SH/TR FG INPainted redstart D GR CU SH/TR FG INYellow-breasted chat D SH CU SH/TR FG INHepatic tanager D TR SA SH/TR FG INWestern tanager D TR CU SH/TR FG INGreen-tailed towhee D GR/SH CU GR GG IN/OMSpotted towhee D GR/SH CU GR GG IN/OMRufous-crowned sparrow D GR CU GR GG INAmerican Tree sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG GVChipping sparrow D SH/TR CU GR GG IN/GVClay-colored sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG IN/GVBrewer’s sparrow D SH CU GR GG IN/GVVesper sparrow D GR CU GR GG IN/GVLark sparrow D GR/SH CU GR GG GV/INBlack-throated sparrow D SH CU GR GG IN/GVSage sparrow D SH CU GR GG IN/GVSavannah sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG IN/GVFox sparrow D GR/SH CU GR GG IN/GVSong sparrow D GR/SH CU GR GG IN/GVLincoln’s sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG IN/GVWhite-throated sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG GVHarris’s sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG GVWhite-crowned sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG GVGolden-crowned sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG GVDark-eyed junco D GR CU GR GG GVSnow bunting D N/A N/A GR GG INRose-breasted grosbeak D N/A N/A SH/TR FG INBlack-headed grosbeak D SH/TR CU SH/TR FG INBlue grosbeak D SH CU GR GG INLazuli bunting D SH CU GR GG INWestern meadowlark D GR CU GR GG IN/GVBrewer’s blackbird D SH/TR CU GR GG INBrown-headed cowbird D SH/TR CU GR GG INBullock’s oriole D TR PN SH/TR FG INScott’s oriole D TR PN SH/TR FG INBlack rosy-finch D N/A N/A GR GG GVPine grosbeak D N/A N/A HERB/SH/TR FG GVCassin’s finch D TR CU GR GG GVHouse finch D SH/TR CU GR GG GVRed crossbill D TR CU SH/TR FG GV
Appendix B (Con.)
Nesting guild Foraging guildNest Nest Foraging Foraging Food
Speciesa Activityb locationc typed layere methodf typeg
(con.)
![Page 28: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 200024
Appendix B (Con.)
Nesting guild Foraging guildNest Nest Foraging Foraging Food
Speciesa Activityb locationc typed layere methodf typeg
Common redpoll D N/A N/A HERB/SH FG GVPine siskin D TR SA HERB/SH/TR FG GVLesser goldfinch D SH/TR CU HERB/SH/TR FG GVAmerican goldfinch D SH CU HERB/SH/TR FG GVEvening grosbeak D N/A N/A GR/SH/TR GG/FG GV/FOHouse sparrow D TR CA GR GG GV
a Common and scientific names, and order in which species are presented, follow American Ornithologists’ Union (1998).b D = diurnal, N = nocturnal.c BA = bank, CL = cliff, GR = ground, SH = shrub, SN = snag, TR = tree, VF = vertical face, VN = vine, N/A = species does not nest in gambel
oak habitat.d BU = burrow, CA = cavity, CR = crevice, CU = cup, PL = platform, PN = pendant, SA = saucer, SC = scrape, SP = sphere, - = species does
not build nest, N/A = species does not nest in gambel oak habitat.e AIR = air, GR = ground, HERB = herbaceous vegetation, SH = shrub, TR = tree, WAT = water.f AF = aerial feed, AP = aerial pursuit, BG = bark glean, DA = dabble, FG = foliage glean, GG = ground glean, HA = hawk, HD = high
dive, HG = hover and glean, HP = hover and pounce, HS = high soar, LD = low dive, LS = low soar, SD = surface dive, SS = stalk and strike,SW = swoop.
g CA = carnivore (excl. fish, invertebrates), FO = folivore, FR = frugivore, GV = granivore, IN = insectivore (incl. other invertebrates), NE =nectarivore, OM = omnivore, PI = piscivore, SC = scavenger.
![Page 29: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 25
(con
.)
Ap
pen
dix
C–P
op
ula
tio
n t
ren
ds
(DeG
raaf
an
d R
app
ole
199
5) a
nd
Par
tner
s in
Flig
ht
(PIF
) co
nce
rn s
core
s o
f b
ird
sp
ecie
sre
po
rted
fro
m t
he
gam
bel
oak
(Q
uer
cus
gam
bel
ii N
utt
.) v
eget
atio
n t
ype
in t
he
Wes
tern
Un
ited
Sta
tes
(occ
urr
ence
dat
a fr
om
Hay
war
d 1
948,
Wo
od
bu
ry a
nd
Co
ttam
196
2, T
atsc
hl 1
967,
Per
ry 1
973,
Beh
le a
nd
Per
ry 1
975,
Mar
ti 1
977,
Ste
inh
off
197
8,W
alte
rs 1
981,
an
d B
lock
an
d o
ther
s 19
92)a . P
op
ula
tio
n t
ren
db
Gam
bel
oak
ran
ged
Wes
tern
N. A
mer
icae
PIF
sco
re b
y st
atef
PIF
sco
re b
y p
hys
iog
rap
hic
reg
ion
g
Sp
ecie
sc19
66-1
994
1980
-199
419
66-1
994
1980
-199
4A
Zh
CO
hN
Mh
UT
i62
h69
h80
h84
h87
h
Her
on
s an
d v
ult
ure
s (C
ico
niif
orm
es)
Gre
at b
lue
hero
n-
--
-13
1214
1712
-14
1413
Bla
ck-c
row
ned
nigh
t-he
ron
--
--
1413
1416
14-
1514
14T
urke
y vu
lture
--
-I
1212
1112
1212
1013
13
Wat
erfo
wl (
An
seri
form
es)
Mal
lard
--
--
1211
10-
11-
1113
11N
orth
ern
pint
ail
--
DD
1213
14-
13-
1413
13B
uffle
head
--
--
-17
--
17-
--
-C
omm
on g
olde
neye
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
Rap
tors
(F
alco
nif
orm
es)
Bal
d ea
gle
--
--
1918
-20
--
1818
18N
orth
ern
harr
ier
--
--
1720
1718
17-
19-
17S
harp
-shi
nned
haw
k-
-I
-17
1516
1515
-17
1616
Coo
per’s
haw
k-
--
-18
1518
1815
-17
1816
Nor
ther
n go
shaw
k-
--
-19
1719
2117
-19
2018
Sw
ains
on’s
haw
k-
-I
-22
2221
1721
2019
2121
Red
-tai
led
haw
kI
-I
I12
1112
1313
1312
1412
Fer
rugi
nous
haw
k-
-I
-22
2422
2321
-23
2122
Rou
gh-le
gged
haw
k-
--
--
--
--
--
--
Gol
den
eagl
e-
--
-18
1717
1616
1917
1418
Am
eric
an k
estr
el-
D-
D15
1714
1315
1313
1315
Mer
lin-
--
--
13-
18-
-16
--
Per
egrin
e fa
lcon
--
--
1919
1921
19-
1917
18P
rairi
e fa
lcon
--
D-
2220
2321
2021
2419
20
Gal
linac
eou
s b
ird
s (G
allif
orm
es)
Chu
kar
--
--
1010
1117
10-
11-
10G
ray
part
ridge
--
--
N/A
N/A
N/A
17-
-10
--
Rin
g-ne
cked
phe
asan
t-
--
-10
1411
18-
-13
-11
Ruf
fed
grou
se-
--
-N
/A15
N/A
21-
-17
--
Sag
e gr
ouse
--
--
N/A
2524
25-
-25
--
Blu
e gr
ouse
--
--
2120
2121
20-
2020
20C
alifo
rnia
qua
il-
--
-N
/AN
/AN
/A18
--
21-
-
![Page 30: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 200026
Ap
pen
dix
C (
Con
.)
Po
pu
lati
on
tre
nd
b
Gam
bel
oak
ran
ged
Wes
tern
N. A
mer
icae
PIF
sco
re b
y st
atef
PIF
sco
re b
y p
hys
iog
rap
hic
reg
ion
g
Sp
ecie
sc19
66-1
994
1980
-199
419
66-1
994
1980
-199
4A
Zh
CO
hN
Mh
UT
i62
h69
h80
h84
h87
h
(con
.)
Sh
ore
bir
ds
(Ch
arad
riif
orm
es)
Spo
tted
sand
pipe
r-
--
-13
1312
1513
-12
-12
Fra
nklin
’s g
ull
--
--
--
-22
--
24-
-R
ing-
bille
d gu
ll-
--
I-
--
15-
-13
--
Cal
iforn
ia g
ull
--
--
-17
N/A
15-
-19
--
Pig
eon
s an
d d
ove
s (C
olu
mb
ifo
rmes
)R
ock
dove
--
--
1111
1111
12-
910
10B
and-
taile
d pi
geon
--
DD
2019
1918
19-
-20
20M
ourn
ing
dove
--
DD
1211
149
1311
1012
12
Ow
ls (
Str
igif
orm
es)
Bar
n ow
l-
--
-18
1617
16-
-18
1615
Fla
mm
ulat
ed o
wl
--
--
2221
2219
22-
2223
21W
este
rn s
cree
ch-o
wl
--
--
1817
1822
15-
1818
17G
reat
hor
ned
owl
--
--
1311
1312
1313
1114
13N
orth
ern
pygm
y-ow
l-
--
-18
1717
2117
-19
1717
Bur
row
ing
owl
--
II
1822
1919
--
1717
19Lo
ng-e
ared
ow
l-
--
-16
1616
1516
-16
1717
Sho
rt-e
ared
ow
l-
-D
--
20-
1918
-22
-19
Nor
ther
n sa
w-w
het o
wl
--
--
1515
1516
15-
1516
15
Nig
htj
ars
(Cap
rim
ulg
ifo
rmes
)C
omm
on n
ight
haw
k-
D-
-17
1419
1513
1515
1618
Com
mon
poo
rwill
--
--
2120
2020
1919
1919
21
Sw
ifts
an
d h
um
min
gb
ird
s (A
po
dif
orm
es)
Whi
te-t
hroa
ted
swift
--
--
1718
1719
18-
1618
20B
lack
-chi
nned
hum
min
gbird
-I
--
2123
2220
--
2122
23C
allio
pe h
umm
ingb
ird-
--
--
--
22-
2122
--
Bro
ad-t
aile
d hu
mm
ingb
ird-
--
I20
2021
2320
-20
2219
Ruf
ous
hum
min
gbird
--
D-
--
--
--
20-
-
Kin
gfi
sher
s (C
ora
ciif
orm
es)
Bel
ted
king
fishe
r-
--
-15
1414
1515
1515
1515
Wo
od
pec
kers
(P
icif
orm
es)
Lew
is’ w
oodp
ecke
r-
--
-24
2223
2823
2422
2322
Will
iam
son’
s sa
psuc
ker
--
--
2122
2222
23-
2222
21
![Page 31: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 27
Ap
pen
dix
C (
Con
.)
Po
pu
lati
on
tre
nd
b
Gam
bel
oak
ran
ged
Wes
tern
N. A
mer
icae
PIF
sco
re b
y st
atef
PIF
sco
re b
y p
hys
iog
rap
hic
reg
ion
g
Sp
ecie
sc19
66-1
994
1980
-199
419
66-1
994
1980
-199
4A
Zh
CO
hN
Mh
UT
i62
h69
h80
h84
h87
h
(con
.)
Red
-nap
ed s
apsu
cker
--
--
2121
2121
21-
2122
21D
owny
woo
dpec
ker
--
--
1313
1414
13-
1415
14H
airy
woo
dpec
ker
--
--
1715
1514
15-
1417
16N
orth
ern
flick
er-
--
-13
1213
1314
1414
1412
So
ng
bir
ds
and
pas
seri
nes
(P
asse
rifo
rmes
)O
live-
side
d fly
catc
her
--
DD
1919
1722
17-
1819
18G
reat
er p
ewee
--
--
22N
/A23
N/A
--
-22
-W
este
rn w
ood-
pew
eeD
-D
-19
1719
1917
1615
1819
Will
ow fl
ycat
cher
--
--
2318
1820
18-
1821
20H
amm
ond’
s fly
catc
her
--
--
2019
2122
20-
21-
20G
ray
flyca
tche
rI
-I
I23
2021
23-
2222
2323
Dus
ky fl
ycat
cher
--
--
2120
2021
1922
1921
21C
ordi
llera
n fly
catc
her
--
--
2121
2023
21-
2021
21S
ay’s
pho
ebe
--
--
1717
1816
17-
1619
18D
usky
-cap
ped
flyca
tche
r-
--
-14
-15
N/A
--
--
-A
sh-t
hroa
ted
flyca
tche
r-
-I
-17
1617
1715
1615
1917
Sul
phur
-bel
lied
flyca
tche
r-
--
-19
N/A
N/A
N/A
--
--
-C
assi
n’s
king
bird
--
--
2520
2321
19-
-24
22W
este
rn k
ingb
ird-
--
-17
1617
18-
-17
1819
Eas
tern
kin
gbird
--
--
-14
1418
--
14-
-Lo
gger
head
shr
ike
DD
D-
1716
2220
1718
2018
19N
orth
ern
shrik
e-
--
--
--
--
--
--
Bel
l’s v
ireo
--
--
2523
2325
--
-23
22P
lum
beou
s vi
reo
-I
II
1920
2021
20-
1919
18H
utto
n’s
vire
o-
--
-20
N/A
20N
/A-
--
20-
War
blin
g vi
reo
--
II
1718
2016
18-
1618
17R
ed-e
yed
vire
o-
--
D-
13N
/A-
13-
--
-S
telle
r’s ja
y-
--
-16
1517
1715
-14
1617
Blu
e ja
y-
--
--
1213
--
--
-12
Wes
tern
scr
ub-ja
y-
--
-18
1917
1818
1716
1819
Pin
yon
jay
--
--
2018
1921
1921
2220
21C
lark
’s n
utcr
acke
r-
--
-17
1618
1916
1917
1817
Bla
ck-b
illed
mag
pie
--
--
1517
1717
1716
17-
15A
mer
ican
cro
w-
--
-10
1110
119
1010
1210
Com
mon
rav
en-
--
-10
1012
1110
1212
1112
Hor
ned
lark
D-
DD
1412
169
10-
1112
14T
ree
swal
low
--
--
1515
1415
15-
1615
15V
iole
t-gr
een
swal
low
DD
--
1819
2118
1918
1620
18N
orth
ern
roug
h-w
inge
d sw
allo
w-
--
-17
1516
1515
1617
1617
![Page 32: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 200028
Ban
k sw
allo
w-
--
--
1314
1713
1413
-14
Clif
f sw
allo
w-
II
-11
1112
1411
1312
1313
Bar
n sw
allo
w-
--
D12
1110
1212
1213
1212
Bla
ck-c
appe
d ch
icka
dee
--
--
-12
1415
1214
13-
15M
ount
ain
chic
kade
e-
--
-17
1515
2016
1816
1817
Juni
per
titm
ouse
--
--
2020
2121
-19
1921
22B
usht
it-
--
-15
1616
18-
1515
1716
Red
-bre
aste
d nu
that
ch-
--
-13
1314
1214
-13
1414
Whi
te-b
reas
ted
nuth
atch
--
--
1413
1514
13-
1416
14P
ygm
y nu
that
ch-
--
-21
1920
2119
--
2119
Bro
wn
cree
per
--
--
1515
1617
15-
1616
15R
ock
wre
n-
--
-19
1617
1815
1616
1616
Can
yon
wre
n-
--
-19
1717
1917
1918
1718
Bew
ick’
s w
ren
I-
-D
1816
1718
1618
1719
16H
ouse
wre
n-
-I
I11
1313
1313
-10
1413
Win
ter
wre
n-
--
--
--
--
--
--
Gol
den-
crow
ned
king
let
--
D-
1616
1719
16-
1517
16R
uby-
crow
ned
king
let
--
--
1516
1515
1616
1416
15B
lue-
gray
gna
tcat
cher
--
--
1615
1517
1516
1516
14W
este
rn b
lueb
ird-
--
-23
1919
1917
19-
2320
Mou
ntai
n bl
uebi
rd-
--
-21
1721
2018
1818
1919
Tow
nsen
d’s
solit
aire
--
--
1817
1821
1719
1718
16V
eery
--
--
1617
1821
17-
1917
18H
erm
it th
rush
--
--
1615
1817
1615
1517
16A
mer
ican
rob
in-
--
-10
1110
1011
1210
1111
Gra
y ca
tbird
--
--
1615
1620
15-
1617
14N
orth
ern
moc
king
bird
--
--
1113
1213
11-
811
12S
age
thra
sher
--
--
1817
1820
18-
20-
18E
urop
ean
star
ling
--
--
1010
910
1010
1011
10B
ohem
ian
wax
win
g-
--
--
--
--
--
--
Ced
ar w
axw
ing
--
--
-13
-17
1313
13-
-O
live
war
bler
--
--
22N
/A23
N/A
--
--
-T
enne
ssee
war
bler
--
-D
--
N/A
--
--
--
Ora
nge-
crow
ned
war
bler
-I
--
1313
1417
12-
1414
14N
ashv
ille
war
bler
--
--
--
--
--
--
-V
irgin
ia’s
war
bler
-I
I-
2624
2526
2324
2326
22Y
ello
w w
arbl
er-
I-
-14
1212
1314
-13
1314
Yel
low
-rum
ped
war
bler
-D
--
1314
1218
14-
1215
14B
lack
-thr
oate
d gr
ay w
arbl
er-
--
-22
2122
2320
2221
2321
Ap
pen
dix
C (
Con
.)
Po
pu
lati
on
tre
nd
b
Gam
bel
oak
ran
ged
Wes
tern
N. A
mer
icae
PIF
sco
re b
y st
atef
PIF
sco
re b
y p
hys
iog
rap
hic
reg
ion
g
Sp
ecie
sc19
66-1
994
1980
-199
419
66-1
994
1980
-199
4A
Zh
CO
hN
Mh
UT
i62
h69
h80
h84
h87
h
(con
.)
![Page 33: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 29
Ap
pen
dix
C (
Con
.)
Po
pu
lati
on
tre
nd
b
Gam
bel
oak
ran
ged
Wes
tern
N. A
mer
icae
PIF
sco
re b
y st
atef
PIF
sco
re b
y p
hys
iog
rap
hic
reg
ion
g
Sp
ecie
sc19
66-1
994
1980
-199
419
66-1
994
1980
-199
4A
Zh
CO
hN
Mh
UT
i62
h69
h80
h84
h87
h
(con
.)
Her
mit
war
bler
--
--
--
--
--
--
-G
race
’s w
arbl
er-
--
-22
2222
2123
--
2422
Am
eric
an r
edst
art
--
--
1414
-18
14-
1315
13N
orth
ern
wat
erth
rush
--
--
-13
--
--
--
-M
acG
illiv
ray’
s w
arbl
erD
--
-19
2019
1820
-18
1919
Wils
on’s
war
bler
--
--
-17
1617
19-
17-
-R
ed-f
aced
war
bler
--
--
28N
/A26
N/A
--
-27
25P
aint
ed r
edst
art
--
--
23-
22N
/A-
--
23-
Yel
low
-bre
aste
d ch
at-
--
I17
1616
1815
-16
1716
Hep
atic
tana
ger
--
--
1814
16N
/A15
--
1815
Wes
tern
tana
ger
--
-I
1720
1716
17-
1718
16G
reen
-tai
led
tow
hee
--
--
1919
2020
1919
1819
20S
potte
d to
whe
e-
--
I16
1717
1616
1515
1817
Ruf
ous-
crow
ned
spar
row
--
I-
2219
2121
--
-22
19A
mer
ican
Tre
e sp
arro
w-
--
--
--
--
--
--
Chi
ppin
g sp
arro
wD
-D
-13
1616
1416
-13
1516
Cla
y-co
lore
d sp
arro
w-
-D
--
--
--
--
--
Bre
wer
’s s
parr
ow-
-D
D18
1917
2319
-20
-15
Ves
per
spar
row
-D
-I
1515
1513
14-
1615
17La
rk s
parr
ow-
--
-18
1817
1917
1715
1816
Bla
ck-t
hroa
ted
spar
row
--
--
1916
1720
--
1616
18S
age
spar
row
--
--
2120
2120
20-
23-
20S
avan
nah
spar
row
D-
I-
1314
1315
14-
1214
13F
ox s
parr
ow-
--
--
15-
1715
-15
-14
Son
g sp
arro
w-
--
-13
1112
1311
-13
1312
Linc
oln’
s sp
arro
w-
-I
-14
1715
1517
-16
1615
Whi
te-t
hroa
ted
spar
row
--
--
--
--
--
--
-H
arris
’s s
parr
ow-
--
--
--
--
--
--
Whi
te-c
row
ned
spar
row
--
D-
1214
1313
14-
1211
12G
olde
n-cr
owne
d sp
arro
w-
--
--
--
--
--
--
Dar
k-ey
ed ju
nco
--
--
1213
1311
13-
1213
14S
now
bun
ting
--
--
N/A
--
--
--
--
Ros
e-br
east
ed g
rosb
eak
--
I-
-17
--
--
--
-B
lack
-hea
ded
gros
beak
--
--
1917
1919
18-
1921
20B
lue
gros
beak
I-
II
1516
1521
--
1616
15La
zuli
bunt
ing
--
--
1819
1819
2021
1918
18W
este
rn m
eado
wla
rk-
-D
D14
1515
1614
-15
1516
Bre
wer
’s b
lack
bird
DD
DD
1113
1215
13-
1413
13B
row
n-he
aded
cow
bird
--
--
139
810
912
1012
10B
ullo
ck’s
orio
le-
-I
-16
1819
1916
-19
1818
![Page 34: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 200030
Ap
pen
dix
C (
Con
.)
Po
pu
lati
on
tre
nd
b
Gam
bel
oak
ran
ged
Wes
tern
N. A
mer
icae
PIF
sco
re b
y st
atef
PIF
sco
re b
y p
hys
iog
rap
hic
reg
ion
g
Sp
ecie
sc19
66-1
994
1980
-199
419
66-1
994
1980
-199
4A
Zh
CO
hN
Mh
UT
i62
h69
h80
h84
h87
h
Sco
tt’s
orio
le-
--
-22
2021
21-
2021
2221
Bla
ck r
osy-
finch
--
--
--
-25
--
23-
-P
ine
gros
beak
--
--
1516
1618
16-
-15
16C
assi
n’s
finch
--
--
1818
1818
18-
1618
18H
ouse
finc
h-
--
-12
1014
109
-10
1211
Red
cro
ssbi
ll-
--
-15
1615
1518
-16
1616
Com
mon
red
poll
--
--
N/A
-N
/A-
--
--
-P
ine
sisk
in-
--
-12
1512
1215
-11
1413
Less
er g
oldf
inch
--
D-
1515
1617
15-
1516
15A
mer
ican
gol
dfin
ch-
--
-11
1213
1412
-13
1213
Eve
ning
gro
sbea
k-
--
-14
1413
1613
-14
1414
Hou
se s
parr
ow-
--
-10
128
99
1010
119
a PIF
ass
igns
spe
cies
con
cern
sco
res
usin
g a
geog
raph
ical
ly b
ased
prio
ritiz
atio
n sc
hem
e th
at c
an b
e de
fined
eith
er e
colo
gica
lly (
by p
hysi
ogra
phic
pro
vinc
e) o
r po
litic
ally
(by
sta
te).
Spe
cies
are
ass
igne
d a
rank
sco
re fr
om 1
(lo
w c
once
rn)
to 5
(hi
gh c
once
rn)
in s
even
crit
eria
that
ref
lect
a s
peci
es’ p
oten
tial t
o be
com
e ex
tirpa
ted:
glo
bal a
bund
ance
, glo
bal b
reed
ing
dist
ribut
ion,
glo
bal w
inte
ring
dist
ribut
ion,
thre
ats
to b
reed
ing
with
in s
tate
or
phys
iogr
aphi
c pr
ovin
ce, t
hrea
ts to
non
-bre
edin
g w
ithin
sta
te o
r ph
ysio
grap
hic
prov
ince
, sta
te o
rph
ysio
grap
hic
prov
ince
pop
ulat
ion
tren
d, a
nd a
rea
impo
rtan
ce (
abun
danc
e an
d di
strib
utio
n re
lativ
e to
glo
bal r
ange
). T
he c
umul
ativ
e co
ncer
n sc
ore,
whi
ch th
us r
ange
s fr
om 7
to 3
5, is
then
use
d to
ass
ign
a sp
ecie
s to
one
of f
ive
cons
erva
tion
prio
rity
cate
gorie
s: e
xtre
mel
y hi
gh (
30 to
35)
, ver
y hi
gh (
24 to
29)
, hig
h (1
9 to
23)
, mod
erat
e (1
3 to
18)
, and
low
(7
to 1
2).
Sco
res
are
site
-spe
cific
, tha
t is,
they
can
var
y fo
r a
give
n sp
ecie
s ac
ross
diff
eren
t sta
tes
or p
hysi
ogra
phic
are
as b
ased
on
loca
l con
ditio
ns (
Hun
ter
and
othe
rs 1
993)
.b S
peci
es in
clud
ed h
ave
show
n a
stat
istic
ally
sig
nific
ant (
p <
0.0
5) c
hang
e as
det
erm
ined
by
Bre
edin
g B
ird S
urve
y da
ta; D
= d
eclin
ing,
I =
incr
easi
ng, -
= tr
end
not s
igni
fican
t.c C
omm
on n
ames
and
ord
er in
whi
ch s
peci
es a
re p
rese
nted
follo
w A
mer
ican
Orn
ithol
ogis
ts’ U
nion
(19
98).
d Inc
lude
s th
e fo
llow
ing
phys
iogr
aphi
c re
gion
s: B
asin
and
Ran
ge, P
inyo
n-Ju
nipe
r W
oodl
ands
, and
Sou
ther
n R
ocki
es.
e Inc
lude
s U
.S. a
nd C
anad
a, fr
om th
e R
ocky
Mou
ntai
ns to
the
Pac
ific
Oce
an, e
xclu
ding
Ala
ska.
f - =
no
scor
e re
port
ed (
e.g.
, spe
cies
is w
inte
r m
igra
nt, v
agra
nt, o
r tr
ansi
ent)
; N/A
= s
peci
es d
oes
not o
ccur
in th
e re
spec
tive
stat
e, a
s de
term
ined
by
Ligo
n (1
961)
, Mon
son
and
Phi
llips
(19
81),
Beh
le a
nd o
ther
s (1
985)
, and
And
rew
s an
d R
ight
er (
1992
).g 6
2 =
Sou
ther
n R
ocky
Mou
ntai
ns, 6
9 =
Uta
h M
ount
ains
, 80
= B
asin
and
Ran
ge, 8
4 =
Mog
ollo
n R
im, 8
7 =
Col
orad
o P
late
au (
figur
e 4)
.h S
ourc
e: C
olor
ado
Bird
Obs
erva
tory
Dat
abas
e.i S
ourc
e: U
tah
Div
isio
n of
Wild
life
Res
ourc
es D
atab
ase.
![Page 35: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff (1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands, 40 species in ponderosa](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062506/5fb87201cd039c26a158b545/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all itsprograms and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion,age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or familial status.(Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities whorequire alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, largeprint, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600(voice and TDD).
To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington,DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportu-nity provider and employer.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATIONRMRS
The Rocky Mountain Research Station develops scientific informa-tion and technology to improve management, protection, and use ofthe forests and rangelands. Research is designed to meet the needsof National Forest managers, Federal and State agencies, public andprivate organizations, academic institutions, industry, and individuals.
Studies accelerate solutions to problems involving ecosystems,range, forests, water, recreation, fire, resource inventory, land recla-mation, community sustainability, forest engineering technology,multiple use economics, wildlife and fish habitat, and forest insectsand diseases. Studies are conducted cooperatively, and applicationsmay be found worldwide.
Research Locations
Flagstaff, Arizona Reno, NevadaFort Collins, Colorado* Albuquerque, New MexicoBoise, Idaho Rapid City, South DakotaMoscow, Idaho Logan, UtahBozeman, Montana Ogden, UtahMissoula, Montana Provo, UtahLincoln, Nebraska Laramie, Wyoming
*Station Headquarters, 240 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526