biowaste management in europe - waste.ccacoalition.org · scenarios for recycling organic waste min...

Biowaste Management in Europe Results of a Pre-feasibility report for a facility for organic waste

recycling in South Backa Waste Management District - Serbia

Marco Ricci - Jürgensen

Altereko sas on behalf Abt associates

About myself

• 20 years of experience in planning MSW management, designing and up¬grading of collection and transport schemes, assessing recycling facilities (focus on composting), planning comunication and participation initiatives, chairing multi-linguistic, multi-tasking working groups or projects.

• 15 year foreign working experience as consulting expert focusing on issues related to solid waste management. Extensive consultancy experience in the Solid Waste Sector – on Strategy and Policy, Fees&Taxes, Separate collection schemes - , both in ´advanced´ and ´low to middle income’ countries in Europe, Latin America and Asia.

• 10 years experience cooperating with international organisation/agencies (as ECN-European Compost Network, ACRR, EEA-European Environment Agency, Sweepnet-GIZ, SCOW).

About myself

About myself

CIC Italian Composting and Biogas Association Senior Expert

www.compost.it

ISWA International Solid Waste Association Chair of the Working Group on Biological Treatment of Waste

www.iswa.org

Ecomondo International Fair Ambassador

en.ecomondo.com

Activities (outside Italy)

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

Slovak Republic

UK

Spain

Tunisia/Sweep-Net

Brazil

Cambodia

Chile

Overview

• What is biowaste?

• Biological treatment options

• From City Assessment to Pre-feasibility investigations

• South Backa WMR – scenarios for biowaste recycling

• Feasibility assessment – OrganECS

• Economical drivers

What is biowaste?

• In Europe, biowaste is strictly defined

– Garden & park waste

– Food & kitchen waste

• Other wastes can also be treated through biological treatment = Biodegradable waste

– Animal manures

– Agricultural residues

– Sewage sludge

– Some paper, card and biodegradable plastics

Sources of biodegradable waste

Sources

Hotels

Factories

Markets

Homes Farms

Restaurants & cafes

Street sweepings

The workplan for SB-WMR

• to elaborate two scenarios for biowaste processing

• basic assessment - from the technical and economic point of view - of the suitability of different organic waste treatment option

• actions to promote the off-take of the products resulting from the recycling of organic waste

Ref Activity 3 - Task 1

Treatment approaches

10

Biodegradable Wastes

Quality products

for sale

Product

manufacturing

process

Stabilised biowaste for

landfill or incineration

Waste pre-

treatment

What is biological treatment?

Natural processes

• Treating biodegradable wastes – Using micro-organisms

– Natural processes

• To create products

• To pre-treat wastes before disposal

• Three main techniques – Overlap between them

3 main techniques

Composting

Mechanical Biological treatment

(MBT)

Anaerobic digestion

(AD)

Comparison of Composting and AD

12

Factor Composting AD

Plant capacity Scalable (small, medium, large)

Only Medium to Large

Tecnology and process Simple More complex

Need of working surface Higher Lower

Specific investment cost (i.e. €/t capacity)

Lower Higher (need of incentives)

Output (recycling) Solid product Liquid product

The choice of a specific technology for recycling organic waste

• will depend on the absolute amounts of OFMSW produced in a specific municipality or waste management region,

• on the relative availability of the two main “feedstock” of organic waste (i.e. FW and GW and others).

Investment cost for different tecnologies

Complexity of different recycling technologies for organic waste

Source – Altereko 2018

CCAC

City Assessment

Action Plan

Work Plan

Stakeholder Consultation

Actions & Decisions

Feasibility assessment: step by step

Assess the potential production

Quantify the amount to be collected

Decide how to collect

Consider prevention (HC)

Define the n° and size of facilities

South Backa WMR

decimals are separated

by Points

Total

population

Distance from

WMC (km)

Kg/capita

/day MSW (tpa)

Garden waste

(tpa)

Food waste

(tpa)

Rural

population (%)

Serbia 7164132

AP Vojvodina 1912095

Novi Sad 346163 0 1.07 135194 18075 40788 15%

Becej 36663 41 0.94 12579 2533 4139 37%

Beocin 15551 25 0.94 5336 713 1610 52%

Backa Palanka 54631 43 0.94 18744 4658 6127 50%

Backi Petrovac 13222 24 0.86 4150 838 1144 52%

Temerin 28244 13 0.94 9691 1952 3188 10%

Zabalj 25873 27 0.86 8122 1641 2239 64%

Srbobran 16073 28 0.94 5515 1114 1520 26%

Vrbas 41378 39 0.94 14197 2859 4671 42%

South Backa Waste

Management Region 577798 1.01 213527 34384 65426 26%

Transfert St 34% 66%

Large producers in Novi Sad

Key data for biowaste production

• 1100 tpa

• 730 commercial activities (Ho.re.Ca)

• 120 Schools (with canteens)

Scenarios for recycling organic waste – SBWMR

Min (low)

• Collection at large producers (HoReCa, Schools, Markets)

• Focus con GW

• Collection schemes for HH with low diversion of FW from disposal

• Collection schemes for FW only for limited areas/settlements (HH)

Max (high)

• Collection at large producers (HoReCa, Schools, Markets)

• Focus on FW and GW

• Collection schemes for HH with high diversion of FW from disposal

• Most HH connected to collection schemes for FW and for GW

Scenarios for recycling organic waste

Scenarios

Garden waste

(tpa)

Food waste

(tpa)

Organic

waste (tpa) Comments

Production 34384 65426 99810 For the whole Region

Potential Max 17798 33866 51663 -26% home composting, 70% SS

Potential Mid 12713 24190 36902 -26% home composting, 50% SS

Potential Min 5085 9676 14761 -26% home composting, 20% SS

Scenarios for recycling organic waste

Min (low)

• A Centralised facility, located at Novi Sad’s landfill Capacity 12000tpa

• A Decentralised facility, Capacity 1-2000tpa for Becej, Backa Palanka, Vrbas

• Home composting in rural areas

Max (high)

• A Centralised facility, located at Novi Sad’s landfill Capacity 52000tpa

• A transfer point for Becej, Backa Palanka, Vrbas 1-2 x 20’ container/each

• Home composting in rural areas

The type of recycling facilities to be assessed

Min Scenario Max Scenario

Composting (small scale) - with passive aeration 1000/2000tpa -

Composting (medium scale) - with or whithout forced aeration 12000tpa -

Composting (large scale) - with or whithout forced aeration - 50000tpa

Dry Anaerobic Digestion with post-composting - 50000tpa

Min Scenario Max Scenario

Composting (small scale) - with passive aeration 3,2/6,5tpd -

Composting (medium scale) - with or whithout forced aeration 39tpd -

Composting (large scale) - with or whithout forced aeration - 160tpd

Dry Anaerobic Digestion with post-composting - 160tpd

Treatment technologies

Feasibility assessment

• CAPEX and OPEX for each type of facility

• Range of Investment costs (Low/High)

• OrganECS_Excel tool (CCAC)

• Type of technology:

– Composting With Forced Aeration (WFA)

Without Forced Aeration (WOFA)

– AD (Dry) / post-Composting

OrganECS

• OrganECS Version 2

• aims to guide local decision-makers in having a first evaluation of different treatment options

• does not provides a detailed description and reference to the type of infrastructures included in the facility

needs expert support to be used

OrganECS: economic data & assumptions

• 15year life-span

• Labor cost

• Diesel and Electricity cost

• Cost for reject disposal

• Revenues for compost of 3,5 €/t

• Revenues for electricity 0,1 $/kWh, subsidized

Labor ( in Current Year) Notes

Manager/Engineer - Labor Cost 13.500,00 €/year

Operator - Labor Cost 8.500,00 €/year

Facility Operations ( in Current Year)

Process Water Purchase Price 1,10 €/m3 if AD option considered

Wastewater Treatment Cost (if AD applies) 0,34 €/m3 if AD option considered

Purchased Bulking Agent Cost (e.g., Wood Chips) - €/tonne

Energy Purchases ( in Current Year)

Electricity Purchase Price 0,07 €/kWh

Diesel Purchase Price 1,31 €/liter

Land ( in Current Year)

Purchase or Lease Land select

Land - Purchase Price - €/ha

Land - Lease Price - €/ha/year

Facility Operations ( in Current Year)

Avoided Landfill Disposal Fee 30,00 €/tonne currently 0 will be 30€/t

Sellable End Products ( in Current Year)

Market Price for Digestate Effluent (Liquid Digestate) - €/tonne

Market Price for Dewatered Digestate - €/tonne

Market Price for Compost 3,50 €/tonne

Market Price for Mulch - €/tonne

Wholesale Electricity Sale Price - €/kWh if AD option considered

Government Subsidy - €/kWh if AD option considered

Duration of Government Subsidy 3,00 Years if AD option considered

Sell Heat? select if AD option considered

Wholesale Heat Price - €/MMBtu no heat to be used

Inflation and Taxes

Inflation Rate - General 3,00% %

Tax Paid on Revenues 15,00% % for a recycling facility

VAT (Value-Added Tax; same as Goods and Services tax) 20,00% % not applied on compost!

Interest Rate - Short-term Debt 8% %

Interest Rate - Long-term Debt 3% %

Composting facility – 12’000tpa (OrganEcs)

• 12000 tpa of FW+GW

• Forced aeration

• footprint about 1,2 Ha

• CAPEX: 2,53M - 4,13M USD

• gatefee (low CAPEX scenario) – GW 18 USD/t

– FW 32 €/t (or 37 USD/t),

• Current disposal fee at landfill 15€/t 30 €/t

Minimum Recycling Scenario

Composting With Forced Aeration USD

(e.g., semi-permeable cover, container/box/tunnel, tower, drum) Low Capex High Capex

Initial Capital Investment ($) $2.528.400 $4.132.900

Capex/tonne ($/TPY) $211 $345

Total Annual Expenses in YR 1 Operations ($/year) $503.200 $616.400

O&M/tonne in YR 1 Operations ($/tonne of waste processed) $42 $52

Total Land Required (ha) 1,20 1,02

Total Organic Waste Available in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 12.000 12.000

Total Yard Waste Available in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 3.850 3.850

Total Food, Manure/Sludge, and Other Organic Waste Available in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 8.150 8.150

Total Bulking Agent Required in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 0 0

Total Waste Composted in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 12.000 12.000

Compost Produced In YR 1 (tonnes/year) 3.600 3.600

Waste Diverted from Landfill in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 9.480 9.480

Percent of Waste Diverted from Landfill (%) 79% 79%

DO NOT ERASE 79% 79%

Gate Fee - Yard Waste ($/tonne) $18,00 $18,00

Gate Fee - Food Waste ($/tonne) $37,00 $65,00

Gate Fee - Manure/Sludge ($/tonne) $0,00 $0,00

Gate Fee - All Waste ($/tonne) $0,00 $0,00

Compost Sale Price ($/tonne) $5,00 $5,00






Total Annual Expenses in YR 1 Operations ($/year) $503.200 $616.400


















• 50000 tpa of FW (68%)+GW(32%)

• Forced aeration

• footprint up to 5 Ha

• CAPEX: 7,2M – 12,5M USD

• gatefee (highCAPEX scenario) – GW 18 USD/t

– FW 31 €/t (or 36 USD/t),


Maximum recycling Scenario





Total Annual Expenses in YR 1 Operations ($/year) $1.610.600 $1.984.000

















Composting facility – 50’000tpa (OrganEcs) Composting With Forced Aeration USD





















AD&Composting facility – 50’000tpa (OrganEcs)

• Dry-AD & C-aerated static piles

• 50000 tpa of FW (68%)+GW(32%)

• footprint up to 5 Ha

• CAPEX: 14,2M – 25,1M USD

• gatefee (highCAPEX scenario) – GW 18 USD/t

– FW 40€/t (or 46 USD/t),


Maximum recycling Scenario High-Tech Dry Anaerobic Digestion USD

Low Capex High Capex

Initial Capital Investment - AD ($) $8.645.200 $15.640.300


Initial Capital Investment - Composting ($) $5.495.800 $9.480.000





Soil Product Produced Compost


Total Waste to AD in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 34.000 34.000

Digestate Produced in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 27.200 27.200

Digestate to Composting in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 27.200 27.200

Yard Waste to Composting in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 16.000 16.000

Bulking Agent to Composting in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 0 0


Total Compost Produced in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 12.960 12.960



DO NOT ERASE 0,91 0,91

Net Electricity Produced by AD System in YR 1 (kWh/year) 7.018.434 7.018.434

Electricity Sold in YR 1 (kWh/year) 5.713.794 5.713.794





Electricity Sale Price ($/kWh) $0,10 $0,10

AD&Composting facility – 50’000tpa (OrganEcs)

High-Tech Dry Anaerobic Digestion USD

Low Capex High Capex

Initial Capital Investment - AD ($) $8.645.200 $15.640.300


Initial Capital Investment - Composting ($) $5.495.800 $9.480.000





Soil Product Produced Compost


Total Waste to AD in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 34.000 34.000

Digestate Produced in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 27.200 27.200

Digestate to Composting in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 27.200 27.200

Yard Waste to Composting in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 16.000 16.000

Bulking Agent to Composting in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 0 0


Total Compost Produced in YR 1 (tonnes/year) 12.960 12.960



DO NOT ERASE 0,91 0,91

Net Electricity Produced by AD System in YR 1 (kWh/year) 7.018.434 7.018.434

Electricity Sold in YR 1 (kWh/year) 5.713.794 5.713.794





Electricity Sale Price ($/kWh) $0,10 $0,10

How to make the facilities economically competitive with current disposal cost?

• Rise cost of MSW disposal (landfill taxes and bans)

• Realize minimal infrastructures for treating exhausted airs from processing

• CAPEX partially covered by structural funds (E.U.)

• Longer amortization (15 20 years)

• Subsidies for renewable energy production (electricity, heat, biomethane)

• QAS for better market for compost

Summary outcomes

• CAPEX cost in USD per ton

• OPEX cost (including amortization) in USD per ton

• Range of costs

• To be compared with current cost for MSW disposal and forecast with a new, centralized sanitary landfill

CAPEX Composting WOFA 2'000tpa Composting WFA 12'000tpa Composting WFA 50'000tpa Dry AD + composting 50'000tpa

tpa 2000 12000 50000 50000

Low 422.000,00 2.736.000,00 7.200.000,00 13.800.000,00

High 690.000,00 3.552.000,00 12.500.000,00 25.300.000,00

Average 556.000,00 3.144.000,00 9.850.000,00 19.550.000,00

South Backa Waste Management Region (Serbia)

Final remarks

• Current MSW disposal cost are low, lack of landfill-taxes

• A recycling facility for organic waste gets most revenues from the gate-fee

• Protecting the environment costs more than dumping waste

Thank you

Marco Ricci – Jürgensen

www.altereko.it

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