biotehnology processing principle
DESCRIPTION
What is biotechnology? The Office of Technology Assessment of the US Congress defined as: “Any techniques that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms, to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.”TRANSCRIPT
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BIOTEHNOLOGYPROCESSING PRINCIPLE
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What is biotechnology?
• The Office of Technology Assessment of the US Congress defined as:
“Any techniques that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms, to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.”
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Why Biotechnology Such A Big Deal?
• The benefits of biotechnology may be discussed under 6 major categories:
1. Agriculture (crop, livestock).2. Industry (ethanol, biofuel, bioplastic).3. Health/medicine (diagnostic tool, vaccine)4. Environmental (bioremediation, disease
resistant cultivar)5. Forensic (crime, paternity disputes)6. Advancement of knowledge
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What is a bioprocess?
• An industrial operation in which living systems are used to transform raw materials (biological or nonbiological) into products.
• It is a multidiscipline (biochemistry + chemical engineering + biotechnology) area.
• Process to use biology system in commercial scales.
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Biotechnology can be bring into bioprocess because:
1.The present of engineering innovation:- exp. genetic engineering, discovery of site-
specific enzyme cleavage of DNA by restriction endonucleases in bacteria is the key to DNA manipulation.
2. The development of appropriate enabling technologies:
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology- Blotting technology- Fermenter technology
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3.Economic opportunity- Arise from identifiable potential benefit
that may accrue to society from development of a product.
KEY STEPS IN BIOPROSES ENGINEERING
1. Pretreatment2. Bioreaction3. Downstream processing
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pretreatment
Suit raw material into process
equipment
Design of process Equipment
According to Physical & chemical
properties
Environment factors-physiologically
tolerance of the organism
and enzymes.
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Bioreaction1. Bioreactor fluids2. Media sterilization3. Growth media4. Microbial growth5. Mirobial culture systems in bioreactors6. Bioreactors
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1. Bioreactor Fluids- Medium in which a bioprocess occurs is
usually a liquid or slurry.- two main kinds of biofluids and slurries used.i. Newtonian fluidsii. Non-Newtonian fluids
2. Media Sterilization- To initiate specific microorganisms for a
specific purpose.- Usually filter sterilization or heat sterilization.- Heat sterilization may be accomplished in
batch sterilization or continuous sterilization.
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3. Growth Media- Formulated to maintain microbial growth
for economic production of the target products.
- Should consists basic components such as carbon source, nitrogen source, minerals, vitamins, micronutrients, hormones and oxygen.
- May contain additives that facilitate the process e.g antifoams.
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4. Microbial Growth- Progresses through four basic phases (lag,
exponential, stationary and death).- Usually 5 to 10 percent by volume of microbial
suspension in a rapid exponential growth phase may be used.
5. Microbial Culture System in Bioreactors- Grown in three basic ways:1. Batch fermentation2. Fed-batch fermentation3. Continuous fermentation.
6. Bioreactors (will be discussed further)- Designs- Mode of operation
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Downstream Processing- To retrieve, purify and pack products for use of
sales.- Involves a number of processing.1. Solid-liquid separation- To separate cells (solid) from the liquid.- Commonly used: centrifugation and filtration.2. Cell disruption- Extracellular product: the cells are discarded
and the medium is concentrated and purified.- Intracellular product: cells have to be disrupted
using nonmechanical or mechanical method.
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i. Nonmechanical methods- Using various chemicals, including alkali,
organic solvents, and detergents.- Also some enzymes such as lysozyme, EDTA,
β-1,3-glucanase, mannase and chitinase.- Other physical methods are osmotic shock and
pressure.ii. Mechanical methods- Two catagories: solid shear and liquid shear.- Solid shear: grinding of frozen cells through
narrow gaps under high pressure.- Liquid shear: acceleration of the suspension at
a high velocity and under high pressure.
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3. Precipitation- To convert the soluble protein product to
insoluble form.- Commonly used is salting-out technique
using anions and cations.4. Chromatography- To separate components of mixtures
based on their differential physiochemical interaction and a stationary phase.
- The stationary phase is a solid packed in a column by porous and hydrophilic substances like agarose, cross-linked polyacrylamide, and cellulose.
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5. Drying- Required for safe-storage, packaging, and
transportation.- Dehydration is used for vaccines,
enzymes, pharmaceuticals and others.- For thermolabile products or biologically
active, spray-dried or freeze-dried.
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References:
1. Acquaah, G. (2004). Understanding Biotechnology:An Integrated and Cyber-Based Approach. Pearson-Prentice Hall.
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B. Mode of cells growthi. Immobilized cell systemii. Suspension cultures
Immobilized cell systemAdvantages:1.Provides high cell concentrations2.Provides cell reuse 3. Eliminates cell washout problems at high
dilution rates4. Allows high volumetric productivities.
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5. Provide favorable microenvironmental conditions for cells, resulting in better performance of biocatalytics.
6. In some cases, improves genetic stability7. Protection against shear damage.Limitation:1.The interest product should b excreted by
the cells.2.