biotechnology. what is cloning? have you ever heard of cloning before? if so what have you heard...
TRANSCRIPT
Biotechnology
What is cloning?Have you ever heard of cloning
before? If so what have you heard about it?
https://youtu.be/tELZEPcgKkE
CloningIn 1996 the first cloned mammal
Dolly the sheep was born in Scotland. See p 427 for a good image of the process.◦It took 277 attempts to finally create
Dolly. ◦She was cloned from a somatic cell
(body cell) from a donor’s udder/mammary cell.
CloningIt actually involved 4 sheep to
create the clone Dolly: 1. The donor sheep that provided the
somatic cell, 2. the sheep that gave an egg minus the
nucleus. 3. The incubator sheep that allowed the
cell to grow into a ball of cells by mitosis,
4. and the surrogate sheep that gave birth to Dolly five months later.
Cloning
Dolly was put to sleep at age six due to lung / respiratory problems. Sheep usually live to age twelve. ◦She also had arthritis - stiffening of the joints usually seen in older animals.
CloningSince Dolly, we’ve cloned cows,
mice, dogs, cats, pigs, and horses. To date, no humans have been cloned. However, some groups have falsely claimed to have cloned a human, yet provide no evidence. Obviously, the ethics behind cloning humans is a controversial topic.
FYI: Types of cloningThere are three different types of
artificial cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning.
Gene cloning produces copies of genes or segments of DNA. Reproductive cloning produces copies of whole animals. Therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues.
FYI: Types of cloningGene cloning, also known as DNA
cloning, is a very different process from reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive and therapeutic cloning share many of the same techniques, but are done for different purposes.
Great Cloning Website
http://www.genome.gov/25020028#al-15
Gel Electrophoresis (online lab)DNA is cut up with the use of
restriction enzymes. How can that DNA be separated?
◦By gel electrophoresis.
Steps to gel electrophoresisCut up the DNA with restriction enzymes.DNA is clear in color, so stain it.DNA is negatively charged. Put the
negatively charged DNA fragments of varying lengths into one well in the gel at the negative end.
Turn on the electricity and the negatively charged fragments will migrate towards the positive end. They separate out by length. The shortest / lightest fragments go farthest and the longest/ heaviest fragments stay closest to the wells.
Gel ElectrophoresisThe resulting series of bands in
the gel is called a DNA Fingerprint.
Where as the process to creating the DNA fingerprint is called gel electrophoresis.
Gel Electrophoresis
If DNA is inserted at the top of the gel, and DNA is negative, what electric charge is at the top of the gel?◦ Negative
What charge is at the bottom?◦ Positive
Gel Electrophoresis
Which fragments are the longest? (closer to well or farthest from the well?)◦ Closest to the well
Which fragments are the shortest?◦ Farthest from the
well.
Gel Electrophoresis
The first well represents the crime scene data.
The other wells have the suspects dataWhoever shares that most DNA
sections with the crime scene DNA is the main suspect.
Whodunnit?DNA
fingerprinting if often used to determine paternity cases and to compare DNA samples from crime scenes.
Allows you to find the top suspect but realize that more in depth findings will be needed to make an official arrest.
Q: Jake and Emma's four children were grown and had families of their own. Jake was murdered, and the police suspected his oldest child (#1) as the culprit, who had unexplained scratches on his arms and face. DNA was extracted from under the victim's fingernails, and that was compared with those of the other members of the family. Be a real Sherlock Holmes: was the culprit really the oldest child?
Polymerase Chain ReactionIf only a small amount of DNA is left
at a crime scene, it can be copied by a process called polymerase chain reaction.
This is used to make millions of copies of the original piece in just hours. ◦Note: if you go back to the virtual labs
section of the biotech web lesson where you did the gel electrophoresis and DNA extraction there is a virtual lab for PCR.
Stem Cells (online lab)Differentiation: where cells
change into specific types of cells after receiving a signal.
Embryonic stem cells are able to become any type of cell in the body. The term for this is totipotent.
Stem Cells (online lab)Stem cells are taken from a
developing embryo very early in development. They then can be triggered to become one of these five types of cells: ◦SKIN◦BONE◦NERVE◦SKELETAL MUSCLE◦RED BLOOD
Stem Cells (online lab)Adults have stem cells also, yet
they cannot be triggered to produce all the cell types just listed, in other words they are multipotent . Adult stems cells are found in bone, skin, muscles, blood, nerves, and umbilical cord.
GMO/GMFHave you ever heard of GMO’s
before? If so what have you heard about them? Where have you seen labels for them before?
VideosJimmy Kimmel and GMOs
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/09/jimmy-kimmel-gmo_n_5958264.html
Neil DeGrasse Tyson on GMO's http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=neil+degrasse+tyson+gmos&FORM=VIRE1#view=detail&mid=CB60EB7EAEF4A98B5A87CB60EB7EAEF4A98B5A87
Bill Nye on GMO https://youtu.be/GKm2Ch3-Myg
Genetically Modified Food or Genetically Modified OrganismsGMO and GMF or genetically
modified organisms / foods are when plants and animals genes are scientifically altered. ◦Often DNA from one organism is
combined with DNA from an unrelated organism.
◦For instance, adding DNA from animals to fruits or vegetables.
Examples of commonly GMO1. Sugar Beets (herbicide resistant)2. Potatoes (disease resistant)3. Corn (insect resistant)4. Tomatoes (designed to last up to 45 days)5. Squash (viral resistant)6. Golden Rice (increased iron content and
increased nutrition)7. Soybeans8. Oils (to remove bitterness)9. Animal Feed10. Salmon (decrease maturity time and increase
size of the salmon)
Examples of GMFGo to this website to read about
the top 10 genetically modified food products
http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/10-genetically-modified-food-products.htmAre these genetically modified
foods safe to eat? Read the article below:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/food-biotechnology-safe.htm
Genetically Modified Organisms
New organisms can be created using DNA from another source.◦ Recombinant DNA is
made by recombining cut DNA from different sources.
◦ DNA is cut using restriction enzymes EcoR1.
Genetically Modified Organisms◦The cut is made in
a ZIG ZAG fashion. ◦The recombinant
DNA can be inserted into an organism by way of a vector. Vectors act as vehicles like a bacteria or a gene gun.
Genetically Modified OrganismThe end result is a
transgenic organism.This is done through
various genetic engineering methods.
Example:GloFish have been
genetically modified with a fluorescent protein.
http://www.glofish.com/
A journalist discusses how biotechnology is altering animals in ways both trivial and profound. It may sound like science fiction, but our ability to manipulate DNA is very real, and carries both perils and extraordinary potential.
NPR Interview with the author:http://www.npr.org/2013/03/11/173514863/frankensteins-cat-bioengineering-the-animals-of-the-future
Genetically Modified Food or Organisms
How does this work?Find the DNA the scientist
wants Cut the DNA or gene out. Insert the desired piece of
DNA into the DNA of an organism that likes to infect (i.e. bacterial DNA or a virus)
Let the vector infect the host and transfer the recombinant DNA into the host.
Example: A tobacco plant contains a firefly gene that causes the plant to glow.
Uses of genetic engineering:
MEDICINE/MEDICINAL: ◦To help people with disorders like
diabetes that cannot make enough insulin. Insulin helps transport sugar/glucose molecules into your cells. OR to help create growth hormone for people who are shorter/have dwarfism or those who do not have enough GH.
Uses of genetic engineering:
AGRICULTURAL◦create better food, plants and
animalsINDUSTRIAL:
◦Transgenic bacteria that are genetically engineered to break down oil, for example, oil spills.
Human Genome Project (HGP)
The Human Genome Project was an international effort to map the location of all the genes in humans / all 6 billion letters (A, T, C, G).
This knowledge can then be used to eventually find and cure disease - gene therapy.
Human Genome Project (HGP)
It began in 1990 and was supposed to take 15 years. However, the first draft was completed on April 14, 2003.
Approximately 20-25,000 genes were found. This is surprising because scientists expected to find 100,000 genes. Recall, genes code for the making of proteins.
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Along with the HGP, scientists also mapped the genomes of other organisms such as Drosophila, E. coli, mice, round worms, yeast, mustard plants, etc.
Interestingly, rice has twice the number of genes than humans. So obviously, gene number doesn’t equal complexity.
The HGP showed us that humans are all 99.9% the same. And humans are only ~ two% different from chimpanzees.
http://www.genome.gov/
