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Biotechnology : Unlocking
the Mysterious of Life
Biotechnology : Biotechnology : Unlocking Unlocking
the the Mysterious of LifeMysterious of Life
2004Seungwook Kim
Chem. & Bio. Eng.
Biotechnology in moviesBiotechnology in movies
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Biotechnology isBiotechnology is……
l An area of applied bioscience and technology which involves thepractical application of biological organisms.
- Bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, plant cell, mammalian cell
Historical DevelopmentHistorical Development
l Scientific study of microbial cultivation
Raulin :Develop the completely defined medium for thegrowth of Aspergillus qualitatively and quantitativelyin terms of the growth yield (major and minorelements, energy source)
1869
Pasteur :Characterization of the bacteria and yeast
physiologically introduction of aseptic methods andminimal media definition of the requirements fornutrients and oxygen
1850’s
Cagniard de Latour, Kutzing and Schwann :
Wine fermentation à the growth of yeasts1830’s
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Stimulation of engineeringDevelopment of thew stirred fermenter with automaticcontrols of the culture environment
1940’s&
1950’s
Kluyver & Perquin :
Introduction of the shake-flask technique for the culturegrowth provides for aerated submerged culture for thefirst time (previously, the culture was performed on thesurface of a solid or liquid medium)
1930’s
Wildiers :Need for complex organic substrates (growth factor)Ex) Discovery of vitamin B (or bios factors) for growthof yeast
1901
Koch :Introduction of pure culture technique(containing only known species)
1870’s
l Culture kinetics
Monod; Novick & Szilard :
Theory of the chemostat type of continuous-flowcultures (chemostat culture) – relationship betweenan organism and its environment
1950
Monod :Bacterial growth – growth yield, specific growth rateconcentration of growth-limiting substrate
1942
Hinshelwood :Useful models of the kinetics of living cell reactions
1946
Slator :
Concepts of interrelations of culture parameters1921
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Unrecognized microorganismsUnrecognized microorganisms
Escherichia coli
Lamproderma(Fruiting body)
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Protein 3DProtein 3D--StructureStructure
For successful applicationFor successful application
Scientific discipline + Technologies
Microbiology, Biochemistry, Genetics, Molecular biology,
Chemistry & Chemical and process engineering
(Biochemical Engineering)
Industrial processingPreservation of biological materialThe operation of biochemical reactor
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ApplicationApplication--oriented integration of oriented integration of BiodisciplinesBiodisciplines and Engineeringand Engineering
CellBiology
Biochemistry
Microbiology
ProcessEngi-
neering
MolecularGenetics
MolecularBiology
ScientificDisciplines
Pharma-ceuticalIndustry
Environ-mental
& Energy
Food& FeedIndustry
Fermen-tation
Industry
ChemicalIndustry
MedicalDiagnostics
ApplicationAreas
Biotechnology
Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering
l Strong effect on protein and enzyme technology.(Recombinant DNA technique–produce an enzyme or protein not normally synthesized by a microorganism)
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Biotechnological ProcessesBiotechnological Processes
l Involves the production of cells or biomass, and desired chemical transformations.¡Formation of a desired end product
(e.g. enzymes, antibiotics, organic acids, steroids)
¡Decomposition of a given starting material (e.g. sewage disposal, destruction of industrial wastes or oil spillages)
Schematic overview ofSchematic overview ofa Biotechnological processa Biotechnological process
Organism selection
Applied genetics(Mutation, recombination, gene manipulation)
Bioreactor(Microbial,
animal or plantcells or enzymes)
Raw materials(selection,
preparation,Pretreatment)
SterilizationDownstream processing
(product separation)
Product isolationFormulationProcess control
Air Energy
Heat
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Typical Bioprocess flow chartTypical Bioprocess flow chart
The reactions of The reactions of Biotechnological processesBiotechnological processes
l Catabolic reaction¡Complex compounds are broken down
to simpler ones (glucose to ethanol)
l Anabolic reaction¡Simple molecules are built up into more
complex ones (antibiotics synthesis)
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Nature of Microbial CultureNature of Microbial Culture
l Microbe and tissue cell culture¡Concerns the growth and functions of
living matter (animals, plants, protists)
l Microbe¡Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa
l Tissue cell culture¡Animal, plants
Escherichia coliEscherichia coli Growth CurveGrowth Curve
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Manufacturing Processes for Manufacturing Processes for Biotechnological productsBiotechnological products
ll Basic SciencesBasic SciencesCell Technology Biochemical Technology Gene CloningCell Fusion
Protein Engineering
ll Process & EngineeringProcess & EngineeringCell CultureSeparation & PurificationScale-up
Process OptimizationProcess & Plant Design
Scale Up for PilotScale Up for PilotPlant & Commercial ProductionPlant & Commercial Production
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Process flow diagramProcess flow diagram
Air Nutrients
Seed
Growth
Product
CentrifugationFiltration
Chromatography columns
Waste
Final product
To fillingWaste
Waste
A generalized schematic A generalized schematic representation of a typical representation of a typical
fermentation processfermentation processInoculum Development
Stockculture
Shakeflask
Seedfermenter
Productionfermenter
Culturefluid
CellSeparation
Biomass
Cell-freesupernatent
ProductExtraction
EffluentTreatmentProduct
PurificationProduct
PackagingMedium
Raw materials
Mediumsterilization
MediumFormulation
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Bio product as a high added value Bio product as a high added value
Concentrations are generally
low especially in processes forhigh-cost products.
In spite of the process made in
biochemical engineering, higher
product concentrationsand better production rates are
important goals for the future.
Clean BenchClean Bench
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BioReactorBioReactor
Continuous Production ofContinuous Production ofPackedbedPackedbed reactorreactor