Slide 1

Biotechnology

Slide 2

Any process that uses our understanding of living things to create a product

Slide 3

Genetic Engineering The process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

Slide 4

Genetic engineering can be accomplished through transformation. Transformation is when a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This DNA becomes part of the cells DNA. This can be accomplished with the help of bacteria.

Slide 5

Bacterial Transformation The changing of one strain of bacteria into another strain

Slide 6

Plasmid : a circular piece of DNA found in bacteria F+ bacterium contains a plasmid F- bacterium does not contain a plasmid

Slide 7

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 1-Remove the plasmid from the bacterium.

Slide 8

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 2-Isolate the gene of interest. A gene of interest is a piece of DNA that codes for a protein we want more of

Slide 9

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 3-Open the plasmid by cutting it with a restriction enzyme This leaves sticky ends Which need to be the complement of the sticky ends left on the DNA fragment you want to insert.

Slide 10

Sticky Ends

Slide 11

The restriction enzyme EcoR1 cuts the DNA at the sequence GAATTC, between the G and the A

Slide 12

Sticky Ends

Slide 13

Slide 14

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 4-Insert the gene of interest

Slide 15

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 5-Insert the plasmid with recombinant DNA into a new bacterium. Recombinant DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms

Slide 16

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 6-The bacteria reproduces itself and the plasmid. All descendants express the inserted gene

Slide 17

Bacterial Transformation

Slide 18

Other Types of Transformation Plants: -Use bacteria that insert their plasmid into plant cells -removing cell walls sometimes allows plant cells to take up foreign DNA on their own

Slide 19

Other Types of Transformation Animals: -Many egg cells are large enough that DNA can be directly injected

Slide 20

Genetically Engineered Products

Slide 21

Production of Human Insulin Insulin regulates the blood sugar level. The gene for human insulin is inserted into yeast or bacteria, from which large quantities of the human insulin are manufactured http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/genetics/images/ch1_diagram.gif http://www.ingenious.org.uk/media/4.0_SAC/webimages/1032/1/10321271_3.jpg

Slide 22

Golden Rice Undernourished people in poorer countries may have blindness caused by a lack of vitamin A Contains beta-carotene, which forms Vitamin A

Slide 23

http://www.jewishworldreview.com/toons/varvel/biotech.protest.gif http://www.bairesbiotec.org.ar/images/speake1.jpg Golden Rice Genes for making beta-carotene are taken from daffodils and inserted into the genome of rice

Slide 24

http://www.healingdaily.com/detoxification-diet/rBGH.jpg Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone rBGH is a genetically engineered version of a hormone, which is found in the pituitary gland of cows and controls milk production rBGH can increase cows milk production by as much as 20-30% http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Milk_glass.jpg

Slide 25

Spider Silk Elastic, light weight fiber 5 times stronger than steel One method involves inserting the gene from a weaving spider into a fertilized goat egg. The resultant spider-goat produces milk that can be manufactured into strong fibers. http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/spider/goat.jpg

Slide 26

Spider Silk To make flak jackets, rope, textiles, sutures, artificial tendons, and bandages for burn victims

Slide 27

Glowing Organisms Genes that make jellyfish glow are inserted into other organisms The organism glows under UV light http://www.fluorescentpets.com/prod31.jpg

Slide 28

Glowing organisms Extra credit if you research the importance of this type of organism.

Slide 29

Bt is a bacterium that is toxic to some insects. In the lab, the gene that produces the toxic effect is inserted into the DNA of plants Bt crops produce an insecticide protein thousands of times more powerful than the chemical spray insecticides Bt Crops

Slide 30

Transgenic Organisms : Any organism whose genome incorporates and expresses genes from the same or a different species Genetically modified products: Altering the DNA of an organism to get it to express different traits.