biotechnology and genetic engineering. biotechnology a new field of science that uses organisms or...
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BIOTECHNOLOGY ANDGENETIC ENGINEERING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and food production
GENETIC ENGINEERING
When genes or pieces of DNA are taken from one organism and transferred to another organisms
BIOTECHNOLOGY
A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and food production
GENETIC ENGINEERING: PURPOSES
With DNA technology, specific or desired genes can be inserted into organisms in order to reach desired outcomes such as producing human insulin for diabetics, creating disease-resistant crops for food, or creating “glow-in-the-dark” fish as pets
Recombinant DNA – when DNA from two different organisms is joined together
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMSOrganisms that contain DNA from other, different organisms
“Genetically Modified Organisms” (GMOs)
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS ARE CALLED TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
Ex. GloFish
The first genetically modified pet
Scientists insert desired
using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase
gene into plasmid
Recombinant DNA incorporated
into plant chromosome
Plasmidcombinedwith plantcells in culture
Plant has new DNA and produces new proteins
DNA in a bacterial
cell forms a ring called a
plasmid
Creating a Transgenic Organism
HOW DO WE ‘PICK AND CHOOSE’ DNA?WE USE RESTRICTION ENZYMESRestriction enzymes cut DNA at specific base
pair sequences
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
HOW ARE TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS (GMOS) HELPFUL?
1 – To enhance agricultureCrops such as wheat, corn, tomatoes (etc.) are
produced by biotechnology. The crops grow larger, faster, and are more disease resistant.
2 – To enhance medicineHuman insulin, human growth hormone are
produced in this way. This method of production makes these medical supplies inexpensive and plentiful.
HOW ARE TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS (GMOS) HELPFUL?
Human Cell
Gene for human growth hormone
Recombinant DNA
Gene for human growth hormone
Sticky ends
DNA recombination
DNA insertion
Bacterial Cell
Plasmid
Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone
BIOTECHNOLOGY: CLONING
What? Genetically identical individuals are created from a single cell
A single cell from an adult it used to grow an entirely new but genetically identical individual without the help of another parent
4. Fused cell begins dividing normally.
5. Embryo is placed inthe uterus of a foster mother.
3. Donor nucleus and empty egg cell are fused with an electric shock.
2. Donor cell taken from sheep’s udder.
1. An egg cell is taken from an adult sheep.
6. Embryo develops into an animal identical to the animal that donated the nucleus.
BIOTECHNOLOGY: CLONING
DOLLY THE SHEEP – 1ST CLONED MAMMAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY:PCR – POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
What? Making copies of specific segments of DNA
Increases the amount of DNA when only a small amount is available
BIOTECHNOLOGY:PCR – POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
Useful example: increasing DNA in blood if only a small drop is found at a crime scene
BIOTECHNOLOGY:PCR – POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
PRACTICE PROBLEMWhich of the following is NOT a use
for transgenic organisms (GMOs)?
a. to produce disease-resistant crops
b. to create a genetically identical individual from one single parent
c. to produce seedless watermelons
d. to create bacteria that produce insulin for diabetics
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
1. What do the bands in the drawing of the agarose gel represent?
2. Which band(s) traveled slowest?
3. Which band(s) traveled fastest?
4. On the above drawing, label the positive and negative ends of the gel.
5. How many bands are shared in common by all of the individuals?
6. Are there any bands which are unique to only one individual? If so, which one? biology.arizona.edu
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Gel ElectrophoresisBIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
What? DNA fragments are separated with electrophoresis and compared to one another
No two people (except identical twins) have exactly the same DNA
A child’s DNA is a combination of both parents
BIOTECHNOLOGY: DNA FINGERPRINTING
Uses: crime scene testing or forensics
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Uses: crime scene testing or forensics
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Uses: crime scene testing or forensics
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Goal: To determine the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs that make up human DNA
To identify and map the 35,000-40,000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes
Project began in 1990 and was completed in (approximately) 2003
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Uses: To use the information to detect and treat abnormalities that lead to diseases and disorders
Opponents are afraid that this info could lead to a future where parents could genetically select everything from eye color to intelligence in their children (ex. “designer babies”)Ex. GATTACA???
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
If we start off as one cell, how do
we grow into many different
cells that performmany different
functions?
http://jpkc.scu.edu.cn/ywwy/zbsw(E)/pic/ech12-2.jpg
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Cell differentiation is the process by which a generic cell develops into a specific type of cell.
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
During development, cells receive different chemical signals that turn certain genes on and off.
BIOTECHNOLOGY: STEM CELL RESEARCH
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells – they have the potential to develop into any type of cell.
BACKGROUND: CELL DIFFERENTIATION
When DNA is instructed to make specific proteins, this in turn causes a cell to become a particular TYPE of cell.
Embryonic stem cells develop inearly-stage embryos and can bestimulated to develop into any of the more than 200 adult cell types.
BIOTECHNOLOGY: STEM CELL RESEARCH
STEM CELL RESEARCH
Adult stem cells existin specific locations and are used to maintain or repair the specific types of tissues where they are found
Ex. Hematopoietic stem cells can developinto any type of blood cell.
Ethics of biotechnology
and genetic engineering…
BIOETHICSBioethics: the study of standards
for what is right and what is wrong;
controls the actions of many scientists; tries to balance the needs of the people with the needs of science research
Cannot defend a study ethically unless the presumed cost is lower than expected benefit
TRANSGENICS
Are we bypassing nature?Are “designer babies”
ethical?Are there any health
hazards of genetically modified foods?
CLONING
Using cloning for reproduction (ex: technology to clone humans is similar to cloning sheep, but humans have never been cloned)
Using cloning to make embryonic stem cells for medical use
STEM CELL RESEARCH
Embryonic stem cells must be harvested from aborted fetuses; right to life debate
Research could potentially help treat many medical problems, but do we have the right to alter human lives in this manner?