biotech what’s next for the business of big molecules?...industry’s faring, as the 2012 bio...

BiotechWhat’s next for the business of big molecules?

A special report for attendees of the 2012 BIO International Convention

www.pwc.com/pharma

Contents

Page

Introduction 04

Where are we now 04

Fluke or first signs of spring? 04

How many millions did you say? 06

Venture funding falls short 06

Big Pharma can’t bridge the gap 08

Asia smartens up its act… 09

…but the acid test’s innovation 09

Special report: Massachusetts’ biotechs beat the industry blues 11

Joined-up thinking 17

Playing nicely 17

Patient money 18

Back to school 18

United front 18

Collaborating competitors 19

Swapping notes with the big spenders 19

Package deals 20

Pulling together 20

References 21

Contacts 23

28

4 Biotech What’s next for the business of big molecules?

The biotech industry is a barometer of the world’s health in several respects. The products it develops are a measure of the progress mankind’s making in the war on disease; the investment it attracts is a measure of wider economic conditions; and the way it operates is a measure of the extent to which the traditional business paradigm is shifting. So we wanted to look at how the industry’s faring, as the 2012 BIO International Convention unfolds.

PwC’s updated the analysis we completed two years ago, when we published “Biotech reinvented”— an assessment of the industry’s achievements in the 30 years since its birth.1 We’ve also included a special section on Massachusetts’ biotechs, in recognition of the major role they play.

Where are we now?

In mid-2010, when we first reviewed the state of the biotech sector, we concluded it hadn’t fulfilled its early promise. It seemed to us that there were three particular problems:

The industry hadn’t delivered a • significant increase in productivity, measured in terms of new medicines reaching the market

The business model on which it relied • was under great strain; and

The US was in danger of losing its lead, • as the biomedical research base moved east.

Meanwhile, pharma was also struggling to translate the discoveries of the past decade into safe, effective, new medicines. Mapping the human genome was one thing; applying the insights the molecular sciences provided, quite another. So what was the solution? One way forward, we suggested, was closer collaboration. If the biotech and pharma sectors joined forces, they might be able to develop new medicines more effectively and capitalize together on the opportunities arising from the push towards personalized healthcare.

Two years on, there’s bad news and good: productivity’s still low, and money scarce, but the biotech and pharma industries are no longer trying to “go it alone.” A growing number of biotech and pharma companies are collaborating—with patient advocacy groups and medical charities, with academia, and with each other. And these are real, long-term collaborations, not just one-off licensing deals.

Fluke or first signs of spring?

Let’s start by looking at productivity. In 2010, we noted that the annual number of medicines approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had remained broadly constant since 1990, when the impact of the biotech industry first began to show. It typically takes a decade to develop a new medicine, and the earliest biotech companies originated in the ’80s. So, if they’d succeeded in improving productivity, there should have been some sign of it by this point.

Today, the evidence is more encouraging. In 2011, the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) approved 30 new medicines—a higher number than at any time since 2004 (see Figure 1). Twelve of them were first-in-class therapies.2 And nine are expected to generate peak sales of more than $1 billion a year.3

Big Pharma was responsible for more than a third of these new products, but several biotech companies also had noteworthy successes. Massachusetts-based Vertex Pharmaceuticals was behind Incivek, one of two medicines that could transform the treatment of hepatitis C—the other being Merck & Co.’s Victrelis. Human Genome Sciences co-developed Benlysta, the first new therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus in 50 years, with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). And Incyte crept under the wire at the end of 2011 with Jakafi, the first approved treatment for myelofibrosis.4

Introduction

Biotech What’s next for the business of big molecules? 5

But a few buds don’t necessarily mean the backyard’s flourishing, and a closer look at the figures shows that the number of biologics approved by the FDA has stayed the same for the past three years. In fact, it’s still slightly lower than in 2002, when seven new biologics were approved. Seen from a historical perspective, then, the picture isn’t quite so positive.

There are other issues, too. A recent study of 4,275 medicines moving through clinical trials to FDA approval suggests that the failure rate is actually increasing. Between 2003 and 2010, only one in 10 treatments reached the market, compared with a previous rate of one in five or six.5

Figure 1: The number of new medicines reaching the market has picked up

Num

ber

of p

rod

ucts

ap

pro

ved

New molecular entities Biologics license applications

23

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35 Biologics licence applications

New Molecular entities

201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

27 2 24 5 17 7 23 6 31 5 18 2 18 4 16 2 21 3 19 6 15 6 24 6

Source: US Food and Drug AdministrationNote: New molecular entities and biologics licence applications approved by CDER

The global pipeline is also becoming more concentrated. Nearly 31% of the molecules currently in research and development (R&D) cover cancer and autoimmune diseases (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: The global pipeline’s getting very narrow

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

Blood

Genito-urinary

Sensory organs

Dermatology

Other

Respiratory

Gastro-intestinal

Endocrine

Musculoskeletal

Cardiovascular

Central nervous system

Systemic anti-infectives

Oncology & immunomodulators

Phase IPre-clinicalResearch Phase II Phase III Filed

0

2320

1618

4335

2820

74

40

2617

38

75

Source: EvaluatePharma


How many millions did you say?

And developing a new medicine is still an expensive business, although just how expensive is the subject of fierce debate. In 2006, the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development pegged the average cost at $1.24 billion for a large molecule and $1.32 billion for a small molecule (based on an estimate of $802 million in 2000 dollars, uplifted by 64% to reflect rising costs).6

But, in early 2011, two academics challenged these figures. They argued that Tufts had committed some serious methodological “errors” and used too small a sample to represent the industry as a whole. The real cost of developing a new treatment, they claimed, was more like $59 million in 2006 dollars—the equivalent of $75 million today.7

Various other commentators have now joined the battle. In February 2012, for example, a couple of journalists at Forbes added up the amount invested in R&D by each of the 12 Big Pharma companies for the past 15 years, adjusted it for inflation, and then divided it by the number of approvals each company secured over the same period. The result? Amgen was a model of efficiency; it spent “just” $3.7 billion on each of the molecules it launched. AstraZeneca, by contrast, spent nearly three times as much.8

So where does the truth lie? Harvard economist Frederic Scherer suggests that it lies somewhere in the middle. Scherer finds fault with certain aspects of Tufts’ analysis. But it’s clear “by any reckoning,” he says, that average costs per approved molecule “have risen greatly over recent decades to levels measured in the hundreds of millions of dollars.” 9

In other words, the biotech industry hasn’t driven development costs down greatly. Yet neither—currently, at any rate—is it bringing in the sort of income the old blockbusters produced. In 2009, five of the 10 top-selling medicines were biologics. And market research firm

EvaluatePharma predicts that, by 2016, there’ll be seven such best-sellers (see Table 1).10 But Humira—the product that will probably head the league—is forecast to generate only 80% of the revenues Lipitor earned in its heyday.

Venture funding falls short

If the biotech industry’s contribution to productivity is still questionable, what about the business model on which it’s historically relied? We argued two years ago that this model—based as it is on external investment, typically venture capital—was under pressure. Again, the news is mixed.

On the upside, US venture capitalists are back on the scene; venture funding in the domestic biotech sector topped $4.7 billion in 2011, 22% more than in 2010. On the downside, the total number of deals dipped again, after perking up in 2010 (see Figure 3)11. And first-round financings fell by 19%; only 98 of the deals struck in 2011 involved start-ups.12

What’s more, only 13% of the venture capitalists the US National Venture Capital Association (NVCA) recently polled said they plan to increase the amount they invest in the sector.13 And, to judge from events in the first quarter of 2012, they meant what they said. There were just 99 deals with a combined value of $780 million in the three months ending March 2012. That’s little better than in 2009, when there were 94 deals collectively worth $705 million.14

It’s harder still to get venture capital in Europe and Asia. In 2011, venture funding in the European biotech industry dropped to $1.2 billion—down from $1.4 billion the previous year—as the Eurozone’s problems cast a shadow over the entire region.15 And, in Asia, venture backing plays a much smaller role. In the first half of 2011, Asian biotechs raised only $81 million, a fraction of the venture funding raised in the US and Europe.16

Table 1: Top of the pops

Top 10 drugs in 2009 (global sales in $bn) Top 10 drugs in 2016 (global sales in $bn)

Lipitor 12.0 Humira 9.7

Plavix 9.1 Avastin 7.6

Seretide/Advair 8.1 Rituxan 7.7

Enbrel 7.3 Crestor 7.5

Humira 6.7 Enbrel 7.2

Remicade 6.5 Seretide/Advair 7.0

Avastin 6.2 Januvia/Janumet 6.8

Diovan 6.1 Herceptin 6.5

Rituxan 6.1 Remicade 6.1

Crestor 6.1 Prevnar 13 (conj. vaccine) 5.8

Source: EvaluatePharma


Things may still pick up: 36% of the US venture capitalists the NVCA surveyed hope to invest more heavily in European biotechs, while 44% have their eyes on Asia. But even if they do spread their wings, it’s obvious the industry won’t be awash with cash. The same NVCA survey shows that 39% of US venture capitalists intend to cut the amount they invest in life sciences firms over the next three years—some of them by as much as a third.17

Why? Primarily because there are better opportunities elsewhere. As Table 2 shows, the biotech sector delivers much lower returns than those that can be obtained from many other sectors. Indeed, in the past five years, it’s typically delivered a pooled gross internal rate of return that’s less than a third of the return from investing in information technology.18

Realizing a return has also, of course, become much harder. In 2011, there were only eight initial public offerings (IPOs) in the US biotech sector, and they raised only $517 million—compared with the 19 IPOs that fetched more than $1.2 billion in 2007.19 In short, venture capitalists aren’t likely to pile back into the industry while the economic outlook remains so uncertain.

Table 2: The biotech sector offers lower returns than many other sectors

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Average

Information Tech. 19.53 22.45 46.22 59.92 82.97 92.44

Hardware/Systems -0.31 48.74 16.44 70.51 53.13 75.40

Software/Services 9.85 12.83 25.78 44.52 47.14 56.05

Manufacturing 22.02 5.39 22.01 34.17 50.63 53.69

Media/Comms -2.34 4.43 17.41 47.15 56.01 49.06

Chemicals/Materials -4.98 37.21 4.61 1.49 64.73 41.22

Consumer/Retail -0.32 -5.35 10.25 41.19 18.59 25.87

Healthcare/Biotech 3.74 7.76 12.01 11.72 27.31 25.02

Industrial 13.73 -16.94 58.53 N/A N/A 18.44

Financial Services 21.25 -8.05 3.00 14.66 11.73 17.04

Energy 2.18 18.86 6.79 9.24 5.22 16.92

Electronics -5.76 2.31 5.13 14.59 17.52 13.52

Other/Fund of Funds -7.41 12.41 -2.98 16.82 11.48 12.13

Environmental -67.81 4.69 0.05 -1.10 24.25 -15.97

Source: Cambridge Associates Note: The pooled gross internal rate of return (%) delivered by companies receiving an initial investment in the years 2006 to 2010

Figure 3: US venture funding is still scarce for first-timers

Amount invested Number of deals

23

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400 New Molecular entities

Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1

942

103 119

17

124

23 6

112153

18

111 112

4 16

108

21

122 105

6

111

6 2499

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400 New Molecular entities

Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q12009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012

$m

Source: PwC/National Venture Capital Association MoneyTree™


Big Pharma can’t bridge the gap

Some of the largest biopharma companies are now trying to fill the gap. In 2011, they collectively contributed $694 million—nearly 15% of the total venture capital invested in the US biotech sector that year.20 Three firms have also topped up the pot with new funds. In September 2011, Merck & Co. launched the Global Health Innovation Fund and Merck Research Venture Fund, with $250 million each to invest.21 Then, in March 2012, GSK and Johnson & Johnson teamed up with Index Ventures to create a $200 million fund for backing early-stage biotech companies.22

It’s too early to evaluate the success of this last fund. But Merck & Co. has already put $37 million into a digital pharma marketing company and two diagnostics providers, via the first of the two funds it set up.23 It’s also made four fund-to-fund investments through its Research Venture Fund and tied up with Flagship Ventures to find suitable biotech candidates.24

Yet Big Pharma’s in no position to pick up all the slack. Most of the leading players are under pressure themselves, as their earnings from aging medicines tumble over the “patent cliff.” Witness the fact that the members of trade body

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) cut their R&D expenditure by 2.4% in 2011 (see Figure 4).25 That’s the third such drop in the past five years, and the equivalent of an 8.5% fall in real terms since 2007.26

At least one biopharma firm has now pulled out of the venture game altogether. Executives at Biogen Idec, which began life as a biotech start-up itself, believe there are better ways of supporting innovation, such as sponsoring university research. And they say the usual argument for becoming a corporate venture capitalist—that you get preferential treatment when it’s time to buy a new technology—is essentially a myth, or should be, because the backers owe it to their shareholders to strike the best deal for all concerned.27

These trends imply that the business model on which the biotech industry has relied is indeed very vulnerable. The “ivy-league” candidates will still be able to attract venture funding, but there won’t be enough cash to sustain the entire sector.

Figure 4: Big Pharma’s trimming its R&D expenditure

Total R&D expenditure Projected expenditure if rate of increase were constant

23

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 Total R&D expenditure

201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

26.0329.77 31.01

34.45 37.0239.86

42.9747.90

46.4450.71 49.48

47.38

$bn

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 New Molecular entities

201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000

Source: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)Note: Between 2000 and 2007, R&D expenditure rose at a compound annual growth rate of 9.1%. If this trend had continued, PhRMA’s members would now spend nearly $68 billion a year on R&D


Asia smartens up its act…

What, then, about our next hypothesis: that the research base is moving east and the US is losing its lead in biomedical research? Some of the patterns we identified in 2010 have continued. The number of students completing doctorates in the physical and biological sciences is still soaring in China, for example.28

The returnee trend seems to be accelerating, too. Unfortunately, there’s no hard data on reverse migration. But the Chinese Ministry of Education estimates that, in 2010, 134,800 overseas Chinese students went back after getting a foreign education. That’s more than double the number who returned in 2008.29 And recruitment consultancy Kelly Services predicts that as many as 300,000 Indian professionals working abroad could go home by 2015.30

The emerging Asian economies are also still ramping up their investment in biotech R&D. The Indian government plans to spend $297 million in the coming financial year alone. Much of that money will go on setting up a new national

bioinformatics center and several inter-institutional centers for translational research.31 Meanwhile, the South Korean government has put about $5 billion into two biotech clusters in Osong and Daegu, and is now actively promoting the development of a domestic biosimilars industry.32

Singapore—which already has a thriving biotech base—has pledged to invest another $2.8 billion (in US dollars) on biomedical R&D by 2016.33 Malaysia aims to sink nearly $3 billion of public and private funds in the sector during the second phase of its national biotechnology plan.34 And China dwarfs them all; in mid-2011, Beijing announced that it intends to spend more than $300 billion on science and technology in the next five years, with biotech one of seven top priorities.35

These efforts are bearing fruit. Between 2004 and 2009, the number of listed biopharma companies in Asia climbed from 276 to 370, and their combined revenues nearly tripled from $27.4 billion to $73 billion.36 At least two Indian and five Chinese biopharma firms have now

joined the “billion-dollar club,” with several Malaysian firms close behind.37

Many of the big multinationals have also been setting up Asian R&D hubs. In fact, R&D accounted for 31% of the 653 cross-border biotech and pharma investments that fDi Markets recorded in Asia from 2004-2011.38 China, Singapore, and India attracted most of this money, although the US still gets the biggest share of all foreign direct biopharma investment (see Figure 5).39

… but the acid test’s innovation

Even so, between 2007 and 2010, Asia’s top five biopharma players collectively brought in $70 billion. Yet they continue to lag way behind the leading developed economies in terms of innovation. The number of biotech patent applications originating in the US is far higher than in any other country (see Figure 6).40 But it’s not just the number of applications that counts, it’s also their quality—and here, too, the US reigns supreme.

Figure 5: The US still attracts the bulk of all foreign direct biopharma investment

Inward investment (2003-2006)


Share of investment flows going intoR&D (2007-2010)

23

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 Inward investment (2007-2010)


United StatesMalaysiaSouth KoreaIndiaSingaporeChina

19.7

29.827.5

17.7

12.216.8

0.7 2.9 2.8

36.7

73.3

2.0

$bn

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 Share of investment �ows going into R&D (2007-2010)

United StatesMalaysiaSouth KoreaIndiaSingaporeChina

Source: Jones Lang LaSalle


Internationally recognized patents are generally a better test of innovation than those that are only recognized in the inventor’s country of origin. In 2010, 42% of all US inventors and 37% of all Japanese inventors who applied for patents in any field of technology filed abroad. So did 40% of those based in India, although the number of applications was much smaller. But more than 95% of the applications Chinese inventors submitted were filed domestically.41

That’s not all. One researcher—reasoning that most of the medicines developed worldwide are marketed in the US, and that FDA approval is therefore a good global benchmark—looked at the location of every listed inventor of a pharmaceutical patent in the FDA Orange Book between 2000 and 2009. Sixty percent of them were based in the US, and 31.5% in just seven other countries. Only one inventor lived in India, and only two in China (see Figure 7).42

Of course, this doesn’t mean the US—or any other developed country with a strong record of biotech R&D—can afford

to be complacent. By the end of 2010, there were 187 novel investigational drugs undergoing clinical trials in China, and 39 of them are covered by US or European patents, suggesting they have global potential.43 China’s standing as a source of innovation could soon improve, then, but the US looks likely to stay in pole position for some time to come.

Figure 7: Most biopharma invention still originates in the US

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

South America

Australia

Middle East

East & South Asia

Europe

North America

2009200820072006200520042003200220012000

North America

Europe

East & South Asia

Middle East

Australasia

South America

26%

31%

41%

52%

50%

21%

31%

44%42%

34%

No.

of p

aten

ts (%

)

Source: Yali Friedman, “Location of pharmaceutical innovation: 2000–2009”Notes: (1). Data for 2000 only cover January to June; (2). Where inventors from more than one country co-developed a patent, each country was assigned a proportionate share of the credit.

Figure 6: US scientists apply for more biotech patents than scientists in any other country (thousands)

United States

Japan

China

Germany

Korean Republic

United Kingdom

France

Switzerland

Netherlands

Canada

Canada

Netherlands

Switzerland

France

United Kingdom

Korean Republic

Germany

China

Japan

United States

16

7

3

5

11

3

59

4

21

5

7

3

Source: World Intellectual Property OrganizationNote: The top 10 countries generating biotech patent applications between 2005 and 2009

Testing the local temperature – we’ve assessed the overall state of the industry in the rest of our report, but what’s happening here in Massachusetts? More than 500 biotech companies have set up home in the state—and they’ve already developed more than 50 biologics, with another 900-odd medicines in the pipeline.1 In short, Massachusetts’ biotechs play a major role in the global biotech industry. So how are they are coping, as the business of big molecules evolves?

Capital achievements

The first thing to note is the success biotechs in Massachusetts—and New England in general—have enjoyed in attracting venture funding. Between January 2009 and March 2012, venture capitalists invested $13.1 billion in the US biotech sector. Nearly 25% of the money went to companies based in New England.2

The region’s youngest biotechs have done especially well. Over the past three years, they’ve brought in $2.4 billion by way of seed and early-stage capital—more than biotechs in any other part of the country, including Silicon Valley (see Figure 1).3

Massachusetts’ biotechs beat the industry blues

“The Massachusetts life sciences industry employs more than 50,000 people”

Specia

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ort

Medicines in the pipeline 900Biotech companies 500

12 PwC | Massachusetts’ biotechs beat the industry blues

So Massachusetts’ biotechs seem to be bucking one of the strongest trends we’ve noticed in recent years: the decline in venture backing for scientific start-ups. Venture capital has played a key part in financing new biotech firms for the past 30 years, but the global evidence suggests that it’s getting more and more difficult to attract such funds.

Of course, venture capital alone isn’t responsible for the relatively good health in which the region’s biotechs find themselves. Massachusetts also brings in a disproportionate share of federal research dollars. In 2011, it received $2.5 billion in funding from the National Institutes of Health—more than 11% of the total amount awarded.4

And the state itself has been very supportive. In June 2008, the Massachusetts Legislature passed the Life Sciences Act—a 10-year, $1-billion initiative proposed by Governor Deval Patrick to promote the local life sciences industry.5

By June 2011, the Massachusetts Life Sciences Center, which manages the program, had disbursed more than $217 million in research grants, loans, workforce development schemes, and the like (see Figure 2).6

Figure 1: New England’s biotechs attract the biggest share of early-stage venture capital

Source: PwC/National Venture Capital Association MoneyTree™ Note: Figures include seed and early-stage venture capital

Figure 2: The state is actively supporting the biotech sector

Source: Jones Lang LaSalleNote: Millions of dollars disbursed between June 2008 and June 2011 (figures rounded)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

San Diego

Silicon Valley

New England

Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1Q4Q3Q2Q1

New England Silicon Valley San Diego

26%

31%

41%

52%

50%

21%

31%

44%42%

34%

US

$m

2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012

Capital projects

Company grants and loans

Academic research grants

Tax incentives

Funding of interns for workforce development

Equipment and supply grants for schools

Other grants

Other grants

Equipment & supply grants for schools

Funding of interns for workforce development

Tax incentives

Academic research grants

Company grants and loans

Capital projects

19

23

2.73.5

1.2

37

131

Spec

ial R

epo

rt

PwC | Massachusetts’ biotechs beat the industry blues 13

A biomedical “super cluster”

This biomedical “super cluster” has produced a clutch of remarkably innovative companies collectively employing more than 50,000 people (see Table 2). Some of the largest firms are now in Big Pharma’s hands. In July 2010, for example, Merck KGaA bought Millipore for $7 billion.7 And, in February 2011, Sanofi snapped up Genzyme for just over $20 billion, with further payments contingent on how well Genzyme’s products perform.8

But Biogen Idec, which started life in 1978 and ranks among the foremost companies in the region, is still independent. It’s developed a number of breakthrough medicines, including multiple sclerosis treatments Avonex and Tysabri, and cancer and autoimmune disease therapy Rituxan. It also has a strong pipeline, with some very promising products in Phase III trials, including treatments for hemophilia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.9

Plenty of smaller firms are making their mark on the sector as well. Take Vertex Pharmaceuticals, which developed hepatitis C protease inhibitor Incivek.10 The product was approved in May 2011 and generated sales of $456.8 million by December 2011, making it one of the most successful launches in recent history.11

Vertex has now pulled off another coup, with FDA approval of cystic fibrosis drug Kalydeco in January 2012. Even though Kalydeco is only approved for a small subset of cystic fibrosis sufferers—those who have the G551D genetic mutation—analysts expect it to generate peak sales of $1 billion, rising to as much as $3 billion if it proves effective in the larger cystic fibrosis population.12

Table 1: Massachusetts has the country’s highest concentration of people with scientific and engineering PhDs

State No. of employees with PhDs in sciences & engineering, 2008

Population (thousands)

No. of employees with PhDs in sciences & engineering per 100,000 people

Massachusetts 35,000 6,594 531

California 95,700 36,962 259

New York 49,000 19,541 251

Pennsylvania 30,000 12,605 238

Texas 39,900 24,782 161

Source: National Sciences Foundation, Science and Engineering State Profiles

Table 2: More than 50,000 people work in Massachusetts’ life sciences industry

Sector 2007 2008 2009 2010

Biotechnology R&D 24,565 26,439 26,759 26,812

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing 11,315 10,963 10,527 10,759

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing 9,139 9,581 9,706 9,500

Medical and diagnostic laboratories 4,682 4,830 4,976 4,930

Source: National Sciences Foundation, Science and Engineering State Profiles

The private and public cash that’s gone into the region has helped build a strong biomedical research hub. Massachusetts’ biotechs can call on some of the country’s leading scientists, both at universities like Harvard and MIT, and at research organizations like the Joslin Diabetes Center, Whitehead Institute, and Broad Institute. The area also contains several world-class hospitals, including Massachusetts General, Brigham and Women’s, and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.

Indeed, Massachusetts boasts a higher concentration of top-flight scientists and engineers than any other US state. At last count, there were some 35,000 employees with engineering and sciences doctorates working in the region. While that’s less in absolute terms than in several other states, when you factor differences in the size of the population into the equation, Massachusetts is way ahead of the crowd (see Table 1).

Specia

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ort


New Haven’s Trovis Pharmaceuticals (a subsidiary of Clinical Data) also scored a hit in early 2011, when it won approval for Viibryd, an oral medication for serious depressive disorders.13 Meanwhile, Cubist Pharmaceuticals is in the final stage of testing a new treatment for Gram-negative bacterial infections, which analysts predict could generate revenues of $2 billion. The company already has a successful product for Gram-positive infections under its belt.14 And Momenta Pharmaceuticals, a Cambridge-based biotech specializing in the characterization and engineering of complex medicines, has just earned top place in the latest Globe 100 list of the state’s best-performing public companies. Thanks to its generic version of anti-blood-clotting drug Lovenox, Momenta nearly quadrupled its profits last year.15

This pattern of innovation looks set to continue. In August 2011, Massachusetts’ biotechs had 567 candidates in clinical trials—76 of them in Phase III—as well as 14 products pending approval.16 And, if the latest figures on US patent applications are any guide, there’s more in the pipeline. In 2008 and 2009, scientists in the Boston-Worcester-Manchester corridor applied for more biotech patents than scientists in any other area of the country (see Table 3).17

In other words, Massachusetts’ biotechs don’t seem to be suffering from the productivity crisis that’s dogged the biopharmaceutical industry as a whole for the past decade. On the contrary, they appear to be at the top of their game.

Brain buddies

Such success has inevitably attracted Big Pharma’s attention. Most of the major European and Asian pharma firms now have a substantial presence in Massachusetts, and some of them have recently been expanding. In October 2010, for example, Novartis announced plans to spend another $600 million on its Cambridge research campus.18 Sanofi has been building a $65-million oncology research center in the city.19 Pfizer has just moved into Shire Pharmaceuticals’ old Cambridge premises, while it completes a new office-lab. And Shire itself has moved to a new 96-acre site in Lexington, which it purchased for $165 million in 2010.20

A number of large pharma companies have also bought local biotechs, as we’ve already remarked. What’s arguably more noteworthy, though, is the trend toward collaboration rather than acquisition. Two years ago, when we published “Biotech reinvented,” we suggested that the biotech and pharma sectors should cooperate—both with each other and with other parties—to develop new medicines more effectively and capitalize on the growing demand for personalized healthcare.21 That now seems to be happening to a much greater extent.

In the academic arena, for example, Pfizer has teamed up with eight Boston-based research institutions to hunt for candidate drugs.22 And Gilead Sciences has joined forces with Yale School of Medicine to focus on new molecular mechanisms for cancer.23

Table 3: Top 10 US regions measured by biotech patent applications, 2008-2009

No. of applications

Share of US total (%)

Boston-Worcester-Manchester 1,061.9 5.54

San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland 1,029.3 5.37

New York-Newark-Bridgeport 670.5 3.50

Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia 552.3 2.88

San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos 544.1 2.84

Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland 394.8 2.06

Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside 390.5 2.04

Raleigh-Durham-Carey 253.7 1.32

Seattle-Tacoma-Olympia 175.3 0.91

Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City 174.4 0.91

Source: OECD patents database

Several significant biotech-pharma partnerships have also been announced. In February 2011, Aveo Pharmaceuticals signed a deal with Astellas Pharma under which the two companies will jointly develop and commercialize Aveo’s lead product for renal cancer.24 Then, in October 2011, Biogen Idec teamed up with San Francisco’s Portola Pharmaceuticals to co-develop an oral Syk-inhibitor for the treatment of various autoimmune diseases.25

A month later, Aileron Therapeutics and Roche agreed to expand an existing alliance to develop new medicines using Aileron’s “stapled peptide” platform. The collaboration could see Aileron earn more than $1.1 billion.26 And, in January 2012, Forma Therapeutics joined forces with Boehringer Ingelheim and Janssen Biotech—a mere seven months after negotiating a groundbreaking pact with Genentech, which we’ve discussed in more detail on p.17 of our report.27

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PwC | Massachusetts’ biotechs beat the industry blues 15

Chill winds

That’s not to say Massachusetts’ biotechs have been completely immune to the problems currently facing the sector. Government funding for basic research remains a perennial worry, especially while the US economy continues to languish in the aftermath of the worst recession since the 1930s. And though some of the region’s biotechs have secured mouth-watering deals, many others are still struggling to raise the cash they need.

Lackluster demand for new biotech stocks has also taken its toll on two highly regarded local firms that floated earlier this year. When Merrimack Pharmaceuticals went public in March 2012, its share price fell 14% on the first day of trading. But, by mid-April, it was back in positive territory, where it’s managed to remain.28 Meanwhile, stem-cell manufacturer Verastem has seen its stock hover around the offering price of $10 per share since its debut in February 2012.29

Yet institutional investors aren’t turning their backs on all biotechs, as another local firm has proved. Rare disease specialist Synageva BioPharma completed a reverse merger last November and a follow-on offering in January 2012. It planned to raise $60 million but ended up netting $84 million, after selling nearly 3.6 million shares, including an over-allotment of 466,209 shares.30 And, by mid-May, its stock was trading at 52% more than the opening price.31

Leading light

In all, then, Massachusetts’ biotechs have fared much better than many of their rivals in other parts of the US—and, indeed, the world. The region has also been steadily cementing its lead as the country’s top cluster for early-stage innovation in the life sciences. Times may be tough but there are good grounds for hope. Massachusetts’ biotechs, it seems, are beating the industry blues.

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References Massachusetts Biotechnology Council, 1.

“Massachusetts By the Numbers,” http://www.massbio.org/economic_development/the_massachusetts_supercluster/massachusetts_by_the_numbers

MoneyTreeTM PwC and the National Venture 2. Capital Association (NVCA), based on data provided by Thomson Reuters. The biotech sector covers developers of technologies promoting drug development, disease treatment, and a deeper understanding of living organisms. It includes human, animal, and industrial biotechnology products, and services; biosensors; biotechnology equipment; and pharmaceuticals. It excludes medical devices and equipment.

Ibid. 3.

Massachusetts Biotechnology Council, op. cit. 4.

Massachusetts Life Sciences Center, 5. “Translating Good Science into Good Business,” p. 3.

Massachusetts Life Sciences Center, “FY 2011 6. Annual Report: Delivering on the Promise,” p. 6.

Merck Group press release, “Merck KGaA 7. Completes Millipore Acquisition and Launches New Merck Millipore Division” (July 15, 2010), http://www.merckgroup.com/en/media/extNewsDetail.html?newsId=BFC4CF612120F249C12577600051ACAA&newsType=1

Nina Sovich & Noelle Mennella, “Sanofi to buy 8. Genzyme for more than $20 billion,” Reuters (February 16, 2011), http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/16/us-genzyme-sanofi-idUSTRE71E4XI20110216

“Biogen Idec (BIIB) PT Lifted To $148 By UBS 9. Securities On Pipeline Optionality, ‘Buy’ Maintained,” iStockAnalyst (May 9, 2012), http://www.istockanalyst.com/finance/story/5831705/biogen-idec-biib-pt-lifted-to-148-by-ubs-securities-on-pipeline-optionality-buy-maintained#

Asher Mullard, “2011 FDA drug approvals,” 10. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 11 (February 2012), pp. 91-94.

“Vertex posts 4Q profit on growing Incivek 11. sales,” Associated Press (February 2, 2012), http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Vertex-posts-4Q-profit-apf-1137554779.html

Andrew McConaghie, “Kalydeco to be landmark 12. in cystic fibrosis treatment,” InPharm (January 2, 2012), http://www.inpharm.com/news/171406/kalydeco-be-landmark-cystic-fibrosis-treatment

Liz Jones Hollis & Jennifer Levin, “FDA 13. approvals of 2011,” FierceBiotech (February 1, 2012), http://www.fiercebiotech.com/node/293810/print

Megg Tirrell, “Drugmaker-Neglected Bacteria 14. Gives Cubist $2 Billion Market,” Bloomberg Businessweek (September 15, 2011), http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-09-15/drugmaker-neglected-bacteria-gives-cubist-2-billion-market.html

Robert Weisman, “Momenta: The perfect 15. Massachusetts success story,” The Boston Globe (May 20, 2012), http://articles.boston.com/2012-05-20/globe-100/31699141_1_momenta-chief-executive-momenta-pharmaceuticals-brand-name-drug

Massachusetts Biotechnology Council, 16. “Biotechnology Industry Snapshot 2011” (2011).

Organization for Economic Co-operation and 17. Development, “OECD Biotechnology Statistics, 2009,” (2009), p. 71.

Curt Nickisch, “Novartis Plans $600 Million 18. Expansion In Cambridge,” wbur (October 27, 2010), http://www.wbur.org/2010/10/27/novartis-expands-in-cambridge#comments

Todd Wallack, “Another drug giant bringing 19. jobs to Mass.,” The Boston Globe (July 8, 2010), http://www.boston.com/business/healthcare/articles/2010/07/08/another_drug_giant_bringing_jobs_to_mass/

Alex Philippidis, “Massachusetts Sees $2B 20. Construction Boom from the Biopharma Industry,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (April 6, 2012), http://www.genengnews.com/keywordsandtools/print/3/26733/

PwC, “Biotech reinvented: Where do you go 21. from here?” (2010), http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/pharma-life-sciences/publications/biotech-reinvented.jhtml

Heidi Ledford, “Drug buddies,” 22. Nature, Issue 474 (June 22, 2011), pp.433-434.

Gilead Sciences press release, “Yale and Gilead 23. Sciences Announce Cancer Research Collaboration” (March 30, 2011), http://www.gilead.com/pr_1544168

Ryan McBride, “Aveo Pharma Lands $1.4B Deal 24. with Astellas, A Few Months Ahead of Cancer Trial Result,” Xconomy (February 16, 2011), http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2011/02/16/aveo-pharma-lands-1-4b-deal-with-astellas-a-few-months-ahead-of-cancer-trial-result/

Luke Timmerman, “Portola Grabs $45M 25. Upfront From Biogen Idec to Develop Autoimmune Drugs,” Xconomy (October 27, 2011), http://www.xconomy.com/san-francisco/2011/10/27/portola-clinches-45m-upfront-from-biogen-idec-to-develop-autoimmune-drugs/

Aileron Therapeutics news release, “Roche and 26. Aileron Therapeutics Expand Collaboration for Stapled Peptide Drugs” (November 16, 2011), www.aileronrx.com

John Carroll, “Forma scores another Big 27. Pharma deal in $700M J&J cancer pact,” FierceBiotech (January 10, 2012), http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/forma-scores-another-big-pharma-deal-700m-jj-cancer-pact/2012-01-10

Merrimack’s opening price was $7 per share. 28. The closing price on May 14, 2012, was $7.41 per share. Details taken from NASDAQ, “Merrimack Pharmaceuticals Stock Chart,” http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/mack/stock-chart

Verastem’s closing price on May 14, 2012, was 29. $9.53. Details taken from NASDAQ, “Verastem Stock Chart,” http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/vstm/stock-chart

Synageva BioPharma press release, “Synageva 30. BioPharma Announces $60 Million Proposed Public Offering of Common Stock” (January 4, 2012), http://ir.synageva.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=96240&p=irol-pressArticle&ID=1644729&highlight=; and Synageva BioPharma press release, “Synageva BioPharma Announces Closing of Public Offering and Exercise of Over-Allotment Option” (January 10, 2012), http://ir.synageva.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=96240&p=irol-pressArticle&ID=1646544&highlight=

Synageva BioPharma’s stock closed at $38.29 31. per share on May 14, 2012, compared with an opening price of $25.18 on January 10, 2012. Details taken from NASDAQ, “Synageva Biopharma Stock Chart,” http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/geva/stock-chart


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Joined-up thinking

So two of the three concerns we expressed in 2010 still look valid. But, fortunately, there’ve been other major developments in the intervening two years as well. The “biotech-ification” of Big Pharma has continued, just as we predicted. The trend towards collaboration has been even more pronounced. In 2010, we identified three particular forms of collaboration:

Pre-competitive discovery • federations—where public and private institutions pool their resources to overcome bottlenecks in early-stage biomedical research

Competitive development consortia—• where rival biopharma companies form syndicates to develop the most promising molecules in their combined portfolios; and

Service-provision alliances—where • biopharma companies and service providers join forces to offer healthcare packages for patients with specific diseases.

We cited a few instances but remarked that they were rare. Today, there are many more collaborations—and some of them hint at the emergence of new business models.

Playing nicely

Take the way biotech and pharma companies are starting to come together. In 2011, there were an estimated 65 alliances worth more than $20 million. That’s still lower than before (see Figure 8).44 But some of these partnerships have been structured much more creatively.

The deal Forma Therapeutics struck with Roche subsidiary Genentech is a good example. In June 2011, Forma handed over worldwide rights to one of its early-stage cancer medication programs. In return, Genentech paid an upfront lump sum and will make additional milestone payments, if Forma meets certain scientific and commercial criteria.45

There’s nothing novel about such terms. What sets the deal apart is the fact that Genentech also bought an option to acquire any resulting compound outright, rather than licensing it in and paying royalties. So, if Forma succeeds, it will be able to sell the compound and deliver a return to its investors without going public or getting acquired. That means its venture backers can keep growing the company and benefit fully from any subsequent sale.46

Forma isn’t the only biotech exploring new ways of realizing value without turning to the capital markets or a trade buyer. Antibody specialist Adimab has built a business based on selling access to its high-tech platform for discovering new human antibodies, instead of getting into drug development itself. Nimbus Discovery has adopted the same approach.47

Quanticel Pharmaceuticals has taken a slightly different tack. It’s sold Celgene an exclusive three-and-a-half year license to its platform for analyzing genetic variations in individual patients’ tumors. But the $45-million package includes a stake in the company and an exclusive option to buy Quanticel at a later date. So Quanticel has effectively given its venture backers an immediate return on their money, as well as making sure it’s got capital to grow.48

Meanwhile, Warp Drive Bio, which aims to discover new products by analyzing the genomes of plants, animals and wild organisms, has given Sanofi—one of its three venture backers—a non-exclusive option to buy the company. But the deal cuts both ways. Warp Drive Bio will retain the rights to many of the assets it develops

Figure 8: The number of biotech-pharma alliances is creeping up again

Number of deals Average deal value

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unless Sanofi exercises the option. And, if it reaches certain milestones, it can force Sanofi to buy it at a predetermined price.49

So, even if the stock markets are still depressed and trade buyers are sparse, the biotech industry’s actively pursuing new business models—although the pressure’s on to deliver. As FierceBiotech reporter John Carroll recently noted, “Big Pharma’s trigger finger is getting increasingly itchy when it comes to killing unwanted or unsuccessful collaboration pacts.”50

Patient money

Some biotech and pharma companies are also looking for new allies, and several have turned to patient advocacy groups as a source of funding. Vertex got $75 million from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation when it was developing Kalydeco, for example. It repaid that trust in January 2012, when it won FDA approval for the first medicine to target the mutated gene that causes cystic fibrosis. It will also pay the foundation a share of the proceeds from all sales.51

Similarly, Amylin Pharmaceuticals has joined forces with the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation to fund a series of clinical trials on the effectiveness of a combination therapy for Type 1 diabetes.52 And, in April 2012, the Michael J. Fox Foundation agreed to pay for further testing of a therapy developed by Sanofi that might treat the mental symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.53

The “venture philanthropist” model, as it’s been called, is now spreading outside the US. In March 2012, Britain’s Wellcome Trust launched a $310-million fund to invest directly in healthcare and life sciences companies.54 Cancer Research UK has also teamed up with a European venture capital firm to create a nearly $78-million fund for boosting the development of new cancer treatments.55

These moves mark a profound shift. Medical charities and patient organizations have long supported basic research, but they’re now moving down the pipeline—and the biotech industry’s ready to play with them.

Back to school

There’s been a significant rise in the number of alliances with academic institutions, too, although this is largely a Big Pharma trend. Pfizer’s gone “back to school” in a big way. In May 2010, it linked up with Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis to identify new uses for existing compounds.56 Then, in November 2010, it started building a translational research network that now includes 20 US universities and academic medical centers.57

Other industry giants have also been dusting off their textbooks (see Table 3). Between January and September 2011, there were 30 new biopharma alliances with academic bodies, nearly double the total for 2010.58 And the pace shows no sign of slowing. In early 2012, for example, Eli Lilly signed Cambridge University up to its “Open Innovation Drug Discovery Platform,” bringing the number of participating European institutions to more than 60.59

United front

Several new precompetitive federations for grappling with “big data” have simultaneously emerged. The Pistoia Alliance is one such instance; it draws on the “crowd” wisdom of pharma and informatics experts from a wide range of organizations to devise and document best practice in R&D.60 And Sage Bionetworks is an open-source forum where computational biologists can pool their data and brainpower to crack particularly difficult problems.61

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has also just embraced “crowd-sourcing” in an effort to “teach old drugs new tricks,” as Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius put it. The NIH’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences and its industry partners Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Lilly are tapping the nation’s “brightest minds” to test various compounds that have been studied in humans but shelved, to see whether new uses can be found for them.62

Table 3: Big Pharma’s calling on the profs

Academic institution Therapeutic focus

AstraZeneca & GSK Manchester University Inflammatory diseases

Bayer University of California San Francisco

Translational research

Gilead Sciences Yale School of Medicine Novel molecular mechanisms for cancer

Johnson & Johnson 10 academic “superstars” Multiple

Merck & Co. Sanford-Burnham Institute Alzheimer’s disease & major psychiatric disorders

University of Southern California Health science

University of North Carolina HIV

University of California San Francisco

HIV

Novo Nordisk Oxford University Rheumatoid arthritis & other autoimmune inflammatory diseases

Roche University of California Los Angeles

Genomics

University of Geneva & Institute of Bioinformatics

Translational research

Sanofi University of California San Francisco

Oncology, aging, diabetes & inflammation

Columbia University Diabetes

Stanford University Early-stage research

Weill Cornell Medical College Tuberculosis

University of California San Diego Acne

Source: PwC Note: Key biopharma alliances with academic institutions in 2011


Collaborating competitors

It’s not just non-competitive or pre-competitive partnerships that are flavor of the month, though. Co-development pacts between rival companies have become equally popular, especially in the oncology arena. AstraZeneca and Merck & Co. kicked off in 2009, when they agreed to share the cost of testing a combination therapy based on two compounds they’d developed separately. Today, there are at least four more such arrangements. Novartis and Amgen are jointly investigating a therapy for breast cancer. Novartis has also hooked up with GSK to co-develop a treatment for advanced solid tumors. Bristol-Myers Squibb and Roche are collaborating on a melanoma product. And Sanofi’s working with Merck KGaA on a combination therapy for multiple forms of cancer.63

This new spirit of cooperation is now spilling over into other therapeutic areas. In May 2011, Roche and Merck struck a deal to co-promote Victrelis, Merck’s new treatment for chronic hepatitis C. More unusually, the two companies also agreed to pool resources and study “novel combinations of marketed and investigational medicines [for hepatitis C] from both organizations.” 64

There’s been a similar surge in the number of alliances with diagnostics providers, both to satisfy public demand for personalized medicine and to address the concerns of healthcare payers reluctant to reimburse costly new therapies that can’t be directed at known “responders.” Last year’s crop of approvals included two cancer products with companion diagnostics: Pfizer’s Xalkori for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer that’s ALK-positive; and Roche’s Zelboraf, for people with BRAF-positive metastatic melanoma.65

This trend’s obviously set to continue. In 2011, the biopharma industry formed 34 new partnerships to develop companion diagnostics—up from 19 in 2009 (see Figure 9). The FDA’s refusal to approve leukemia treatment Omapro without a diagnostic to identify the target patient population probably acted as a spur.66 But diagnostic biomarkers have other benefits as well. They can save a lot of time and

money during clinical trials by narrowing down the subset of patients on whom a molecule should be tested and exposing defects more rapidly.

Swapping notes with the big spenders

The financial pressure from cash-strapped healthcare payers has also led to much more collaboration between biopharma companies and their customers. GSK pioneered this policy; its executives now consult health officials and insurers at least five years before a product is due to leave its labs. But GSK’s certainly not alone in talking to the people who hold the purse strings.67

In 2011, Pfizer paired up with US health insurer Humana to research the health problems of the elderly. AstraZeneca and HealthCore agreed to work together on a study of how to treat disease more cost-effectively. Sanofi brought in Medco Health Solutions to stress-test its entire Phase I development program. And several smaller companies are starting to follow suit.68

Of course, it’s one thing to talk, another to listen—especially when the feedback’s not favorable. But some companies are clearly acting on what they’re told. GSK is a case in point; the firm pulled a diabetes product mid-way through development because healthcare payers weren’t sufficiently convinced of its value.69

Figure 9: Twinning with diagnostic providers is on the rise

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Package deals

The number of biotech and pharma companies collaborating with other organizations to tap into demand for personalized healthcare and create new ways of adding value is also on the rise. In May 2010, for example, Pathway Genomics entered into a marketing pact with Walgreens to supply direct-to-consumer genetic testing kits. The FDA called a halt to the deal, but it’s indicative of the direction in which things are moving.70

Other, more successful ventures have since been launched. In January 2012, Proteus Biomedical signed a contract with British pharmacy group Lloydspharmacy to sell pills containing edible microchips that communicate with a disposable monitoring patch worn on the shoulder. The service will cost patients about $78 a month and the two companies will split any profits.71

Meanwhile, GSK has linked up with specialist technology provider MedTrust Online to launch an iPhone app that lets oncologists search for clinical trials by cancer type and automatically identifies the trial centers nearest their patients.72 And Pfizer has started offering an automated vascular health check service in British pharmacies.73

Pulling together

But perhaps the clearest sign of this new willingness to collaborate is GSK’s compact with McLaren, the high-tech engineering firm behind Formula 1 racing. The biopharma industry has traditionally taken the view that it’s “different” from other industries—and so there’s little it can learn from them. In September 2011, GSK put old prejudices aside when it embarked on a five-year partnership to enhance its manufacturing, R&D, and consumer healthcare businesses with McLaren’s engineering and technological expertise.74

In general, then, the last two years have provided fresh grounds for hope. The biotech sector’s productivity is still open to question, the business model it’s traditionally relied on is shaky, and there’s been an undeniable geographic shift in the biomedical research base. But US scientists are as inventive as ever; some biotech companies aren’t just tightening their belts, they’re finding new ways to get funding and add value; and the biopharma community as a whole is trying to pull together.


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Chris Morrison, “Biopharma In 2011: A Year of 2. Transition,” IN VIVO (January 2012), Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 9.

Consensus forecasts provided by 3. EvaluatePharma.

Asher Mullard, “2011 FDA drug approvals,” 4. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 11 (February 2012), pp. 91-94.

Michael Hay, Jesse Rosenthal et al., “Trial and 5. Error: Breaking Down Clinical Trial Success Rates,” 13th Annual Bio CEO Investor Conference (New York City, United States: February 15, 2011).

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Light and Warburton claim the sample used by 7. Tufts is too small and too slewed towards Big Pharma to be representative of the situation in the industry as a whole. They also argue that Tufts’ methodology is at fault in four key respects: 1) that it includes “opportunity” costs as well as out-of pocket costs, and the former should be excluded; 2) that the cost of capital used to determine those opportunity costs is much too high; 3) that the calculations exclude the impact of tax credits on R&D outlays; and 4) that they overstate failure rates in late-stage development, where the highest costs are incurred. For further details, see Donald W. Light & Rebecca Warburton, “Demythologizing the high costs of pharmaceutical research,” BioSocieties, Vol. 6 (February 7, 2011), pp. 34-35

The journalists concerned recognized that 8. investments made in one year don’t translate into approved medicines for many more years, but they argued that using 15-years’ worth of data stopped their estimates being skewed by short-term periods when R&D budgets or drug approvals varied dramatically. For further details, see Matthew Herper, “The Truly Staggering Cost Of Inventing New Drugs,” Forbes (February 10, 2012), http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2012/02/10/the-truly-staggering-cost-of-inventing-new-drugs

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David Thomas, “Venture Capital increases in 12. 2011, but . . . ,” BioTechNow (January 24, 2012), http://www.biotech-now.org/?s=venture+capital+increases%2C+but

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MoneyTreeTM Report, op. cit. 14. Dealogic, Capital IQ and Dow Jones 15.

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Ibid. 17. Cambridge Associates, “U.S. Venture Capital 18.

Index And Selected Benchmark Statistics: Private Investments, September 30, 2011” (2012), p. 16.

MoneyTreeTM Report, op. cit. 19. “Corporate Venture Capital Activity On 20.

Three-Year Upward Trend,” NVCA Today (April 2012), http://nvcatoday.nvca.org/index.php/corporate-venture-capital-activity-on-three-year-upward-trend.html

Chris Morrison, “Merck’s $500 Million Venture 21. Bet – Industry’s Latest and Largest Attempt to Get Closer to VCs,” IN VIVO (September 15, 2011), http://invivoblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/mercks-500-million-venture-bet.html

“Johnson & Johnson, Glaxo plot $200 million 22. biotech venture capital fund,” Bloomberg News (March 21, 2012), http://www.nj.com/business/index.ssf/2012/03/johnson_johnson_glaxo_plot_200.html

To date, Merck’s Global Health Innovation Fund 23. has invested $17 million in Physicians Interactive, and $10 million apiece in diagnostics developers Daktari Diagnostics and Aviir. For further information, see CrunchBase, http://www.crunchbase.com/financial-organization/merck-global-health-innovation-fund

Arlene Weintraub, “Merck Teams With Flagship 24. to Bankroll Early Biotech Ventures,” Xconomy (April 10, 2012), http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2012/04/10/merck-teams-with-flagship-to-fund-early-biotech-ventures/

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of 25. America, “PhRMA Member Companies Invested $49.5 Billion In Research and Development in 2011” (April 12, 2012), http://www.phrma.org/media/releases/phrma-member-companies-invested-49-5-billion-research-development-2011

In 2007, Big Pharma’s total R&D expenditure 26. was $47.90 billion. This is the equivalent of $51.97 billion in 2011 dollars, based on the change in the US Consumer Price Index between 2007 and 2011.

Luke Timmerman, “Why Biogen Idec Got Out of 27. the Corporate VC Business,” Xconomy (January 27, 2012), http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2012/01/27/why-biogen-idec-got-out-of-the-corporate-vc-business/

US National Science Foundation, “Science and 28. Engineering Indicators 2012” (2012), http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/c0/c0i.htm

Vivek Wadhwa, Sinali Jain et al., “The Grass is 29. Indeed Greener in India and China for Returnee Entrepreneurs” (April 2011), p. 3.

Kelly Services, “Reverse Migration of 30. Engineering Professionals into India” (November 2011).

Government of India, “Indian Expenditure 31. Budget Vol. I, 2012-2013,” Part III, pp. 35-36, http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2012-13/eb/po.pdf

Suzanne Elvidge & Maribel Rios, “Success 32.

Stories from the Asia-Pacific,” BioProcess International, Vol. 10, No. 2 (February 2012), pp. 20–31; and Michelle Hoffman, “Biosimilars or Bust: Are biosimilars the next big thing or just the next big bubble?” BioPharm International, Volume 24, Issue 7 (August 1, 2011), p. 8.

Agency for Science, Technology and Research 33. ((A*STAR) Singapore, “Singapore’s biomedical sciences R&D effort gets boost of S$3.7 billion ($2.8 billion)” (28 December 2010), http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-12/afst-sbs122810.php

“BiotechCorp aims for RM9bil investment,” 34. The Star (May 4, 2011), http://www.biomalaysia.com.my/2011/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103:biotechcorp-aims-for-rm9bil-investment&catid=41:media-coverage&Itemid=120

Wang Yu & Li Xiang, “China placing priority on 35. biotechnology,” China Daily (June 28, 2011), www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2011-06/28/content_12790544.htm

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Asia Competition 36. Barometer: Pharmaceuticals” (2012).

“China dominates the billion-dollar club,” 37. BioSpectrum, Vol. 9, Issue 6 (June 2011), p. 18.

Economist Intelligence Unit, op. cit. 38. Jones Lang LaSalle, “Global Life Sciences Cluster 39.

Report, 2011.”World Intellectual Property Organisation, 40.

“World Intellectual Property Indicators 2011” (December 2011).

Ibid. 41. Yali Friedman, “Location of pharmaceutical 42.

innovation: 2000–2009,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9 (November 2010), pp. 835-836.

Jingzong Qi, Qingli Wang, et al., “Innovative 43. drug R&D in China,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 10 (May 2011), pp. 333-334.

Ted Agres, “Partnering for Success...and 44. Survival,” Drug Discovery and Development (6 December 2011), http://www.dddmag.com/articles/2011/12/partnering-successand-survival

“2011 Alliance of the Year Nominee: Forma/45. Genentech,” IN VIVO (November 28, 2011), http://invivoblog.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/2011-alliance-of-year-nominee.html

Ibid. 46. “Partnering,” Nimbus Discovery website, http://47.

www.nimbusdiscovery.com/index.php?id=72Luke Timmerman, “Celgene To Pump $45M into 48.

Quanticel to Discover Cancer Drugs, Gets Option To Acquire,” Xconomy (November 4, 2011), http://www.xconomy.com/san-francisco/2011/11/04/celgene-to-pump-45m-into-quanticel-to-discover-cancer-drugs-gets-option-to-acquire/

Arlene Weintraub, “Warp Drive Bio Launches 49. With $125M from Third Rock, Greylock, Sanofi,” Xconomy (January 10, 2012), http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2012/01/10/warp-drive-bio-launches-with-125m-from-third-rock-greylock-sanofi/

John Carroll, “Analysis: Big Pharma is backing 50. out of more biotech deals,” FierceBiotech (May 16, 2011), http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/analysis-big-pharma-backing-out-more-biotech-deals/2011-05-16

“All together now: Charities help Big Pharma,” 51. The Economist (April 21, 2012), http://www.economist.com/node/21553027

Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation press 52. release, “JDRF and Amylin Partner to Investigate Co-Formulating Two Hormones for Treatment of


Type 1 Diabetes” (May 10, 2011), http://www.jdrf.org/index.cfm?page_id=115726

“All together now,” op. cit. 53. “Wellcome Trust launches Venture Capital arm,” 54.

European Biotechnology News (March 21, 2012), http://www.eurobiotechnews.eu/news/news/2012-01/wellcome-trust-launches-venture-capital-arm.html

Paul Jump, “Cancer Research UK to join forces 55. with venture capitalist,” The Times Higher Education (March 31, 2012), http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=419502&c=1

Washington University in St Louis press release, 56. “Washington University, Pfizer announce groundbreaking research collaboration” (May 17, 2010), http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/20770.aspx

Pfizer, “Centers for Therapeutic Innovation,” 57. http://www.pfizer.com/research/rd_works/centers_for_therapeutic_innovation.jsp

Morrison, “Biopharma in 2011: A year of 58. transition,” op. cit.

Gianluigi Cuccureddu, “University of Cambridge 59. Joins Eli Lilly’s ‘Open Innovation Drug Discovery Platform,’” Innovation Management ( January 13, 2012), http://www.innovationmanagement.se/2012/01/13/university-of-cambridge-joins-eli-lillys-open-innovation-drug-discovery-platform/

Pistoia Alliance website, http://www.60. pistoiaalliance.org/

Luke Timmerman, “Sage Bionetworks Moves 61. from Thinking Stage to Doing Stage,” Xconomy (April 18, 2012), http://www.xconomy.com/san-francisco/2012/04/18/sage-bionetworks-moves-from-thinking-stage-to-doing-stage/

Donna Young, “NIH-industry venture taps 62. ‘crowdsourcing’ for teaching old drugs new tricks,” SCRIP Intelligence (May 4, 2012), http://www.scripintelligence.com/home/NIH-industry-venture-taps-crowdsourcing-for-teaching-old-drugs-new-tricks-330136

Shannon Fisher, “Big Pharma + Big Pharma = 63. Collaborative Fight to Cancer,” PharmaShare (April 2012), http://www.pharma-share.com/big-pharma-big-pharma-collaborative-approach-fight-cancer

Merck press release, “Merck and Roche 64. Establish Strategic Agreements in Fight Against Chronic Hepatitis C” (May 17, 2011), http://www.merck.com/newsroom/news-release-archive/corporate/2011_0517.html

Mullard, op. cit. 65. Andrew Pollack, “A Push to Tie New Drugs to 66.

Testing,” The New York Times (December 26, 2011),

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/27/health/pressure-to-link-drugs-and-companion-diagnostics.html?pagewanted=all

Lewis Krauskopf, “Insight: Pharma asks the 67. money question earlier for new drugs,” Reuters (December 20, 2011), http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/20/us-payors-idUSTRE7BJ1QG20111220

Ibid. 68. Ibid. 69. Bruce Japsen & Sandra M. Jones, “Walgreens 70.

postpones carrying Pathway Genomics genetic test kit,” Los Angeles Times (May 13, 2010), http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/13/business/la-fi-dna-kits-20100513

Andrew Jack, “Pharmacy to offer ‘intelligent 71. medicines,’” Financial Times (January 15, 2012), http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ebe31fac-3e11-11e1-ac9b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1thkrCeXt

Peter Mansell, “GSK, MedTrust launch iPhone/72. iPad app for cancer trials,” PharmaTimes (June 8, 2010), http://www.pharmatimes.com/Article/10-06-08/GSK_MedTrust_launch_iPhone_iPad_app_for_cancer_trials.aspx

Pfizer press release, “Pfizer Launches New 73. Pharmacy-Based

Vascular Health Check Service” (June 7, 2010), 74. http://www.vascularhealthcheck.com/z_aux/z_assets/press/news/Pfizer-Vascular-Health-Check-Press-Release-7-june-2010.pdf

GlaxoSmithKline press release, 75. “GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and McLaren Group announce innovative strategic partnership” (September 15, 2011), http://www.gsk.com/media/pressreleases/2011/2011-pressrelease-625498.htm


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