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Biosystematic Index

AAbeoforma whisleri, 11Abies, 34Abradeosporangium, 219Absidia, 234Absidia glauca, 214Absidiaceae, 219Absidia s.s, 219, 234Absidioideae, 219Acaromyces, 301, 305, 309, 315Acaromyces ingoldii, 301Acaulopage, 220, 236

A. lophospora, 236A. pectospora, 235

Acaulospora, 255, 264Acaulosporaceae, 260Achlya, 49–51, 62, 65

A. irregularis, 63A. racemosa, 47

Achlyaceae, 51, 62, 63, 65Acrasea, 22Acrasidae, 22Acrasiomycota, 21–34Acrasis, 11, 22, 23

A. granulata, 22A. helenhemmesae, 22A. rosea, 22, 23

Acrididae, 210Actinomortierella, 219Actinomucor, 219Acytostelium, 26Aegerita tortuosa, 395Aenigmatomyces, 220, 237Agaricaceae, 410Agaricales, 409

Agaricoid clade, 410Agaricomycetes, 373Agaricomycetidae, 405Agaricomycotina, 271, 276, 297, 298, 321, 357Agaricostilbales, 284Agaricostilbomycetes, 281, 284–285Agaricostilbum, 278, 284

A. palmicola, 284A. pulcherrimum, 280, 284

Agaricus, 409Agaricus bisporus, 373Ahmadiago, 311Albatrellaceae, 405Albatrellus, 404Albuginaceae, 50, 51, 70, 83Albuginales, 51, 66, 69–71, 84Albugo, 40, 49–51, 69, 70, 82, 83

A. candida, 66A. laibachii, 40, 71

Alismataceae, 309Allantomyces, 218, 231Allochytridium, 157, 158Alloclavaria, 396Allomyces, 179, 182, 185Alogomyces, 158, 159Althornia, 44Althornidiaceae, 44Amanitaceae, 411Amanita muscaria, 409Amanita phalloides, 374Ambisporaceae, 261Amoebae, 235, 236Amoeba proteus, 236Amoebidales, 210Amoebidium, 6

Systematics and Evolution, 2nd EditionThe Mycota VII Part AD.J. McLaughlin and J.W. Spatafora (Eds.)© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

Amoebophilus, 220, 236Amoebophilus simplex, 236Amoebozoa, 11, 21–34Amphifila, 44, 46Amphifilaceae, 44Amphimedon queenslandica, 9Amylocorticiaceae, 407Amylocorticiales, 406Amylocorticiellum, 406Amylocorticium, 406Amylomyces, 220Anacardiaceae, 309Anaeromyces, 164Anarthriaceae, 311, 320Ancylistaceae, 218, 222, 223Ancylistales, 218Ancylistes, 215, 218, 222, 223, 238Ancylistineae, 218Anisolpidium, 48Anisolpidium ectocarpii, 47, 48, 80Anomalomyces, 311, 320Anomoloma, 406Anomoporia, 406Antherospora, 310, 318Anthracocystis, 311, 320Anthracoidea, 296, 299, 300, 310, 320, 321Anthracoideaceae, 310, 319–321Antrodia clade, 399Aphanodictyon, 49, 50Aphanomyces, 49–51, 58, 61, 62, 64

A. amphigynus, 61A. astaci, 40

Aphanomycopsis, 49–51, 59, 60Aphanomycopsis sexualis, 60, 81Aphididae, 210Aphids, 210Aplanes, 49–51, 65Aplanochytriacaeae, 46Aplanochytridiaceae, 44Aplanochytrium, 44–46Aplanopsis, 51, 65Aplectosoma, 220Apodachlya, 49, 50, 51, 59, 79Apodachlya pyrifera, 60Apodachlyella, 49, 50, 51, 59, 60, 81Apodachlyellaceae, 50Apophysomyces, 212, 220, 234Appianoporites vancouverensis, 387Apterivorax, 218

Aqualinderella, 49–51Aquamortierella, 219, 233Aquastella, 64Arabidopsis, 40Arabidopsis thaliana, 71Araceae, 309, 310Araiospora, 49–51, 69, 82Araiospora pulchra, 66Araliaceae, 310Araucariaceae, 311Archaeomarasmius leggetti, 386–387Archaeosporaceae, 256, 261Archaeosporales, 260–261Arcticomyces, 309, 315Arcyria, 27, 33Arecaceae, 309, 310Arizonaphlyctidaceae, 161Arizonaphlyctis, 161Arkaya, 159Arrhytidia, 366Artocarpus integer, 211–212Artomyces, 404Ascomycota, 215, 230, 283, 284, 288, 289, 298Asellaria, 218, 230

A. jatibonicua, 230A. ligiae, 225, 230

Asellariaceae, 218, 230Asellariales, 209–210, 216–218, 225, 230, 239Asparagaceae, 310, 311, 318Asteridae, 314Asterophlyctis, 156Asterostroma, 404Astraeus, 407Athelia, 406Atheliales, 406Athelopsis, 406Atkinisellaceae, 51Atkinsiella, 49–51, 55, 58, 82Atkinsiella dubia, 58, 60Atkinsiellaceae, 58Atkinsiellales, 51, 58Atractiella, 280, 281, 285Atractiellales, 274, 285Atractiellales sensu lato, 275Atractiellomycetes, 276, 281, 285Atractocolax, 287Aurantiochytrium, 44, 46Aurantiosporium, 281, 297Aureococcus, 40

432 Biosystematic Index

Auricularia auricula-judae, 391Auriculariales, 274, 283, 285, 332, 390Auriculibuller, 334Auriculoscypha, 289Auriscalpiaceae, 405Auriscalpium, 404Austrobasidium, 309, 315Austrogautieria, 394Austrosmittium, 218, 231, 238Azygozygum, 219

BBackusella, 219, 228Backusellaceae, 219Bactromyces, 218Baetimyces, 218Ballocephala, 218, 219, 230Baltomyces, 218, 230Bandoniozyma, 348Bankera, 399Bankeraceae, 400Bannoa, 286Bannoa hahajimensis, 286Barbatospora, 218, 230Barbeyella minutissima, 34Bartheletia, 351Basidiobolaceae, 218, 222, 223Basidiobolales, 210, 215, 217, 218, 223Basidiobolomycetes, 218, 221, 222Basidiobolus, 10, 210, 211, 215, 217, 218,

221–223, 236, 238, 239Basidiobolus ranarum, 212, 222, 223Basidiodendron, 390Basidiolum fimbriatum, 237Basidiomycota, 215, 271, 295Basidiophora, 49, 50, 52, 76Basidophora entospora, 69Basidiopycnis, 285Batkoa, 218Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 9, 146, 152,

167Bauerago, 287, 297Bdellospora, 220Beenakia, 393Beenakiaceae, 394Benjaminiella, 220, 227, 229Benjaminiella poitrasii, 229Bensingtonia, 284

Benua, 50, 52, 76Berkholderia rhizoxinica, 213Biatoropsis, 334Bicosoecida, 41Biscallitheca, 84Blakeslea, 216, 219, 234Blakeslea trispora, 212–214, 216Blastocladia, 179, 180, 185Blastocladiaceae, 185Blastocladiales, 179, 278Blastocladiella

B. emersonii, 192B. variabilis, 192

Blastocladiomycetes, 176, 278Blastocladiomycota, 142, 146, 165–167Blastocystis, 40Blyttiomyces, 156, 162–163Boidinia, 404Bojamyces, 218, 231Bolbitiaceae, 410Boletales, 407Boletineae, 408Boletopsis, 399Boletus, 407Boletus edulis, 373Bondarcevomyces taxi, 407Bondarzewiaceae, 405Borealophlyctidaceae, 161Borealophlyctis, 161Boreostereum, 402Botryobasidiaceae, 388Botryobasidium, 387Botryochytrium, 44, 46Botryoconis, 309Botrytis cinerea, 301Brachybasidiaceae, 309, 313–315Brachybasidium, 309Brachybasidium pinangae, 314Brachymyces, 220Bremia, 49, 50, 52, 76Bremia lactucae, 69Bremiella, 50Brevilegnia, 49–51, 65Brevilegnia megasperma, 64Brevilegniella, 49–51Bridgeoporus nobilissimus, 381Buchloe dactyloides, 317Bullera, 336, 347

Biosystematic Index 433

Bulleribasidium, 348Bulleromyces, 334, 339, 340Burgoa, 388Burrillia, 309, 313, 318

CCaecomyces, 164Calcarisporiella, 211, 220, 234Callimastix, 187, 197Calocera, 367, 370

C. cornea, 359, 363, 370C. viscosa, 359, 363–366, 370

Calvarula, 392Calyptralegnia, 49–51, 64, 65Camptobasidium, 287Camptobasidium hydrophilum, 288Canteriomyces, 48Cantharellales, 387Cantharellus, 387Cantharellus cibarius, 373Capniomyces, 218, 231Capniomyces stellatus, 225, 238Capsella bursa-pastoris, 66, 69Carcinomyces, 334, 336

C. effibulatus, 351Carex, 320Carouxella, 218, 230, 231Catenaria, 180Catenariaceae, 186Catenochytridium, 157, 158Catenomyces, 161, 186Catenophlyctis, 186Caudomyces, 218Caulochytrium, 160Centrolepidaceae, 311Centrolepidosporium, 311Ceraceomyces, 406Ceraceosoraceae, 309Ceraceosorales, 299, 304, 305, 309, 311–313Ceraceosorus, 309, 313Ceraceosorus bombacis, 313Ceratiomyxa, 11, 31Ceratiomyxales, 31Ceratobasidiaceae, 388Ceratobasidium, 388Cercozoa, 104Cerinomyces, 364, 365, 368

C. albosporus, 368C. canadensis, 361, 368

C. ceraceus, 368C. crustulinus, 361, 366, 368C. grandinioides, 368C. lagerheimii, 368C. pallidus, 361, 365, 368

Ceriporia, 398Chaetocladiaceae, 219Chaetocladioideae, 219Chaetocladium, 211, 219, 226, 227, 235Chaetodermella, 402Chaetomium, 230, 238Chionosphaera, 284Chionosphaeraceae, 284Chlamydoabsidia, 219Chlamydomyzium, 50, 51, 59, 81, 82Chlamydomyzium anomalum, 60Chlororachnion, 11Choanephora, 211–212, 216, 219, 226, 234

C. cucurbitarum, 211, 213Choanephoraceae, 216, 219, 225–226, 229Choanephora rots, 211Choanephoroideae, 219Choristocarpus, 55, 81Chromista, 41Chrondrus crispus, 57Chrysosplenium, 314Chytridiaceae, 152, 156, 157Chytridiales, 147, 150, 151, 155–157, 159, 162,

166, 167Chytridiomycota, 141–168, 215Chytridium, 144, 156, 158Chytriomyces, 156, 158Chytriomycetaceae, 151, 152, 156, 157Cintractia, 300, 310, 320Cintractiaceae, 320Cintractiella, 311Circinella, 220Circinomucor, 219Cladochytriaceae, 156, 157Cladochytriales, 147, 155–159, 166, 167Cladochytrium, 157Claroideoglomeraceae, 257, 259Classicula fluitans, 285Classiculales, 285Classiculomycetes, 276, 285Clathraceae, 392, 393Claustulaceae, 393Clavaria, 409Clavariachaete, 396Clavariadelphaceae, 393, 394


Clavulicium, 365Clavulina, 387Clinoconidium, 309Clinoconidium farinosum, 315Clintamra, 305, 311, 320Clintamraceae, 320Closterium, 222Clydaea, 158Coccidiodictyon, 289Cochlonema, 220, 236

C. cerasphorum, 236C. euryblastum, 236C. megalosomum, 236

Cochlonemataceae, 220, 235–237Coelomomyces, 180, 186, 278Coelomomycetaceae, 186Coelomycidium, 180, 186Coemansia, 219, 232, 237

C. pectinata, 225C. reversa, 10, 232

Coenocytic mycelium, 223Cokeromyces, 212, 220, 237Cokeromyces recurvatus, 212, 229, 236, 238Cokeromycetoideae, 220Colacogloea, 287Colacosiphon filiformis, 286Coleopteromyces, 218Colocasia antiquorum, 212Columnocystis, 402Combresomyces, 84Commelinaceae, 309Completoria, 215, 218, 223Completoria complens, 222Completoriaceae, 218, 222, 223Conidiobolus, 210–212, 215, 218, 222, 223, 238

C. coronatus, 211, 212, 221C. incongruus, 212C. lamprauges, 212C. obscurus, 221C. thromboides, 211

Conidiosporomyces, 310Coniodictyum, 296, 309, 315Coniophora, 407Coniophorineae, 408Contarinia, 212Convolvulaceae, 310, 315, 322Coprinopsis cinerea, 374Coprinus, 409Copromyxa, 22Copromyxella, 22

Corallochytrium limacisporum, 9Core polyporoid clade, 399Cornumyces, 50, 51, 59, 81Cornumyces pygmaeum, 60Corticiaceae, 402Corticiaeae, 400Corticiales, 400Corticium, 400Corticium radiosum, 232Cortinariaceae, 410Cortinarius, 409Corymbia, 316Couchia, 50Craterocolla, 389Crepidotaceae, 410Cribraria, 32Cristelloporia, 395Cronartium quercuum, 282Crypticola, 50, 51, 76, 82

C. clavulifera, 58C. entomophaga, 58

Crypticolaceae, 51, 58Cryptobasidiacae, 315Cryptobasidiaceae, 309, 315Cryptococcus, 336, 347

C. albidus, 346C. curvatus, 340, 346C. gattii, 344C. laurentii, 346C. liquefaciens, 346C. marinus, 347C. neoformans, 344C. terreus, 346C. terricola, 346

Cryptocolaceae, 50Cryptomycocolacomycetes, 281, 286Cryptomycocolax abnormis, 286Cryptomycota, 142, 166Cryptotrichosporon, 348Cucurbitaceae, 211Cuniculitrema, 336Cuniculitremaceae, 350Cunninghamella, 212, 213, 216, 219, 226, 234Cunninghamella echinulata, 213Cunninghamellaceae, 219Cunninghamelloideae, 219Curvibasidium, 287Cylindrobasidium, 409Cylindrochytridium, 157Cyllamyces, 164


Cyperaceae, 298, 302, 310, 311, 319–322Cyrenella, 286Cyrenella elegans, 276, 278, 286Cystobasidiales, 287Cystobasidiomycetes, 278, 286–287Cystobasidiopsis, 284Cystobasidiopsis nirenbergiae, 284Cystobasidium, 286Cystochytrium, 48Cystodermateae, 410Cystofilobasidiales, 348–349Cystofilobasidium, 334, 340, 349

C. bisporidii, 349Cystopage, 220Cystopage cladospora, 236Cytosiphon, 50

DDacrymyces, 365

D. aquaticus, 368D. capitatus, 364D. chrysospermus, 359D. dendrocalami, 361, 365, 368D. enatus, 361D. estonicus, 360, 366D. macnabbii, 361D. minor, 362, 366D. ovisporus, 361, 365, 366D. palmatus, 358, 359D. paraphysatus, 361D. pinacearum, 362, 368, 370D. punctiformis, 368D. stillatus, 358–361, 363D. subarcticus, 362, 368, 370D. unisporus, 370D. variisporus, 359

Dacrymyces s. str., 368Dacrymycetes, 357–370, 374Dacryodiomyces, 218, 231Dacryomitra, 368, 370Dacryomitra pusilla, 366, 370Dacryonaema, 367Dacryonaema rufum, 359, 364Dacryopinax, 367

D. elegans, 364, 370D. spathularia, 359

Dacryoscyphus, 368, 370Dacryoscyphus chrysochilus, 362, 363, 368, 370Dasyspora, 283

Dendrocorticium, 400Densospora, 234Dermatosoraceae, 320Dermatosorus, 310, 319, 320Derxomyces, 336, 347Developayella, 41, 82Dianema, 33Diasporangium, 49, 50Dicellomyces, 309Dicellomyces gloeosporus, 314Dichotomocladioideae, 219Dichotomocladium, 219, 227Dicranophora, 211, 219, 234Dicranophoraceae, 219Dicranophoroideae, 219Dictyocaulus viviparus, 216Dictyosteliomycota, 13, 21–34Dictyostelium, 26

D. discoideum, 9, 21D. septentrionalis, 26D. sphaerocephalum, 24

Dictyotremella, 348Dictyuchus, 49–51, 64, 65, 80Didymium, 32

D. difforme, 30D. iridis, 29

Dimargaris, 218, 230Dimargaris bacillispora, 225Dimargaritaceae, 218Dimargaritales, 210, 214, 215, 217, 218, 225,

228–232, 237–239Dioszegia, 336, 347Diplophryidaceae, 44Diplophrys, 44Diplophrys marina, 44, 46Dipsacomyces, 219, 232Diptera, 223Dispira, 218, 230Dissophora, 211, 219, 233Diversisporales, 259–260Ditiola, 367Ditiola haasii, 359Diversispora, 256, 260Doassansia, 309, 313, 318Doassansiaceae, 309, 312, 313Doassansiales, 301–305, 309, 311–313, 321Doassansiopsidaceae, 304, 310, 318Doassansiopsis, 310, 313, 318, 321Doassinga, 296, 303, 304, 309, 313Drechslerosporium, 218


Drepanoconis, 309Ducellaria, 59Ducellieraceae, 59Ducellieria, 50, 51, 81Ducellieriaceae, 50

EEballistra, 310, 314Eballistraceae, 310, 315, 316Eccrinales, 210Eccrinidus, 6Echinochlamydosporium, 219Echinodontium, 404Echinosporangium Kylin, 219Echinosporangium Malloch, 219Echinosteliales, 31Echinostelium, 32Ectocarpus, 40, 55Ectrogella, 49–51, 54, 82Ectrogellaceae, 50, 51Ectrogellales, 50Efibulobasidium, 389Eichleriella, 390Ejectosporus, 218Ellisomyces, 219, 228Elmerina, 390Elongisporangium, 51, 72Encephalitozoon, 120Encephalitozoon cuniculi, 8Endochytriaceae, 156, 157Endochytrium, 157Endocochlus, 220Endogonaceae, 219, 233, 255Endogonaeae, 214Endogonales, 210, 214, 217, 219, 229, 233, 234Endogone, 219, 233, 234, 253, 254, 256, 264Endogone pisiformis, 227, 233Enterocytozoon bieneusi, 121Entoloma, 409Entolomataceae, 410Entomophaga, 218, 238Entomophthora, 218, 224Entomophthoraceae, 218, 222–224Entomophthoralean fungi, 210Entomophthorales, 210, 214–218, 222, 223, 235,

237–239Entomophthoreae, 214Entomophthoroideae, 218Entomophthoromycetes, 218, 221–224

Entomophthoromycota, 210, 215–217, 221–223,230, 237, 239

Entomophthoromycotina, 184, 215Entomopthorales, 222Entophlyctis, 147, 156, 159Entorrhiza, 297, 298, 309Entrophospora, 261Entrophospora infrequens, 256, 261Entrophosporaceae, 261Entyloma, 296, 298, 300, 301, 303, 309, 314, 322Entyloma microsporum, 314Entylomaster, 309, 313Entylomataceae, 309Entylomatales, 295, 301–304, 309, 312–314Eocronartium, 289Eocronartium muscicola, 278, 279, 282Ephemerellomyces, 218Eraphthora, 52, 75Ericaceae, 315Ericales, 309, 321Eriocaulaceae, 311Eriocaulago, 311Eriomoeszia, 311, 320Eriosporium, 311Erratomyces, 310, 317Erratomyces patelii, 317Ertzia, 406Erynia, 217, 218, 223Erynia sepulchralis, 221Erynioideae, 218Eryniopsis, 218Erysiphales, 288Erythrobasidium, 286Escherichi coli, 26Eucalyptus, 316Euglena, 11Euphorbiaceae, 311Euryancale, 220, 236

E. marsipspora, 236E. phallospor, 236E. sacciospora, 236

Eurychasma, 49–51, 55, 80, 82, 84Eurychasma dicksonii, 55, 56, 78, 79Eurychasmaceae, 50, 51, 55Eurychasmales, 51, 52, 55Eurychasmidium, 49, 50, 55Eurychasmopsis, 50, 51, 81Excavata, 11, 21–34Exidiopsis, 390Exobasidiaceae, 309, 315


Exobasidiales, 295, 299, 301, 302, 304–306, 309,311–316, 319, 321

Exobasidianae, 312Exobasidiellum, 309Exobasidiomycetes, 303, 309–317, 321Exobasidium, 296, 299, 300, 304, 305, 309, 311,

315, 321Exoteliospora, 298, 305, 311

FFabaceae, 310, 316, 317Fagaceae, 310, 316Farysia, 301, 302, 310, 317, 320Farysizyma, 302, 310, 317, 320Farysporium, 311Favolaschia, 409Fellomyces, 336, 343Femsjonia, 367, 368Femsjonia peziziformis, 366Fennellomyces, 220Fennellomyces linderi, 227Filobasidiales, 347, 349Filobasidiella, 334, 339, 350

F. bacillispora, 344F. depauperata, 340F. neoformans, 340

Filobasidium, 334, 349Fimicolochytrium, 160Fistulina, 409Flamingomyces, 310, 318, 319Floromyces, 310, 318Floromycetaceae, 304, 310, 318Fomes, 397Fonticula, 10, 11, 22Fonticula alba, 7Foraminifera, 105Franzpetrakia, 311Fulvisporium, 287, 297Funneliformis mosseae, 254Furculomyces, 218Furia, 217, 218Furia gastropachae, 221Fusarium, 6

GGaertneriomyces, 145, 160, 161Gallacea, 394Gallaceaceae, 394Galteriella biscalitheceae, 84

Gamsiella, 219, 233Gamsiella multidivericata, 226Ganoderma, 398Gastrosporium, 392Gauteriaceae, 393Gauthieromyces, 218Gautieriaceae, 394Geastraceae, 392Geastrales, 391–392Geastrum, 391Geminaginaceae, 320Geminago, 311, 320Genistella, 218Genistellaceae, 218Genistelloides, 218, 231Genistelloides hibernus, 238Genistellospora, 218, 231Geolegnia, 49–51Georgefischeria, 300, 310, 315Georgefischeriaceae, 310, 315, 316Georgefischeriales, 301, 303, 304, 310, 311,

313–316, 319–322Geosiphonaceae, 261Geosiphonales, 210Geosiphon pyriformis, 256, 261Geranium pratense, 69Geranomyces, 160Gigaspora, 255, 259Gigasporaceae, 253Gigasporineae, 255Gilbertella, 216, 219Gilbertella persicaria, 211, 212, 227–229Gilbertellaceae, 219Gilbertelloideae, 219Gjaerumia, 296, 310, 315Gjaerumiaceae, 310, 315, 316Glaciozyma, 287Globisporangium, 72Gloeocantharellus, 393Gloeocystidiellum, 404Gloeophyllales, 402Gloeophyllum, 402Glomales, 210Glomeraceae, 253, 258–259Glomerales, 210, 255, 258–259Glomeromycota, 83, 210, 214, 215, 233, 234, 251Glomineae, 255Glomosporiaceae, 310, 318, 319, 321Glomosporium, 310, 318Glomus, 234, 255


Glotzia, 218, 231Gominocheate, 51Gomphaceae, 394Gomphales, 393Gomphus, 393Gonapodya, 163, 167Gongronella, 219Gonimocheate, 50Graminella, 218, 231Graminelloides, 218Graminivora, 52, 75Graphiola, 300, 305, 310, 321Graphiolaceae, 310, 315Guehomyces, 336Guepiniopsis, 367, 369Guepiniopsis buccina, 359, 364Guttulina rosea, 22Guttulinopsis, 22Gymnopileae, 410Gyrodontium, 407

HHalioticida, 51, 57Halioticida noduliformans, 56Haliphthoraceae, 50, 51, 57Haliphthorales, 51, 57–58Haliphthoros, 49, 50, 54, 58, 80Haliphthoros milfordensis, 56, 58, 78Haliphthorus, 50, 51Halocrusticida, 51, 57Halocrusticida parasitica, 56Halodaphnea, 50, 57Halophytophthora, 50, 51, 71–73Halophytophthora vesicula, 68Halteromyces, 219Hannaella, 336, 347Haplosporangium, 219Haptoglossa, 50, 51, 55, 56, 76, 78–81, 84

H. dickii, 78H. erumpens, 55, 56, 81H. heteromorpha, 55, 56, 81H. polymorpha, 55

Haptoglossaceae, 50, 51, 55Haptoglossales, 50, 51, 55–57Harpella, 218, 231Harpella melusinae, 225Harpellaceae, 218Harpellales, 209, 210, 214, 215, 218, 225, 230,

231, 238, 239

Harpellomyces, 218, 231Harpochytrium, 145, 163, 164Hassiella monosperma, 83Hebelomateae, 410Helicobasidiales, 289Helicobasidium, 278, 289Helicobasidium purpureum, 282Helicocephalidaceae, 210, 220, 235, 237Helicocephalum, 220, 228Helicogloea, 282, 285

H. intermedia, 281H. variabilis, 282

Heliconiaceae, 309Helicostylum, 211, 219

H. elegans, 211H. pulchrum, 211

Heliocybe, 402Hemileia vastatrix, 278Hemitrichia calyculata, 30Henningsomyces, 409Hericiaceae, 405Hericium, 404Herpobasidium, 289Hesseltinella, 210, 216, 219Heterobasidiomycetes, 273Heterobasidion, 404Heterodoassansia, 309, 313, 318Heterogastridiales, 288Heterogastridium, 287Heterokonta, 41Heteromycophaga, 348Heterotextus, 367, 368

H. alpinus, 359H. miltinus, 364

Heterotolyposporium, 310, 320Hobsonia, 285Holozoa, 6Homobasidiomycetes, 273, 374Holtermannia

H. corniformis, 349Holtermanniales, 349Holtermanniella, 347, 349

H. mycelialis, 339Homolaphlyctis, 167Homoptera, 210Hyalococcus, 348Hyaloperonospora, 40, 52, 73, 75, 76

H. arabidopsidis, 40H. parasitica, 69

Hyaloraphidium, 163


Hyaloria pilacre, 390Hydatinophagus, 50Hydnaceae, 388Hydnellum, 399Hydnodontaceae, 395Hydnomerulius pinastri, 409Hydnopolyporus, 398Hydnum, 387Hydrangeaceae, 309Hydrocharitaceae, 309Hygrophoraceae, 411Hygrophoroid clade, 411Hygrophoropsis, 407Hylocereus costaricensis, 211Hylocereus undatus, 211Hymenochaetaceae, 396Hymenochaetales, 396Hymenogastraceae, 410Hymenomycetes, 275Hyperamoeba, 32Hyphochytriomycota, 41, 78Hyphochytrium, 48Hyphochytrium catenoides, 47, 48, 78Hyphodontia, 396Hyphomucor, 219Hypomyces, 407Hysterangiaceae, 394Hysterangiales, 394–395Hysterangium, 394

IIleodictyon, 392Infundibura, 285Ingoldiomyces, 310Inocybaceae, 410Insolibasidium, 289Irpicodon pendulus, 406Isoachlya, 49, 51Isomucor, 219, 220, 234Itersonilia, 340

JJaapia argillacea, 402Jaapiales, 402Jaculispora submersa, 285Jamesdicksonia, 296, 300, 310, 314Jaminaea, 301, 310, 312Jaminaea angkorensis, 317Johncouchia, 289

Jola, 279, 281, 289Juglandaceae, 310Juncaceae, 310, 319, 320

KKarlingiomyces, 159Kavinia, 393Kickxella, 219, 232Kickxella alabastrina, 232Kickxellaceae, 219Kickxellales, 210, 214, 215, 217, 225, 228–230,

232, 237, 239Kickxellomycotina, 210, 215, 217–219, 224–237Kirkia Benny, 220Kirkia Oliv, 220Kirkomyces, 220Kirkomycetoideae, 220Kjeldsenia, 392Klastostachys, 218, 231Kneiffiella clade, 397Kochiomyces, 160Kochmania, 310Kockovaella, 336Kondoa, 284Kordyana, 309Kriegeria, 287Kriegeria eriophori, 280Krieglsteinera, 287Kuntzeomyces, 311Kurtzmanomyces, 284Kuzuhaea, 220, 235Kwoniella, 334, 340

LLabryrinthula, 78Labyrinthula, 44–46Labyrinthula terrestris, 44Labyrinthulaceae, 44, 46Labyrinthulales, 44Labyrinthuloides, 45, 46Labyrinthuloides yorkensis, 46Labyrinthulomycota, 40–46, 77Lachnellaceae, 411Lachnocladium, 404Lactarius, 404Laculus, 218, 231Lacustromyces, 159Laeticorticium, 400Laetisaria, 400


Lagena, 49–51, 78, 79Lagena radicola, 67, 71, 78, 81Lagenaceae, 50Lagenidiales, 49, 55Lagenidium, 49–51, 58, 71, 83

L. callinectes, 83L. giganteum, 76L. pygameum, 59, 60

Lagenisma, 50, 51, 54, 82Lagenisma coscinodisci, 81Lagenismataceae, 50, 51Lagenismatales, 50Lamproderma, 30Lancisporomyces, 218, 231Langdonia, 311, 320Latrostium, 48Lauraceae, 309Laurilia, 404Laurobasidium, 296, 309, 315Laurobasidium lauri, 296, 315Lecophagus, 237Legeriodes, 218, 231Legeriomyces, 218, 231Legeriomycetaceae, 218, 231Legeriosimilis, 219, 231Leguminosae, 322Lentamyces, 219, 234, 235Lentamyces parricida, 235Lentamycetaceae, 219Lentariaceae, 393, 394Lentinellus, 404Lentinula edodes, 373Lentinus tigrinus, 398Lenzitopsis, 399Lepidoderma, 33Lepidostroma, 406Lepidostromataceae, 406Lepidostromatales, 406Lepiota, 409Leptolegnia, 49–51, 62, 65Leptolegniaceae, 50, 62Leptolegniella, 49–51Leptolegniellaceae, 50, 51, 59Leptomitaceae, 50, 51, 59, 79Leptomitales, 49–52, 58, 59Leptomitus, 49–51, 59Leptomitus lacteus, 60Leptosporomyces, 406Leucocintractia, 310, 320Leucogloea, 285

Leucogyrophana, 407Leucophleps, 404Leucosporidiella, 287Leucosporidium, 287Liceales, 31, 32Lichtheimia, 211, 212, 219, 234Lichtheimiaceae, 219Lichtheimioideae, 219Ligniera, 105

L. junci, 107L. pilorum, 107L. verrucosa, 107

Lignosus, 398Liliaceae, 310Limonomyces, 400Linderina, 219, 232Linderina pennispora, 232Liroa, 287, 297Lobosporangium, 219, 233Lobosporangium transversale, 226Lobulomyces, 158Lobulomycetales, 145, 147, 156, 158–159, 162, 167Lycogala, 33Lycogala epidendrum, 27Lycoperdales, 392Lycoperdon, 409Lygniopteris, 84Lyophyllaceae, 410Lysuraceae, 393

MMacalpinomyces, 311Macowanites, 404Macrobiophthora, 218, 223Malassezia, 297, 299, 301, 302, 305, 310, 316Malasseziales, 309–313, 316Malvaceae, 309–311Marasmioid clade, 410–411Marchandiomyces, 400Martensella, 219, 232Martensella corticii, 232Martensiomyces, 219, 232Martensiomyces pterosporus, 225Massospora, 215–218, 224Massosporoideae, 218Mastigobasidium, 287Maullinia, 105

M. ectocarpii, 107Maunachytrium, 158


Mayorella, 236M. penardi, 236M. vespertilioides, 236

Medusoides, 50Meira, 301, 305, 309, 312, 314Melampsora epitea, 283Melampsora laricis-epitea, 275Melampsora laricis-populina, 282Melaniella, 298, 309, 313Melaniellaceae, 309, 313Melanopsichium, 311, 319, 320Melanopsichium pennsylvanicum, 320Melanotaeniaceae, 304, 311, 313, 318–321Melanotaeniaeae, 318Melanotaenium, 298, 311Melanoxa, 310, 319Melanthiaceae, 310Melanustilospora, 310, 318Membranomyces, 387Membranosorus, 105Membranosorus heterantherae, 107Mercenaria, 44, 46Meredithblackwellia, 287Meristacraceae, 218, 222, 223, 238Meristacrum, 218, 223, 238Merosporangia, 216, 225, 228Mesophellia, 394Mesophelliaceae, 394Metazoa, 6Microallomyces, 185Microbotryales, 282, 297Microbotryomycetes, 281, 287–288Microbotryum, 282, 297, 317, 320

M. reticulatum, 280M. violaceum, 282, 287

Micromucor, 220Microsporidia, 10, 115Microstomatales, 305Microstroma, 296, 299, 300, 305, 310,

316, 317Microstromataceae, 310, 316Microstromatales, 295, 299, 301, 303, 304, 306,

310, 313, 316–317Mindeniella, 49–51Minimedusa, 388Mixia osmundae, 279, 288Mixiomycetes, 278, 281, 288Modicella, 219, 233Modicella malleola, 226Moesziomyces, 311

Monoblepharella, 163Monoblepharidales, 163Monoblepharidomycota, 141–168Monoblepharis, 163Moreaua, 310, 320Mortierella, 211, 213, 219, 226, 233, 237, 238

M. alliacea, 212–213M. alpina, 212–213M. elongata, 213M. wolfii, 212

Mortierellaceae, 219, 233Mortierellales, 210, 211, 213–215, 217, 219, 226,

229, 232, 233, 237Mortierellomycotina, 210, 215, 217, 219,

224–237Mrakia, 343Mrakiella, 347Mucor, 211, 212, 216, 219, 234

M. amphibiorum, 212M. irregularis, 212M. mucedo, 211, 214M. piriformis, 211M. rouxii, 229

Mucoraceae, 219, 226, 229Mucorales, 209–217, 219, 220, 225–230,

233–235, 237–240Mucoroideae, 219Mucoromycotina, 210, 211, 215, 217, 219,

224–237Multiclavula, 387Mundkurella, 310, 319Muribasidiospora, 309, 315Mycenaceae, 410Mycetozoa, 27Mycocladaceae, 220Mycocladus, 220Mycoemilia, 219, 232Mycogloea, 278, 284Myconymphaea, 219, 232Mycosyringaceae, 310, 318, 319Mycosyrinx, 300, 304, 310, 318, 321Mycosyrinx cissi, 318Mycotypha, 220, 227, 229Mycotypha africana, 227Mycotyphaceae, 220Mycotyphoideae, 220Myiophagus, 180Myriostoma, 391Myrtaceae, 310Myxomycetes, 21, 27, 31–34


Myxomycota, 11, 21–34Myzocytiopsidaceae, 50, 72Myzocytiopsidales, 50, 72Myzocytiopsis, 50, 51, 71, 82, 83

M. lenticulare, 67M.vermicola, 76, 81

Myzocytium, 49, 50, 71Myzocytium anomalum, 60

NNaegleria fowleri, 11Naiadella fluitans, 285Nannfeldtiomyces, 309, 313, 318Naohidea, 286Narasimhania, 309, 313, 318Nellymyces, 50, 51Nematophthora, 50, 51Neocallimastigomycota, 141–168Neocallimastix, 164Neokarlingia, 159Neolentinus, 402Neotremella, 348Neovossia, 310Neozygitaceae, 218, 222, 223Neozygitales, 210, 217, 218, 224Neozygites, 218Neozygitomycetes, 218, 222, 224Nephrochytrium, 157Neurospora, 4, 5Newbya, 51, 62, 65Nidulariaceae, 410Nosema bombycis, 119Nostoc, 261Nothadelphia, 233Nothia aphylla, 234Novotelnova, 52, 76Nowakowskiella, 157, 166Nowakowskiellaceae, 157Nucellangium glabrum, 83Nuclearia, 6, 10Nucletmycea, 166Nymphaeaceae, 309

OObelidium, 156Oberwinkleria, 310Oblongichytrium, 44, 46Oblongochytridiaceae, 44Occultifur, 286

Ochrophyta, 41Octomyxa, 105Oedogoniomyces, 163Olpidiopsidaceae, 50, 51, 57Olpidiopsidales, 50, 51, 58Olpidiopsis, 49–51, 57, 80, 81

O. porphyrae, 78O. saprolegniae, 56, 79

Olpidium, 10, 145, 146, 160O. brassicae, 223O. porphyrae, 57, 79O. saprolegniae, 57, 78

Oomycota, 41, 49–54, 78Opalinida, 41Opisthokonta, 1, 22Orchesellaria, 218, 230Orchidaceae, 298Ordonia, 289Orphanomyces, 305, 311Orphella, 219, 230, 231Orpinomyces, 164, 165, 167Orthomyces, 217, 218

O. aleyrodis, 217Orthoptera, 210Osmunda, 288Osmundaceae, 311Osteomorpha, 395Otospora, 260Ouramoeba botulacauda, 236Ouramoeba vorax, 236Ovatosporangium, 73Oxalidaceae, 310Oxyporus clade, 397

PPachnocybales, 289Pachnocybe ferruginea, 281, 289Pachymetra, 50, 51, 62Pachymetra chaunorhiza, 61, 62Pacispora, 257Pacisporaceae, 260Palaeoagaricites antiquus, 386–387Palaeoclavaria burmites, 387Paleoblastocladia, 179Palmaria palmata, 57Pandora, 217, 218

P. ithacensis, 221P. neoaphidis, 221

Papiliotrema, 334, 336


Paraglomeraceae, 260Paraglomerales, 260Paraglomus, 256Paranosema locustae, 116Paraperonospora, 50, 52, 76Paraphysoderma, 180, 186Parasitella, 219

P. parasitica, 214P. simplex, 235

Parietichytrium, 44, 46Parvulago, 310, 320Paxillus, 407Pectospora, 235Penicillium, 238, 289Peniophora, 404Peniophoraceae, 405Peniophorella praetermissa, 396Pennella, 219, 231Pennisetum clandistinum, 62Pericladiaceae, 319Pericladium, 311, 319, 320Peridiospora, 219, 234Perofascia, 52, 76Peronoplasmopara, 49Peronosclerospora, 50, 52, 64, 75Peronosclerospora sorghii, 68Peronospora, 49, 50, 52, 73, 76Peronospora viciae, 69Peronosporaceae, 50, 51, 68, 69, 72–76Peronosporales, 49–51, 70–76, 81Peronosporomycetes, 51, 52, 65–76Petersenia, 49–51, 57Phaeoclavulina, 393Phaerochaete chrysosporium, 398Phaffia, 347Phagomyxa, 105

P. bellerocheae, 107P. odontellae, 107

Phagomyxida, 99Phakopsora pachyrhizi, 278Phallaceae, 392, 393Phallales, 392–393Phallogaster, 394Phallogastraceae, 394Phallomycetidae, 391–395Phanerochaete, 398Phanerochaete chrysosporium, 374Phascolomyces, 220Phascolomyces articulosus, 227Phellinus, 396

Phellinus ellipsoideus, 396Phellodon, 399Pheodactylum, 40Phlebia, 398Phlebioid clade, 399Phleogena, 285Phlyctochytrium, 145, 156, 157, 159Phlyctorhiza, 156Phragmidium, 279Phragmotaenium, 310Phragmoxenidium, 348Phycomyces, 220, 234Phycomyces blakesleeanus, 213, 214, 227Phycomycetaceae, 220, 229Phyllogloea, 348Phylloporus, 407Physarales, 31Physarum polycephalum, 21, 29Physocladia, 156Physoderma, 180, 186Physodermataceae, 186Phytomyxea, 99Phytophthora, 10, 40, 49–51, 68, 69, 71,

73, 80P. capsici, 40P. cinnamomi, 40, 74, 80P. infestans, 40, 68, 74, 75P. sojae, 68

Phytopythium, 51, 72, 73Phytopythium ostracodes, 68Picea, 34Pilaira, 219, 226, 234Pilobolaceae, 216, 220, 229Pilobolus, 210, 213, 215–216, 220, 234, 237Pilocintractia, 310, 320Pinnaticoemansia, 219, 232Piptocephaladiaceae, 210Piptocephalidaceae, 210, 220, 228, 235–238Piptocephalis, 220, 235–238

P. lepidula, 228P. xenophila, 228

Pirella, 219, 227P. circinans, 211, 227P. naumovii, 227

Piriformospora, 389Piromyces, 164, 165, 167Pirsonia, 48, 82Pirsonia developayella, 41Planetella, 310, 320Plantaginaceae, 309


Plasmodiophora, 11, 99P. bicaudata, 107P. brassicae, 99P. diplantherae, 107

Plasmodiophorida, 99Plasmopara, 49, 50, 52, 76Plasmopara pusilla, 69Plasmophagus, 50Plasmoverna, 52, 76Platycarpa, 289Platygloea, 289Platygloea unispora, 366Platygloeales, 289Plecopteromyces, 219, 231Plectospira, 49–51, 62, 64Plectospira myriandra, 61Pleistophora, 123Pleocystidium, 50Plerogone, 50Pleurotaceae, 411Pleurotus ostreatus, 373Plicaturopsis crispa, 406Pluteaceae, 411Poaceae, 298, 309–311, 317, 319–322Poakatesthia, 52, 75Poales, 315, 319Pocheina, 22Pocheina rosea, 22Podochytrium, 156Podoserpula pusio, 406Poitrasia, 216, 219, 234Polycaryum, 186Polychytriales, 147, 158, 159, 166Polychytrium, 145, 159Polygonaceae, 311, 320Polymyxa, 105

P. betae, 99P. graminis, 99

Polyozellus multiplex, 399Polyphlyctis, 156Polyporales, 397Polyporus, 398Polysphondylium, 26Polysphondylium tenuissimum, 24Pontimaceae, 50Pontisma, 49–51, 57Pontismataceae, 51, 57Porphyra, 57Porpomyces, 395Portalia, 310, 320

Postia placenta, 374, 398Powellomyces, 160, 166Powellomycetaceae, 160Proabsidia, 219Proceropycnis, 285Proliferobasidium, 309Proliferobasidium heliconiae, 314Protoachlya, 49–51, 65Protobremia, 52, 76Protomerulius, 390Protomycetales, 298Protomycocladus, 220Protophallaceae, 393Protostelium, 11Protozoa, 27, 34Protubera canescens, 392Psathyrellaceae, 410Pseudodermatosorus, 309, 313Pseudodoassania, 309, 313, 318Pseudoharpella, 219Pseudohydnum, 390Pseudoperonospora, 40, 52, 76Pseudoperonospora cubensis, 76Pseudosphaerita, 49–51, 54Pseudosphaeritaceae, 50, 51Pseudotracya, 309, 313Pseudozyma, 301, 302, 311, 317Psudoperonospora, 50Ptechetelium, 289Pteromaktron, 219Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, 281Puccinia psidii, 278Puccinia striiformis, 281Puccinia triticina, 281Pucciniales, 288Pucciniomycetes, 281, 288–289Pucciniomycotina, 271, 276, 278, 281, 283, 285,

287, 297, 298, 321Punctulariaceae, 401Punctularia strigoso-zonata, 401Pustula, 51, 70Pylaiella, 55Pyrococcus horikoshii, 9Pythiaceae, 50, 51, 67, 69, 71–72Pythiales, 50, 69, 71Pythiella, 49, 51, 59Pythiogeton, 49–51, 71, 72Pythiogetonaceae, 50, 71Pythiopsis, 49–51, 64, 65Pythium, 49–51, 60, 67, 69, 71, 72, 80, 84


P. chondricola, 72P. insidiosum, 49P. monospermum, 74P. porphyrae, 72P. ultimum, 40

QQuambalaria, 301, 310Quambalariaceae, 310, 316Quatsinoporites cranhamii, 386

RRacocetra, 259Radiigera, 391Radiomyces, 220, 234Radiomycetaceae, 220Ramaria, 393Ramariaceae, 394Ramicandelaber, 219, 230, 232Ranunculales, 314Redeckera, 256, 260Reesia, 48Reniforma strues, 276, 278Residual polyporoid clade, 399Resinicium, 396Restionaceae, 311, 319, 320Restiosporium, 311, 320Reticulocephalis, 220, 236Rhamnaceae, 309Rhamphospora, 300, 305, 309, 313Rhamphospora nymphaeae, 313Rhamphosporaceae, 309, 313Rhamphospora nymphaeae, 313Rhipidiaceae, 50, 51, 69Rhipidiales, 50–52, 66, 69–70Rhipidium, 49, 51, 66, 69Rhizaria, 11, 99Rhizidiomyces, 48Rhizidiomyces apophysatus, 47, 78Rhizidium, 156, 157Rhizidomyces infiatus, 48Rhizoclosmatium, 156Rhizoctonia solani, 388Rhizomucor, 211, 212, 219, 234Rhizomucor variabilis var. variabilis, 212Rhizomucoroideae, 219Rhizophagus irregularis, 253, 254Rhizophlyctidaceae, 161

Rhizophlyctidales, 143, 147, 151, 156, 161–163,167

Rhizophlyctis, 159–161Rhizophydiales, 147, 149–156, 162, 163, 167Rhizophydium, 150–152, 166Rhizopodaceae, 220Rhizopodopsis, 220Rhizopogon, 407Rhizopus, 212, 213, 220, 234

R. microsporus, 213R. oryzae, 211R. stolonifer, 211, 229

Rhodosporidium, 287Rhodosporidium toruloides, 274Rhodotorula, 283, 286, 287, 301, 310, 317

R. glutinus, 283R. graminis, 281, 287

Rhopalomyces, 220, 235R. elegans, 237R. strangulatus, 228

Rhynchogastrema, 334Rickenella, 396Rickenella clade, 397Rictus lutensis, 79Rosaceae, 310Rozella, 1, 4, 8, 84, 142, 146, 160Rozellopsidaceae, 50, 51Rozellopsis, 49–51, 54Ruppiacae, 310Russula, 404Russulaceae, 405Russulales, 403

SSaccharomyces cerevisiae, 3, 4, 8Saccharum, 62Saccoblastia, 285Sakaguchia, 286Saksenaea, 212, 220, 234Saksenaeaceae, 220Salilagenidiales, 50, 58Salilagenidium, 50Salisapilaceae, 71Salisapilia, 51Salisapiliaceae, 51Salispilaceae, 71Salispilia, 83Salmacisia, 310, 317Salmacisia buchloeana, 317


Saprolegnia, 49–51, 61, 64, 65, 78, 80S. ferax, 56, 64S. parasitica, 40

Saprolegniaceae, 50, 51, 61–63, 65Saprolegniales, 49–51, 58–65Saprolegniomycetes, 51, 52, 58–65Sapromyces, 49–51, 70Sapromyces elongatus, 66, 69Sarcodon, 399Saxifragaceae, 309, 314Schenella, 391Schenellaceae, 392Schizangiella, 218Schizochytrium, 44–46Schizochytrium minutum, 46Schizonella, 305, 310, 320Schizophyllaceae, 411Schizophyllum commune, 374Schizoporaceae, 397Schroeteria, 298Sclerocystis, 255Scleroderma, 407Sclerodermatineae, 408Sclerogaster, 391Sclerogastraceae, 392Sclerogone, 219, 234Sclerophthora, 52, 62, 75Sclerospora, 49, 50, 52, 64, 75Sclerosporaceae, 50Sclerosporales, 50, 58Scoliolegnia, 50, 51Scutellospora, 259, 264Scytinopogon, 395Sebacina, 389Sebacinales, 389Selaginellaceae, 309, 313Semimorula liquescens, 32Senecio vulgaris, 69Sepedonium, 407Septobasidiales, 289Septobasidium, 278, 289Septobasidium burtii, 279Septochytriaceae, 157Septochytrium, 157Septosperma, 145Serendipita, 389Serpulomyces, 406Shivasia, 310

Sicyoidochytrium, 44, 46Siepmannia, 220, 234Sigmogloea, 348Sigmoideomyces, 220, 236Sigmoideomycetaceae, 210, 220, 235, 236Simuliidae, 223Simuliomyces, 219, 231Simuliomyces spica, 238Sinotrichium, 219, 231Siphonaria, 156Sirobasidiaceae, 350Sirobasidium, 332, 334Sirolpidiaceae, 50, 51, 57Sirolpidium, 49–51, 57Sirotrema, 334Sistotrema, 387Smittium, 219, 231, 238

S. culicis, 231S. culisetae, 231

Sommerstorffia, 49–51, 61, 64Sonoraphlyctidaceae, 161Sonoraphlyctis, 161Sorochytriaceae, 186Sorochytrium, 180, 186Sorodiplophyrs, 44Sorodiscus, 105Sorodiscus callitrichis, 107Sorosphaera, 105Sorosphaera veronicae, 107Sorosporium, 310Sparassis, 398Spartiella, 219, 231Sphacelotheca, 287, 297Sphaerechinus granularis, 32Sphaerita, 50Sphaerobolaceae, 392Sphaerobolus, 391Sphaerosporangium, 51Sphagnum, 276Spiculogloeales, 284Spinalia, 218, 230Spinalia radians, 230Spinellus, 211, 220, 234Spirodactylon, 219, 232Spiromyces, 219, 230, 232

S. aspiralis, 232S. minutus, 232

Spizellomyces, 145, 160, 161, 167


Spizellomycetaceae, 160Spizellomycetales, 143, 145, 147, 156, 159–162,

167Spongospora, 11, 105

S. nasturtii, 99S. subterranea, 99

Sporidiobolales, 282, 283, 288Sporidiobolus, 287Sporidiobolus pararoseus, 279, 287Sporisorium, 301, 311, 320, 321Sporobolomyces, 283, 284, 286, 287Sporobolomyces salmonicolor, 283Sporodiniella, 220, 235Sporodiniella umbellata, 235Stachylina, 218Stachylinoides, 218Steccherinum, 398Stegocintractia, 310, 320Stemonitales, 31Stemonitis, 27, 33Stereaceae, 405Stereopsis, 406Stereum, 404Sterigmatomyces, 284Sterigmatomyces halophilus, 284Sterigmatosporidium, 348Stilbum, 284Stipella, 219, 231Stollia, 311, 320Straminipila, 41, 44Straminopila, 10Strongwellsea, 217, 218Strophariaceae, 410Stylina, 310Stylopage, 220Stylopage rhabdospora, 235Stypella, 390Subulicystidium, 395Suillineae, 408Suillus, 407Sulzbacheromyces, 406Sympodiomycopsis, 301, 310, 317Syncephalastraceae, 210, 220, 228Syncephalastrum, 220Syncephalastrum racemosum, 227, 228, 237Syncephalis, 220, 235–237

S. hypogena, 228, 237S. sphaerica, 237

Synchytrium, 145, 146, 156, 162, 166Syzgangia, 50

Syzygangia, 71Syzygites, 220, 234Syzygites megalocarpus, 229, 235Syzygospora, 334, 336, 349, 351

TTabanomyces, 218, 223, 238Taphrina deformans, 274Taphrinomycotina, 298Tapinella, 407Tapinellineae, 408Tarichium, 218, 222Tausonia, 336Tectimyces, 219, 231Testicularia, 311Tetragoniomyces, 332, 340, 350Tetramyxa, 105Tetramyxa parasitica, 107Thalassiosira pseudonana, 8Thallassiosira, 40Thamnidiaceae, 219Thamnidioideae, 219Thamnidium, 211Thamnidium elegans, 211Thamnidium Link, 220Thamnidium Tuck. ex Schwend, 220Thamnocephalis, 220, 236

T. quadrupedata, 236T. sphaerospora, 228

Thamnostylum, 220Thaxterosporium, 218Thecamoeba quadrilineata, 236Thecaphora, 296, 301, 305, 310, 317, 318

T. haumanii, 318T. oxalidis, 317T. thlaspeos, 318

Thelephora, 399Thelephoraceae, 400Thelephorales, 399Thermomucor, 211, 219Thermus thermophilus, 9Thoreauomyces, 160Thraustochytriaceae, 44Thraustochytridiacae, 44Thraustochytridiales, 44Thraustochytrium, 44–46, 78

T. multirudientale, 46T. rossi, 45

Thraustotheca, 49–51, 65


Thraustotheca clavata, 64Tieghemella, 219Tieghemiomyces, 218, 230Tieghemiomyces californicus, 230Tilletia, 295–298, 300, 304, 310, 315, 317, 322

T. caries, 317T. controversa, 317T. horrida, 317

Tilletiaceae, 305, 310Tilletiales, 301, 303–305, 310, 311, 313, 316, 317,

321, 322Tilletiaria, 310Tilletiaria anomala, 300, 315, 316Tilletiariaceae, 310, 311, 315, 316, 321Tilletiopsis, 301, 309, 310, 312, 314, 316

T. albescens, 310T. pallescens, 301, 310T. washingtonensis, 301

Tolyposporella, 310, 312Tolyposporium, 310, 320Tomentella, 399Tothiella, 310, 318Trachysphaera, 50Tracya, 309, 313, 318Trametes, 398Tranzscheliella, 311Trappeaceae, 393Trechispora, 395Trechisporales, 395Tremella, 332, 337, 347, 350

T. encephala, 334T. foliacea, 332T. fuciformis, 332T. giraffa, 334T. mesenterica, 332, 336T. obscura, 334T. penetrans, 334

Tremellales, 281, 332, 347, 350Tremellina, 348Tremellodendron, 389Tremellomycetes, 374Tremelloscypha, 389Tremiscus, 390Trichaptum, 396Trichia, 33Trichiales, 31, 32Trichocintractia, 311, 320Trichoderma, 6Tricholoma, 409Tricholoma matsutake, 373

Tricholomataceae, 410Tricholomatoid clade, 410Trichomycetes, 209, 210, 214Trichosporon, 344, 349

T. asahii, 346T. asteroides, 346T. debeurmannianum, 346T. dermatis, 346T. inkin, 346T. louberi, 346T. mucoides, 346

Trichosporonales, 347, 349Trichosporonales, 336Trichozygospora, 219, 231Trichozygospora chironomidarum, 238Trifoliellum, 219Trimorphomyces, 336, 340Triodiomyces, 311, 320Triparticalcar, 160Tritirachiales, 289Tritirachiomycetes, 278, 289Tritirachium, 283, 289

T. oryzae, 289T. roseum, 289

Tuberculina, 289Tubisorus, 311, 320Tubulicrinacae, 397Tulasnella, 387Tulasnellaceae, 388Turbinellus, 393

UUdeniomyces, 347Uleiella, 298, 311, 320Uleiellaceae, 320Ulkenia, 44, 46Ulkenia amoeboida, 45Ulmaceae, 309Umbelopsidaceae, 220Umbelopsis, 213, 220, 238Unilacryma, 370Unilacryma unispora, 358, 361, 365Uredinella, 289Urediniomycetes, 275, 283Urediniomycetidae, 288Uredo farinosa, 315Urocystidaceae, 310, 318, 319, 321Urocystidales, 301, 305, 310, 313, 318–319Urocystis, 296, 298, 300, 301, 305, 310, 319


Urocystis cepulae, 301Uromyces fabae, 281Urophlyctis, 180, 186Ustacystis, 296, 304, 310, 319Ustanciosporium, 296, 311, 320Ustilaginaceae, 302, 305, 311, 319–322Ustilaginales, 301, 304, 305, 310, 311, 318–321Ustilaginomycetes, 275, 304, 310, 311, 313,

316–321Ustilaginomycotina, 271, 276, 287, 295–322Ustilago, 295–297, 299–302, 305, 311, 315, 320–322Ustilago maydis, 295, 297, 302, 305Ustilentyloma, 287, 297Utharomyces, 213, 216, 220, 234

VVankya, 310, 318, 319Vanrija, 347Veluticeps, 402Verrucalvaceae, 50, 51, 61, 64Verrucalvus, 50, 51, 62

V. calvatus, 61V. flavofaciens, 62

Viennotia, 52, 75Vitaceae, 310, 318, 321Volvocisporiaceae, 310, 316Volvocisporium, 310Vuilleminia, 400Vuilleminiaceae, 401Vuilleminiales, 400

WWallemia, 351Wallemiomycetes, 374Websdanea, 311, 320Websdaneaceae, 311, 319–321Wilsonia, 51

Wilsoniana, 70Wolfiporia, 398Woronina, 104Woronina pythii, 102Wrightoporia, 404

XXanthophyllomyces, 334, 343, 346, 349Xanthorrhoeaceae, 310Xenolachne, 348

YYelsemia, 311Youngiomyces, 219, 234

ZZancudomyces, 219, 231Zancudomyces culisetae, 231Zoopagaceae, 220, 235, 236Zoopagales, 210, 214, 215, 217, 220, 224, 225,

228, 229, 235–239Zoopage, 220Zoopagomycotina, 210, 215, 217, 220, 224–237,

239Zoophagus, 220, 235, 237Zoophagus insidians, 235Zoophthora, 217, 218, 238Zoophthora radicans, 217, 221Zundeliomyces, 287, 297Zychaea, 220Zygnemomyces, 218, 219Zygopolaris, 219, 231Zygorhynchus, 210, 211, 213, 220, 237

Z. heterogamus, 226, 229Z. moelleri, 214

Zynemomyces, 230


Subject Index

AAA. See arachidonic acid (AA)Abscission vacuole, 232Absorption, 208Absorptive nutrition, 10Acaulosporoid spore type, 256Acidosis, mucormycosis, 212Acrasid cellular slime molds, 21, 22Acrasids, 21, 22Active spore discharge, 215–216, 223, 224Adaptation, 4, 11Adhesorium, 100Aerobic yeast cell formation, 229Aerobic fermentation, 238AFTOL. See Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life

(AFTOL)Agar

brain-heart infusion (BHIv), 238hay infusion, 26MEYE, 230, 236Sabouraud dextrose, 238water, 26, 236YpSs, 230

Agarics, 380Aggregation center, 24AIDS

microsporidia, 120Alkaline culture media, 237Allomyces

hybridization, 197life cycle, 187mitochondrial genome, 200polyploidy, 197zoospore ultrastructure, 193

Alpha-aminoadipate pathway, 9Alternation of generations, 181

Amber, 387Baltic, 27

American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 239Ammonia, 34Amoebae

multinucleate, 28sorocarpic, 22

Amoeboflagellates, 28, 29Amoeboid dispersal, 10Amoeboid trophic cells, 23, 25Anaerobic yeast cell formation, 229Anaerobic fermentation, 180, 200Anamorphic ascomycete, 234Anamorphic fungi, 278Anamorphs, 278

Dacrymycetes, 362–363Anastomosis, 253, 259, 262Anatomical characters, 376Angiosperms, 298Anisogamy, 182, 187Antagonism to other fungi, 301Antheridia

paragynous, 74Antheridial cells, 81Antibiotics, 237Apical conidiogenous cell, 223Aplanospores, 62

primary, 65Appendaged sporangiospores, 216Appendaged suspensors, 234Apposed suspensors, 216, 229, 232–235Aquaculture

microsporidia, 119Aquatic fungi, 238, 276, 285, 286, 288, 386Aquatic hosts

microsporidia, 119–132

Systematics and Evolution, 2nd EditionThe Mycota VII Part AD.J. McLaughlin and J.W. Spatafora (Eds.)© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

Aquatic hyphomycetes, 276, 285, 287Arabian Sea, 290Arachidonic acid (AA), 212–213Arbuscule, 252ARSEF. See USDA-ARF Collection of Entomo-

pathogenic Fungal Cultures (ARSEF)Arthopods, 209–210Arthropod hosts

microsporidia, 116–119, 122–123, 127Arthropod parasites, 223Arthrospores, 216, 224, 225, 228, 230, 235Asexual dispersal process, 24Asexual reproduction, 230, 231Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life (AFTOL),

374Asterids, 322ATCC. See American Type Culture Collection

(ATCC)ATPase subunit 6, 374Atromentin, 407Attine ant cultivars, 410Avian hosts

microsporidia, 120–121, 123–124, 129, 132–133

Axenic culture, 233–235, 238Axial assembly, 193Azygospores, 216, 217, 222–224, 229Azygosporogenesis, 239

BBacteria, 231

coliform, 25endosymbiotic, 213

Baitfishmicrosporidia, 119

Ballistoconidia, 390Bar bodies, 80Barcoding, 240Basidiobolomycosis, 212, 223Basidiocarps, 315, 332

Dacrymycetes, 360–362Basidiomycete yeasts, 274, 283, 286, 287Basidiospores, 334Basidium, basidia, 299, 311, 315, 316, 319, 321,

335, 340, 390chiastic, 387Dacrymycetes, 360-362

epibasidia, 334morphologies, 278phragmobasidia, 278stichic, 387

Batkoan classification, 214–215Benomyl, 237BHIv. See Agar, brain-heart infusion (BHIv)Bicosoecid flagellates, 79Binding hyphae, 398Biodegradation, 212–213Biodiesel, 212–213Biogeography, 395Bioinformatics, 411Biological control, 238Biological sibling species, myxomycetes, 29Bioremediation, 212–213Biosorption, 212–213Biotechnology, 212–213, 240Biotransformation, 212–213Biotrophy

facultative, 74obligate, 71

Biotype, 32Birds

microsporidia, 120, 123–124, 129, 132–133Blackflies, 223Blackfly ovarian cysts, 231Blastocladiella

life cycle, 191mitochondrial genome, 201zoospore ultrastructure, 193

Blastocladiomycotaphylogeny, 183

Blastoclads, 177culture, 199facultatively anaerobic, 180geographic distribution, 179hosts, 180mycoparasitic, 180parasitic, 180saprobic, 179

Blastosporogenesis, 224Blight disease

irrigated turf grasses, 44Brown-rot, 383, 398Brown-rot fungi, Dacrymycetes, 363Bruns’ Law, 6Burns, mucormycosis, 212

452 Subject Index

CCalcium oxalate, 216Cambrian period, 82Canopy plating isolation technique, 238b-Carotene, 213, 214, 229Carotenoids, Dacrymycetes, 364Cattle lungworm, 216Cavender method, dictyostelid isolation, 26Cell coat, 143, 157Cellular interaction, 297, 299, 302, 308–309Cellular slime molds, 21, 22Cellulin

chitin-glucan polymer, 59Cellulose, 384Cell wall, 297, 301

carbohydrates, 276cellulose, 39chemistry, 229

Centriole, 223nonkinetosomal, 194

Chemoattractant, 23, 25Chiastic basidia, 387Chitin, 209Chitin synthases, 8Chitosan, 209Chlamydospores, 216, 224, 227, 228, 234, 235,

340germination, 236perennation, 228

Chlortetracycline, 237Chronic gill infections

microsporidia, 119Clades, 233Clamp connections, 305, 386Classification, zygomycotan fungi, 210, 215, 240Cleavage

centrifugal, of oospheres, 58vesicle, of sporangiospores, 225

Coelomomycesculture, 199hybridization, 198life cycle, 191zoospore ultrastructure, 193

Coenocytichyphae, 217, 234, 281, 288mycelium, 223

Coevolution, 321Colacosomes, 281, 286, 287Colony collapse disorder, 119Columellae, 232

Commensals, 44Condiophores, 278Conidia, 215–217, 221, 223, 224, 226, 235, 236,

238asteroconidia, 336ballistoconidia, 334, 336, 340blastoconidia, 336capilliconidia, 219primary, 217, 221, 223, 224secondary, 217-220, 223, 224staurosporous, Dacrymycetes, 368tetraradiate, 286true, 224, 226unitunicate, 217villose, 221zygoconidia, 336, 340

Conidial chains, 236Conidial characters, Entomophthoromycota,

222Conidial discharge, 217, 224Conidial germination, 236Conidiobolomycosis, 212Conidiogenesis, 239Conidiogenous cell, 217Conidiogenous hymenium, 220Conidiophores, 217, 221, 223

secondary, 224Conifers, 298Continuous parenthesomes Dacrymycetes, 361,

368Controlled drying, Entomophthoromycota, 238Convergent evolution, 313Coprophilous, 232Corticoid forms, 380Corticolous myxomycetes, 33Cruciform division, nuclear, 100Cryogenic freezers, 238Cryogenic storage, 146, 238Cryoprotectant, 238Cryostorage. See Cryogenic storageCrystal, crystals

calcium oxylate, 216spines, bearing, 216

Cultures, 146, 199, 212, 229, 237–239, 290collection, 239microsporidia, 131–133trap, 262

Cyanobacteria, 31Cyanobionts, 261Cyphelloid forms, 380

Subject Index 453

Cystprimary, 62secondary, 62

Cystidia, 217, 220–222Cystosome, 281Cystosorus, 99Cytological characters, Agaricomycetes, 376Cytoplasmic cleavage, 237

DDecomposition, 34Desmid algae, 223Detritivores, 34Detritus, 32

food chain, 34Development, Chytridiomycota, 145, 147, 160,

162, 167Devonian, 83, 264Diabetes, 212Diabetes mellitis, 212Dicots, 298Dictyostelids, 21–23, 25, 264-Dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase, 214Dikaryophyses, Dacrymycetes, 360–362Dikaryotic phase, Ustilaginomycotina, 299Dimitic hyphae, 398Dimorphism, 299, 338Diptera, 223, 238Disease

dieback of turf grasses, 40human, 302red rot, 57sea grass bed dieback, 40seedling blight, 212silk worm, 119wasting disease, 57

Dispersal, 143, 145, 146, 215, 216Glomeromycota, 254long distance, 30, 33, 395

Distribution, Dacrymycetes, 363–364Dolipores, 337, 360, 361, 368, 376Downy mildews, 73, 75

Brassicolous, 76DMCC, 76DMPH, 76GDM group, 75

Droplet of fluid in spore release, 232Drug metabolism, 213Dry spores of zygomycetous fungi, 216, 232

Dung, 145, 210, 230, 232, 233, 236Dung extract, 237

EEarly-diverging clades, Oomycota, 52Early land plants, 234Earthworms, 34Ecological roles, Agaricomycetes, 383–386Ecology, 4, 5, 34, 276–278, 298, 302Economic importance, 211–214Ecosystems

freshwater, 40marine, 40, 71terrestrial, 71

Ectomycorrhizae, 210, 233, 373Ectoparasities, 235Ectoplasmic threads, 44Effectors, 299, 302

molecules, 49RxLR-type, 73

Egyptian henbane, 211Endocyanobiosis, 261Endomycorrhizal fungi, 233, 234Endoparasites, 235

crustacean eggs, 58molluscs, 58oyster drill, 58

Endophytes, 386, 389Endosulfan, 213Endotoxin, 213Entomopathogens, 211, 276, 289Entomophthoromycosis, 212Environmental sampling, 278Environmental sequencing, 4Eocene, 27Epibasidia, 334Ergosterol, 8–9Eukaryotic tree of life, 21Evolutionary trends, Ustilaginomycotina, 322Evolution of phenotype, 1Extremophiles, 278, 286, 290

FFacultative parasite, 235

nonhaustorial parasite, 234Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 213Ferns, 288

prothallia, 215, 222, 223Filopodia, 217

454 Subject Index

Fishmicrosporidia, 119, 123, 128

Fitness, 4Flagellum, Flagella, 193, 223

apparatus, 147, 148, 164loss, 10rootlet system, 78

Flattened, wavy/undulate growth, Mortierello-mycotina, 233

Food resourcesmyxomycetes, 31, 34

Food spoilage, 211–214Forcible discharge of spores, 215Fossil record

myxomycetes, 27Fossils, 386

zygomyceteous, 234Fruiting bodies, 22–24, 26, 30, 380–383

diversity, 278perennial, 381

Fruiting forms, Pucciniomycotina,278, 284, 287

Fruit storage rots, 211Fungus-like protists, 10–11

GGall formation, 235Gall-forming parasite, 214Gametangium, Gametangia, 182, 197, 214, 216,

224, 229Gamma bodies, 196Gastroid, 315Gene

beta-tubulin, 26fungal-specific, 8internal transcribed spacer 1, 30ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, 240large subunit rDNA, 297partial elongation factor 1-alpha, 30

Gene reductionmicrosporidia, 130

Genomes, 40, 281Geosiphonales, 210Germinal wall, 258, 263Germination, 231, 236Germination orbs, 260Germination shield, 253Gleba, 392Globose vesicle, 228

Globule, 229Gloeocystidia, 404Gloeoplerous hyphae, 404Glomoid spore type, 256Glycerol

growth, Dimargaritales, 238Glycolipids, 301Green beans, 211Gun cells, 55

HHabitat, 301

arctic, 278deep-sea, 278subalpine forest, 211subantarctic island, 211temperate forests, 33tropical forests, 28, 32wet, 223

Haploid phase, 299, 301Haustoria, 235, 236, 308, 313, 315, 335, 337

globose, 70Haustorial parasites, zygomycetous fungi, 230,

236, 238Hemin, 237Heteroecism, 278, 289Heterothallic, 182, 214, 216, 229Heterothallism, 214, 222Heterotrophs, 209Holdfasts, 209, 217, 220, 221, 230, 231Holocarpic thalli, 54, 71, 72Homothallic, 182, 214, 216, 222, 229, 239Homothallism, 191, 299Host jumps, 321Host-parasite recognition, 214Host range, 222, 298Host specificity, 321–322

Glomeromycota, 254Human mycoses, 211Hybridization, 198, 298Hydrogenosomes, 165, 166Hydrostatic pressure, 217Hymenium, 221, 360–362Hymenophore, 381Hyperglycemia, mucormycosis, 212Hyphae, 10, 31, 216, 227, 228, 230, 236,

302, 360binding, 398skeletal, 398

Subject Index 455

trimitic, 398Hyphal attachment, 258Hyphal bodies, 181, 210, 216, 217, 223, 224

IIce plant, 211Immunosuppression, 212Industrial uses, 212–213Insect biocontrol, 238Insects, 210, 215, 222, 230, 238, 301, 305, 404

aquatic, 231, 238entomophthoralean fungi, 210, 238microsporidia, 122scale, 289stonefly nymphs, winter-emeging, 238symbionts, 386wood wasps, 404

Interaction apparatus, Ustilaginomycotina,308, 314

Interactive vesicles, Ustilaginomycotina, 302, 308International Code of Nomenclature, 347Isopods, 230Isoprenoids, 214

JJelly fungi, 374, 391Joint Genome Institute, 376

KKarnal bunt, 295Karyogamy, 80K-bodies, 70Kinetosome, 78, 193Kinetosome-associated structures (KAS), 147

LLabyrinuliform organelle, 232Lenticular bodies, 281Leucopenia, mucormycosis, 212Lichenicolous fungi, 386Lichenized basidiomycetes, 386, 401Life cycle, 23–25, 28–31, 191, 299

microsporidia, 126–129Light, 213Lignin, 384Lignin decomposition, Dacrymycetes, 363Lipids, 213Liverworts, 234, 389

Lobose pseudopodia, 22Lycopene, 212, 214Lyophilize, 238, 239Lysine, 9

MMacrocysts, 25Macrosporangiophore, 213Mammalian hosts

microsporidia, 120–121, 123–124, 129,132–133

Mammals, 211, 394Mannose, 276Marine fungi, 386Marine stramenopile

MAST clade, 59Marsupials, 394Mating, 213–214, 229Mating systems

bipolar multiallelic, 286heterothallic, 29homothallic, 25nonheterothallic, 29

Mating type, 25Media, 213Meiosis, 80, 103, 187Melanin pigments, 224Merogony, 127Merosporangia, 216, 224, 225, 227, 228, 230,

234, 235unispored, 232two-spored, 225, 230

Merosporangiferous Mucorales, 210, 214Merosporangiospores, 235Metagenomics, 5–6Microbodies, 281, 282, 285, 286Microbody-lipid globule complex (MLC), 147,

148, 193Microconidia, 390Microcysts, 25, 28, 31Microfossils, 83Microhabitats, of myxomycetes

aerial portions of dead but still standingherbaceous plants, 33

coarse woody debris, 33dung of herbivorous animals, 33forest floor litter, 33inflorescences of tropical herbs, 32soil, 25, 34

456 Subject Index

succulent plants, 33Micro-Raman spectroscopy, 213Microscala, 281, 282, 285, 289Microscope slide preparation, zygomycetous

fungi, 237Microtubule root, 150, 152, 155, 157–159, 164Midge larvae, 238Mineralization, 34Mites, 215, 315

phytophagous, 210Mitochondrial genome, 200Mitosis, 163, 284

closed, 199Mitospores, 225MLC cisterna, 148, 157–159, 162, 163, 167Moisture, myxomycetes, 32Molecular clock, 82, 386

calibration points, 387Molecular ecologists, 233Molecular operational taxonomic unit, 254, 263Molecular phylogeny, 297, 311, 319, 368–370Molecular systematics, 283, 374Monocentric, 181Monocots, 298Monotypic lineages, 283Morphological characters, Agaricomycetes, 376Morphospecies, 29Mosquito larva, 231Mucormycosis, 212, 234Multidrug resistance, 213Mushrooms, Agaricomycetes, 373Mutualists, 44, 383Mycelium, 223

coenocytic, 251, 253Mycoheterotrophy, 254Mycoparasites, 214–215, 235, 236, 238, 281,

284–287, 289, 408Mycoparasitism, 276, 340Mycorrhizae

arbuscular, 252arbutoid, 389cavendishioid, 389ectomycorrhizae, 210, 234, 373ericoid, 389orchid, 271, 276, 285, 389

Mycorrhizal associates, 234Mycoses, 211, 222

humans, 289Mycotic abortion, 212Myxogastrids, 21, 27

Myxomycetesdark-spored clade, 32light-spored clade, 31lignicolous, 33moist chamber culture technique, 33nivicolous, 33nonfruiting forms, 32snowbank, 33

NNational Center for Agricultural Utilization

Research (NRRL), 239Nematode parasites, 237Nematode, 34, 55, 210, 215, 222, 223, 233, 235,

236Net annual primary production, 34Next generation sequencing, 3–4Nomenclature

dual, 302microsporidia, 130

Nonhaustorial parasites, zygomycetous fungi,210

Nonmolecular characters, Agaricomycetes, 376NRRL. See National Center for Agricultural

Utilization Research (NRRL)Nuclear cap, 192Nuclear characters, zygomycetous fungi, 222

nucleolus, 222, 223Nuclear division, Phytomyxea, 100Nucleus, 223Nucleus-associated organelle, 223Nutrient uptake, 209Nutrition

fermentative, 59

OObligate

biotrophs, 74–75, 288biotrophy, 73coprophiles, 210, 237parasites, 215, 223, 235parasitism, 83pathogens, 222

Odor, garlic-/onion-like, 233Okra, 211Oligocene, 27Ontogeny, Dacrymycetes, 358–359Oogonia, 81Ooplast vacuoles

Subject Index 457

centric/subcentric, 65subcentric, 69

Oosporescentric, 65, 80centric/subcentric, 65eccentric, 65subcentric, 80

Oospore wallsverrucose, 70

Opisthokonts, 3Ordovician, 264Osmotolerant species, 284

PPAHs. See polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAHs)Palms, 321Panckow, Thomas, 27Paracrystalline structure, 157Paranasal sinus infection, 212Parasites, 230

animal, 223mushroom, 235plant, 298, 301quahog clam, 44

Parasitism, 214, 298, 302Parasitoid, 48Parenthesomes. See Septal pores capPathogenicity, 72Pathogenicity factors, 49Pathogens, 210, 344, 383

amphibians, 61crayfish, 61crayfish plague, 64epizooitic ulcerative syndrome, 64fish, 61hemibiotrophic, 49human, 374insect, 215, 238invertebrates, 61kikuyu yellows, 62legumes, 64necrotrophic, 49obligate biotrophic, 49plant, 211–212plant roots, 61

Periplasm, 70, 82Periplasmic layer, 69Peroxidases

class II fungal, 384Pest control, 116Phenotype and its evolutionary origins, 6–10Pheromones, 229Photobiology, 213Phototaxis, 199Phragmobasidia, 278Phylogenetic analysis, zygomycetous fungi,

215, 217, 234–236, 239Phylogenetics, 233, 234, 411Phylogenetic species recognition, 5Phylogenetic studies, zygomycetous fungi, 210,

223Phylogenetic tree, Dictyosteliomycota, 26Phylogenomics, 3, 376Phylogeny, 214, 215, 239, 376

microsporidia, 129Physiology, Ustilaginomycotina, 301Physoderma

life cycle, 191zoospore ultrastructure, 193

Phytopathogens, 276, 287, 288Pigmentation, Dacrymycetes, 364Pithya, 211Plant oils, 213Plasmodesmata, 163, 164Plasmodiophorids, 99Plasmodium, Plasmodia, 28, 29, 31, 54, 57, 102Platypus, 212Pleistocene, 27Pluteoid clade, Agaricomycetes, 411Polar tube

microsporidia, 124Pollinator, 212polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 213Polypores, 381Population genetics, 3Population genomics, 5Pre-penetration apparatus, 253Preservation

microsporidia, 131–133Proteins

effector-like, 65Protist, 6

fungas-like, 10–11Protoplasts, 216, 217Protozoans, 210Pseudophialide, 232Pseudoplasmodia, 23Pseudopodia, 22, 23

458 Subject Index

Psychrophiles, 233, 286Psychrophilic zygomycetes, 211, 235, 237Psychrotolerent zygomycetes, 211, 232, 237Pucciniales

life cycle, 278Pucciniomycotina

phylogenetic resolution, 276

RResistant sporangia, 181Resporulation, 217Resting sporangium, 178, 181Resting spores, 99, 145, 146, 161, 217, 222–224Rhizoids, 217, 220–222, 228Rhizomycelium, 181Rhizonin, 213Rhizopus

head-rot, 211rice seedling blight, 213

Rhizospheres, 278Rhynie Chert, 234, 264Ribosomal RNA, 297, 374

small subunit (SSUrRNA), 26, 62RNA polymerase II, 374Rodents, 230Rohr, 100Rooted cladistic analysis, 26Rotifer eggs, 235Rotifers, 55, 215, 235Rumen, 143, 146, 165, 166Rust fungi, 275, 288

SSalmon

microsporidia, 119Saprobes, 210, 215, 223, 230, 233, 234Saprobic, 211, 223

phase, 299taxa, 217

Saprotrophs, 49, 383Sclerotium, 28Sea urchin, 32Seaweeds, 55Septa, 210, 230, 232, 360Septal plugs, 230, 232Septal pore cap, 378

parenthesome, 337, 378Septal pores, 279, 297, 308, 314Septal pore ultrastructure, 376

Septate hyphae, 216, 217, 223, 230, 231Sequence data, 230, 231, 234, 237

SSU rDNA, 297SSU rRNA, 62

Sequence identification tools, 5Sequestrate forms, 392Sesquiterpenes, 404Sex, 24, 25Sexual pheromone, 213Sexual reproduction, 230Sikyospores, 214Sikyotic cells, 214Singlet microtubules, 223Sirenin, 199Skeletal hyphae, 398Slime molds, 21, 27Smut fungi, 287, 297

anther, 287loose, 295

Smut syndrome, 299Soft rot, 211Soil, 210, 232, 233, 236, 237

baited, 232Soil invertebrates, 210Soils

agricultural, 25, 34canopy, 25dry, 25forest, 25grassland, 25moist, 25rain forest, 25temperate, 26tundra, 25

Sorocarp, 22, 23, 29SPB. See spindle-pole body (SPB)Speciation, 4Species complexes, 233Species concept, 23, 298Species determination, 240Species diversity, 283Species recognition by population genomics, 5Spindle-pole body (SPB), 223, 281, 282, 337Sporangial vesicle, 71Sporangial wall, 226Sporangiogenesis, 239Sporangiola, 213, 216, 225, 234

unispored, 214, 227, 228Sporangiolum, 226, 227Sporangiophores, 213, 214, 216, 233

Subject Index 459

Sporangiospores, 215, 216, 225, 226Sporangium, Sporangia, 70, 71, 99, 213, 216,

224–226, 227, 234deciduous, 74endosporangium, 181unispored, 231

Spore formationmode of, 255, 258, 263

Spore germinationGlomeromycota, 253

Spores, 31, 234appendages, 215balls, 305, 311–313, 319bodies, 231dispersal, 215–216drops, 216endospores, 386, 389entrophosporoid, 256glomoid, 256meispores, 229microsporidia, 121–124multinucleate, 253ontogeny, 255parthenospores, 216sikyospores, 214tetraradiate, 223

Sporidium, 55Sporiferous saccule, 260, 263Sporocarps, 210, 227, 233

Glomeromycota, 254, 255, 258Sporocladium, Sporocladia, 225, 232

types, 232Sporogenesis

asexual, 61Sporogony, 127Sporophores, 29, 226–228, 230Sporosorus, 995S rRNA, 297

secondary structure, 274Stachel, 100Stem rot, Gilbertella, 211Sterols, 214, 233

cycloartenol pathways, 48lanosterol, 48, 58

Stichic basidia, 387Stinkhorns, 380Storage rots, 211Stramenopile/alveolate/rhizaria (SAR)

superkingdom, 41Stramenopiles, 39

marine, 48

picoeukaryote, 41Streptomycin sulfate, 237Strigolactones, 253Substrate specificity, Dacrymycetes,

363–364Suspensors, 214, 216, 227–229, 234

heterogamous, 226hyphoid, 216outgrowths, 235

Symbionts, 209, 230Symplechosomes, 281Synaptonemal complexes, 103Synteny

microsporidia, 130Systematics, Agaricomycetes, 411

TTardigrades, 215, 222, 223Taxonomic theory, 214–215Taxonomy, 222–224, 411

Dacrymycetes, 364–368microsporidia, 130

Teliospores, 299, 305, 312, 335Temperature, 26, 31Termite cultivars, 410

monocentric, 48polycentric, 48

Thalloid liverworts, 234Thallospores, 228Thallus, Thalli, 210, 225, 231, 234, 236, 239

complexity, 147, 166eucarpic, 71, 83holocarpic, 71monocentric, 48polycentric, 48separation, 231

Thelephoric acid, 399Thermophilic zygomycetes, 211, 237Thermotolerent zygomycetes, 211, 237Thiamine, 237Toads, 212Tools for automatic identifications, 6Transitional helix, 79Translation elongation factor 1-a, 374Transport

of nitrogen, 252of phosphate, 252

Trap cultures, 262Tremelloid haustoria, 281, 285, 287Trichomycetes website, 230

460 Subject Index

Trichospores, 225, 230, 231, 239basal color, 231extrusion, 231

Trimitic hyphae, 398Tripartite tubular hairs, 76Trisporic acid, 213–214, 229Trophic stages, 28, 32Trophocysts, 213, 215

UUltrastructure, 312. See also Septal pores; Zoos-

poresUSDA-ARF Collection of Entomopathogenic

Fungal Cultures (ARSEF), 239

VVectors for chytrids, 145Vegetative structures, Entomophthoromycota,

217, 238Vertebrates, 302, 305

WWaxcaps, 410Whiskery beef, 211White blister rusts, 70White rot, 383, 398Wood decay, Dacrymycetes, 363–364Woronin-like bodies, 8, 279

XXenoma, 128

YYeast cells, 216, 224, 227, 229, 234Yeast-like, Basidiobolales, 223

Yeasts, 31, 299, 316, 340. See also Basidiomyceteyeasts

phylloplane, 276

ZZoomeiosporangia, 81Zoonosis

microsporidia, 120Zoosporangia, 181

filamentous, 72globose, 72irregularly inflated, 72ovoid, 72

Zoospores, 70, 76, 143, 145–148, 155,157–164, 167

cleavage, 163, 164diplanetic, 58, 62, 65primary, 62, 65secondary, 62, 65, 69ultrastructural features, 146, 147, 167, 193

Zygomycetes, 184, 209–212, 214, 237–239fossils, 234morphology, 210, 214phylogenies, 215website, 210

Zygomycosis, 212molecular methods, 212

Zygomycota, 209, 210, 215, 220Zygomycotan fungi, 209, 210, 215Zygophores, 216, 229Zygosporangium, 227, 229, 234Zygospores, 209, 214–217, 223–225, 227–235

parthenogenetic, 229types (I-III), 231

Zygosporogenesis, 216, 239Zygosporophore, 231

Subject Index 461

biosystematic index3a978-3-642-55318-9%2f… · auricularia auricula-judae, 391 auriculariales,...

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